Примечания книги Эпоха надзорного капитализма. Битва за человеческое будущее на новых рубежах власти. Автор книги Шошана Зубофф

1

Пер. В. Топорова.

2

Перевод В. Вересаева.

3

Martin Hilbert, “Technological Information Inequality as an Incessantly Moving Target: The Redistribution of Information and Communication Capacities Between 1986 and 2010,” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 65, no. 4 (2013): 821–835.

4

К 2014 году, примерно через двадцать лет после изобретения всемирной паутины, обширное исследование Pew Research показало, что интернетом пользуются 87 % американцев. Среди них 76 % считают это «благом для общества», а 90 % – «благом для меня». Действительно, во время сбоев работы Facebook многие звонят по телефону экстренной помощи 911. Менее двух десятилетий спустя после того, как широкой публике стал доступен браузер Mosaic, который обеспечил легкий доступ ко всемирной паутине, опрос BBC 2010 года показал, что 79 % людей в двадцати шести странах считают доступ к интернету одним из основных прав человека. Шесть лет спустя ООН распространила положения статьи 19 Всеобщей декларации прав человека также на «онлайновую среду»: «Каждый человек имеет право на свободу убеждений и на свободное выражение их; это право включает свободу беспрепятственно придерживаться своих убеждений и свободу искать, получать и распространять информацию и идеи любыми средствами и независимо от государственных границ». См.: Susannah Fox and Lee Rainie, “The web at 25 in the U.S.,” Pew Research Center, February 27, 2014, http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/02/27/the-web-at-25-in-the-u-s; “911 Calls About Facebook Outage Angers L.A. County Sheriff’s Officials,” Los Angeles Times, August 1, 2014, http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-911-calls-about-facebook-outage-angers-la-sheriffs-officials-20140801-htmlstory.html; “Internet Access ‘a Human Right’,” BBC News, March 8, 2010, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8548190.stm; “The Promotion, Protection and Enjoyment of Human Rights on the Internet,” United Nations Human Rights Council, June 27, 2016, https://www.article19.org/data/files/Internet_Statement_Adopted.pdf; “Поощрение и защита всех прав человека, гражданских, политических, экономических, социальных и культурных прав, включая право на развитие”, Совет по правам человека, 27 июня 2016, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/845728/files/A_HRC_32_L-20-RU.pdf.

5

João Leal, The Making of Saudade: National Identity and Ethnic Psychology in Portugal (Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis, 2000), https://run.unl.pt/handle/10362/4386.

6

Cory D. Kidd et al., “The Aware Home: A Living Laboratory for Ubiquitous Computing Research,” in Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Cooperative Buildings, Integrating Information, Organization, and Architecture, CoBuild ’99 (London: Springer-Verlag, 1999), 191–198, http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id= 645969.674887.

7

“Global Smart Homes Market 2018 by Evolving Technology, Projections & Estimations, Business Competitors, Cost Structure, Key Companies and Forecast to 2023,” Reuters, February 19, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/brandfeatures/venture-capital/article?id=28096.

8

Ron Amadeo, “Nest Is Done as a Standalone Alphabet Company, Merges with Google,” Ars Technica, February 7, 2018, https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/02/nest-is-done-as-a-standalone-alphabet-company-merges-with-google; Leo Kelion, “Google-Nest Merger Raises Privacy Issues,” BBC News, February 8, 2018, http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-42989073.

9

Kelion, “Google-Nest Merger Raises Privacy Issues”.

10

Rick Osterloh and Marwan Fawaz, “Nest to Join Forces with Google’s Hardware Team,” Google, February 7, 2018, https://www.blog.google/insidegoogle/company-annoucements/nest-join-forces-googles-hardware-team.

11

Grant Hernandez, Orlando Arias, Daniel Buentello, and Yier Jin, “Smart Nest Thermostat: A Smart Spy in Your Home,” Black Hat USA, 2014, https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-14/materials/us-14-Jin-Smart-Nest-Thermostat-A-Smart-Spy-In-Your-Home-WP.pdf.

12

Guido Noto La Diega, “Contracting for the ‘Internet of Things’: Looking into the Nest” (research paper, Queen Mary University of London, School of Law, 2016); Robin Kar and Margaret Radin, “Pseudo-Contract & Shared Meaning Analysis” (legal studies research paper, University of Illinois College of Law, November 16, 2017), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3083129.

13

Hernandez, Arias, Buentello, and Jin, “Smart Nest Thermostat”.

14

Одно из первых глубоких исследований этих вопросов см. в: Langdon Winner, “A Victory for Computer Populism,” Technology Review 94, no. 4 (1991): 66. См. также: Chris Jay Hoofnagle, Jennifer M. Urban, and Su Li, “Privacy and Modern Advertising: Most US Internet Users Want ‘Do Not Track’ to Stop Collection of Data About Their Online Activities” (BCLT Research Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, October 8, 2012), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2152135; Joseph Turow et al., “Americans Reject Tailored Advertising and Three Activities That Enable It,” Annenberg School for Communication, September 29, 2009, http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1478214; Chris Jay Hoofnagle and Jan Whittington, “Free: Accounting for the Costs of the Internet’s Most Popular Price,” UCLA Law Review 61 (February 28, 2014): 606; Jan Whittington and Chris Hoofnagle, “Unpacking Privacy’s Price,” North Carolina Law Review 90 (January 1, 2011): 1327; Chris Jay Hoofnagle, Jennifer King, Su Li, and Joseph Turow, “How Different Are Young Adults from Older Adults When It Comes to Information Privacy Attitudes & Policies?” April 14, 2010, http://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/399.

15

Эта фраза взята из: Roberto Mangabeira Unger, “The Dictatorship of No Alternatives,” in Roberto Mangabeira Unger, What Should the Left Propose? (London: Verso, 2006), 1–11.

16

Jared Newman, “Google’s Schmidt Roasted for Privacy Comments,” PCWorld, December 11, 2009, http://www.pcworld.com/article/184446/googles_schmidt_roasted_for_privacy_comments.html.

17

Max Weber, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1978), 1:67; Макс Вебер, Хозяйство и общество: очерки понимающей социологии (Москва: Издательский дом Высшей школы экономики, 2016), 1: 116.

18

Пер. В. Топорова.

19

Roben Farzad, “Apple’s Earnings Power Befuddles Wall Street,” Bloomberg Businessweek, August 7, 2011, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-07-28/apple-s-earnings-power-befuddles-wall-street.

20

“iTunes Music Store Sells Over One Million Songs in First Week,” Apple Newsroom, March 9, 2018, https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2003/05/05iTunes-Music-Store-Sells-Over-One-Million-Songs-in-First-Week.

21

Jeff Sommer, “The Best Investment Since 1926? Apple,” New York Times, September 22, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/22/business/apple-investment.html.

22

См.: Shoshana Zuboff and James Maxmin, The Support Economy: How Corporations Are Failing Individuals and the Next Episode of Capitalism (New York: Penguin, 2002), 230.

23

Henry Ford, “Mass Production,” Encyclopedia Britannica (New York: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1926), 821, http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/coolbib:@field(NUMBER+@band(amrlg+lg48)).

24

Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumers’ Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America (New York: Knopf, 2003); Martin J. Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism: 1890–1916: The Market, the Law, and Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988).

25

Emile Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society (New York: Free Press, 1964), 275; Эмиль Дюркгейм, О разделении общественного труда. Метод социологии (Москва: Наука, 1990), 257 (выделено мной. – Ш. З.).

26

Ibid., 266; Там же, 248.

27

Ulrich Beck, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1992); Ульрих Бек, Общество риска. На пути к другому модерну (Москва: Прогресс-Традиция, 2000).

28

Читателям, которым интересен более детальный анализ возникновения этого феномена, я рекомендую обширное обсуждение в: Zuboff and Maxmin, The Support Economy. См. также: Ulrich Beck and Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim, Individualization: Institutionalized Individualism and Its Social and Political Consequences (London: Sage, 2002); Ulrich Beck, “Why ‘Class’ Is Too Soft a Category to Capture the Explosiveness of Social Inequality at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century,” British Journal of Sociology 64, no. 1 (2013): 63–74; Ulrich Beck and Edgar Grande, “Varieties of Second Modernity: The Cosmopolitan Turn in Social and Political Theory and Research,” British Journal of Sociology 61, no. 3 (2010): 409–443.

29

Beck, Risk Society; Бек, Общество риска.

30

Talcott Parsons, Social Structure and Personality (New York: Free Press, 1964).

31

Отсылка к книге Бетти Фридан «Загадка женственности» (1963), в которой она говорит о неудовлетворенности женщины предписанной ей ролью домохозяйки, жены и матери. – Прим. пер.

32

Beck and Beck-Gernsheim, Individualization.

33

Erik Erikson, Childhood and Society (New York: W. W. Norton, 1993), 279; Эрик Эриксон, Детство и общество (Москва: АСТ, 1996), 294.

34

Ronald Inglehart, Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990); Ronald F. Inglehart, “Changing Values Among Western Publics from 1970 to 2006,” West European Politics 31, nos. 1–2 (2008): 130–146; Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel, “How We Got Here: How Development Leads to Democracy,” Foreign Affairs 88, no. 2 (2012): 48–50; Ronald Inglehart and Wayne E. Baker, “Modernization, Cultural Change, and the Persistence of Traditional Values,” American Sociological Review 65, no. 1 (2000): 19; Mette Halskov Hansen, iChina: The Rise of the Individual in Modern Chinese Society, ed. Rune Svarverud (Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, 2010); Yunxiang Yan, The Individualization of Chinese Society (Oxford: Bloomsbury Academic, 2009); Arthur Kleinman et al., Deep China: The Moral Life of the Person (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011); Chang Kyung-Sup and Song Min-Young, “The Stranded Individual Under Compressed Modernity: South Korean Women in Individualization Without Individualism,” British Journal of Sociology 61, no. 3 (2010); Chang Kyung-Sup, “The Second Modern Condition? Compressed Modernity as Internalized Reflexive Cosmopolitization,” British Journal of Sociology 61, no. 3 (2010); Munenori Suzuki et al., “Individualizing Japan: Searching for Its Origin in First Modernity,” British Journal of Sociology 61, no. 3 (2010); Anthony Elliott, Masataka Katagiri, and Atsushi Sawai, “The New Individualism and Contemporary Japan: Theoretical Avenues and the Japanese New Individualist Path,” Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 42, no. 4 (2012); Mitsunori Ishida et al., “The Individualization of Relationships in Japan,” Soziale Welt 61 (2010): 217–235; David Tyfield and John Urry, “Cosmopolitan China?” Soziale Welt 61 (2010): 277–293.

35

Beck and Beck-Gernsheim, Individualization; Ulrich Beck, A God of One’s Own: Religion’s Capacity for Peace and Potential for Violence, trans. Rodney Livingstone (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2010).

36

Thomas M. Franck, The Empowered Self: Law and Society in an Age of Individualism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).

37

Beck and Beck-Gernsheim, Individualization, xxii.

38

Daniel Stedman Jones, Masters of the Universe: Hayek, Friedman, and the Birth of Neoliberal Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012); Дэниел Стедмен-Джоунз, Рождение неолиберальной политики: от Хайека и Фридмана до Рейгана и Тэтчер (Москва: Мысль, 2017); T. Flew, “Michel Foucault’s The Birth of Biopolitics and Contemporary NeoLiberalism Debates,” Thesis Eleven 108, no. 1 (2012): 44–65, https://doi.org/10.1177/0725513611421481; Philip Mirowski, Never Let a Serious Crisis Go to Waste: How Neoliberalism Survived the Financial Meltdown (London: Verso, 2013); Gérard Duménil and Dominique Lévy, The Crisis of Neoliberalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013); Pierre Dardot and Christian Laval, The New Way of the World: On Neoliberal Society (Brooklyn: Verso, 2013); António Ferreira, “The Politics of Austerity as Politics of Law,” Oñati Socio-Legal Series 6, no. 3 (2016): 496–519; David M. Kotz, The Rise and Fall of Neoliberal Capitalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017); Philip Mirowski and Dieter Plehwe, eds., The Road from Mont Pelerin: The Making of the Neoliberal Thought Collective (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009); Wendy Brown, Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism’s Stealth Revolution (New York: Zone, 2015); David Jacobs and Lindsey Myers, “Union Strength, Neoliberalism, and Inequality: Contingent Political Analyses of US Income Differences Since 1950,” American Sociological Review 79 (2014): 752–774; Angus Burgin, The Great Persuasion: Reinventing Free Markets Since the Depression (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012); Энгус Бергин, Великая революция идей. Возрождение свободных рынков после Великой депрессии (Москва: Мысль, 2017); Greta R. Krippner, Capitalizing on Crisis: The Political Origins of the Rise of Finance (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011).

39

Jones, Masters of the Universe, 215; Джоунз, Рождение неолиберальной политики, 273. См. также: Krippner, Capitalizing on Crisis.

40

Подробное описание этих событий см. в: Mirowski, Never Let a Serious Crisis Go to Waste; Dardot and Christian Laval, The New Way of the World; Jones, Masters of the Universe; Джоунз, Рождение неолиберальной политики.

41

Friedrich August von Hayek, The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism, ed. William Warren Bartley, vol. 1, The Collected Works of Friedrich August Hayek (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 14–15; Фридрих Август фон Хайек, Пагубная самонадеянность. Ошибки социализма (Москва: Издательство “Новости” при участии издательства “Catallaxy”, 1992), 34.

42

Mirowski, Never Let a Serious Crisis Go to Waste, 53–67.

43

Michael C. Jensen and William H. Meckling, “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure,” Journal of Financial Economics 3, no. 4 (1976): 12; Майкл Дженсен и Уильям Меклинг, “Теория фирмы: поведение менеджеров, агентские издержки и структура собственности”, Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Серия «Менеджмент», № 4 (2004).

44

Krippner, Capitalizing on Crisis.

45

Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (Boston: Beacon, 2001), 79; Карл Поланьи, Великая трансформация: политические и экономические истоки нашего времени (Санкт-Петербург: Алетейя, 2002), 90.

46

Martin J. Sklar, The United States as a Developing Country: Studies in U.S. History in the Progressive Era and the 1920s (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Sanford M. Jacoby, Modern Manors: Welfare Capitalism Since the New Deal (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998); Michael Alan Bernstein, The Great Depression: Delayed Recovery and Economic Change in America, 1929–1939 (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1987); C. Goldin and R. A. Margo, “The Great Compression: The Wage Structure in the United States at Mid-century,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 107, no. 1 (1992): 1–34; Edwin Amenta, “Redefining the New Deal,” in The Politics of Social Policy in the United States, ed. Theda Skocpol, Margaret Weir, and Ann Shola Orloff (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988), 81–122.

47

Ian Gough, Anis Ahmad Dani, and Harjan de Haan, “European Welfare States: Explanations and Lessons for Developing Countries,” in Inclusive States: Social Policies and Structural Inequalities (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2008); Peter Baldwin, The Politics of Social Solidarity: Class Bases of the European Welfare State, 1875–1975 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); John Kenneth Galbraith, Sean Wilentz, and James K. Galbraith, The New Industrial State (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1967); Gerald Davis, “The Twilight of the Berle and Means Corporation,” Seattle University Law Review 34, no. 4 (2011): 1121–1138; Alfred Dupont Chandler, Essential Alfred Chandler: Essays Toward a Historical Theory of Big Business, ed. Thomas K. McCraw (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1988).

48

Jones, Masters of the Universe, 217; Джоунз, Рождение неолиберальной политики, 275.

49

См., напр.: Natali, The Politics of the New Welfare State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012); Richard Münch, Inclusion and Exclusion in the Liberal Competition State: The Cult of the Individual (New York: Routledge, 2012), http://site.ebrary.com/id/10589064; Kyung-Sup Chang, Developmental Politics in Transition: The Neoliberal Era and Beyond (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012); Zsuzsa Ferge, “The Changed Welfare Paradigm: The Individualization of the Social,” Social Policy & Administration 31, no. 1 (1997): 20–44.

50

Gerald F. Davis, Managed by the Markets: How Finance Reshaped America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011); Davis, “The Twilight of the Berle and Means Corporation”; Özgür Orhangazi, “Financialisation and Capital Accumulation in the Non-financial Corporate Sector: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation on the US Economy: 1973–2003,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 32, no. 6 (2008): 863–886; William Lazonick, “The Financialization of the U.S. Corporation: What Has Been Lost, and How It Can Be Regained,” in The Future of Financial and Securities Markets (Fourth Annual Symposium of the Adolf A. Berle, Jr. Center for Corporations, Law and Society of the Seattle School of Law, London, 2012); Yuri Biondi, “The Governance and Disclosure of the Firm as an Enterprise Entity,” Seattle University Law Review 36, no. 2 (2013): 391–416; Robert Reich, “Obama’s Transition Economic Advisory Board: The Full List,” US News & World Report, November 7, 2008, http://www.usnews.com/news/campaign-2008/articles/2008/11/07/obamas-transition-economic-advisory-board-the-full-listn; Robert B. Reich, Beyond Outrage: What Has Gone Wrong with Our Economy and Our Democracy, and How to Fix It, rev. ed. (New York: Vintage, 2012).

51

Michael Jensen, “Eclipse of the Public Corporation,” Harvard Business Review, September—October, 1989.

52

Michael C. Jensen, “Value Maximization, Stakeholder Theory, and the Corporate Objective Function,” Business Ethics Quarterly 12, no. 2 (2002): 235–256.

53

Thomas I. Palley, “Financialization: What It Is and Why It Matters” (white paper, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 2007), http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/wp_525.pdf; Jon Hanson and Ronald Chen, “The Illusion of Law: The Legitimating Schemas of Modern Policy and Corporate Law,” Michigan Law Review 103, no. 1 (2004): 1–149; Henry Hansmann and Reinier Kraakman, “The End of History for Corporate Law” (working paper, Discussion Paper Series, Harvard Law School’s John M. Olin Center for Law, Economics and Business, 2000), http://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1068&context=harvard_olin.

54

Davis, “The Twilight of the Berle and Means Corporation,” 1131.

55

Gerald F. Davis, “After the Corporation,” Politics & Society 41, no. 2 (2013): 41.

56

Juta Kawalerowicz and Michael Biggs, “Anarchy in the UK: Economic Deprivation, Social Disorganization, and Political Grievances in the London Riot of 2011,” Social Forces 94, no. 2 (2015): 673–698.

57

Paul Lewis et al., “Reading the Riots: Investigating England’s Summer of Disorder,” London School of Economics and Political Science, 2011, 17, http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/46297.

58

Saskia Sassen, “Why Riot Now? Malaise Among Britain’s Urban Poor Is Nothing New. So Why Did It Finally Tip into Widespread, Terrifying Violence?” Daily Beast, August 15, 2011, http://www.donestech.net/ca/why_riot_now_by_saskia_ sassen_newsweek.

59

Lewis et al., “Reading the Riots,” 25.

60

Lewis et al., “Reading the Riots”. См. также: Kawalerowicz and Biggs, “Anarchy in the UK”; James Treadwell et al., “Shopocalypse Now: Consumer Culture and the English Riots of 2011,” British Journal of Criminology 53, no. 1 (2013): 1–17; Tom Slater, “From ‘Criminality’ to Marginality: Rioting Against a Broken State,” Human Geography 4, no. 3 (2011): 106–115.

61

Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2014); Томас Пикетти, Капитал в XXI веке (Москва: Ад Маргинем Пресс, 2015). Пикетти объединил данные о доходах за многие годы и сделал вывод о том, что неравенство в доходах в США и Великобритании достигло уровня, невиданного с XIX века. Верхние 10 % американских наемных работников неуклонно увеличивали свою долю в национальном доходе с 35 % в 1980-х гг. до более чем 46 % в 2010. Основная часть этого роста приходится на верхний 1 %, доля которого выросла с 9 до 20 %, половина из которых пришлась на верхнюю 0,1 %. Пикетти подсчитал, что 60–70 % из верхних 0,1 % в иерархии доходов состоят из менеджеров, которым удалось добиться «исторически беспрецедентной» компенсации благодаря новым структурам стимулирования, призванным максимизировать стоимость.

62

О значимости демократически ориентированных социальных, политических и экономических институтов для облегчения экономической ситуации см. в монументальном исследовании: Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty (New York: Crown Business, 2012); Дарон Аджемоглу и Джеймс Робинсон, Почему одни страны богатые, а другие бедные. Происхождение власти, процветания и нищеты (Москва: Издательство АСТ, 2015). Институты также в центре внимания работы Роберта Райха о неравенстве и регрессивной экономической политике: Robert B. Reich, Aftershock: The Next Economy and America’s Future (New York: Vintage, 2011); Роберт Райх, Послешок. Экономика будущего (Москва, Карьера Пресс, 2012). См. также: Michael Stolleis, History of Social Law in Germany (Heidelberg: Springer, 2014), www.springer.com/us/book/9783642384530; Mark Hendrickson, American Labor and Economic Citizenship: New Capitalism from World War I to the Great Depression (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013); Swank, “The Political Sources of Labor Market Dualism in Postindustrial Democracies, 1975–2011”; Emin Dinlersoz and Jeremy Greenwood, “The Rise and Fall of Unions in the U.S.” (NBER working paper, US Census Bureau, 2012), http://www.nber.org/papers/w18079; Basak Kus, “Financialization and Income Inequality in OECD Nations: 1995–2007,” Economic and Social Review 43, no. 4 (2012): 477–495; Viki Nellas and Elisabetta Olivieri, “The Change of Job Opportunities: The Role of Computerization and Institutions” (Quaderni DSE working paper, University of Bologna & Bank of Italy, 2012), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1983214; Gough, Dani, and de Haan, “European Welfare States”; Landon R. Y. Storrs, Civilizing Capitalism: The National Consumers’ League, Women’s Activism, and Labor Standards in the New Deal Era, rev. ed. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000); Ferge, “The Changed Welfare Paradigm”; Jacoby, Modern Manors; Sklar, The United States as a Developing Country; J. Bradford De Long and Barry Eichengreen, “The Marshall Plan: History’s Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program,” in Post—World War II Economic Reconstruction and Its Lessons for Eastern Europe Today, ed. Rudiger Dornbusch (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991); Baldwin, The Politics of Social Solidarity; Amenta, “Redefining the New Deal”; Robert H. Wiebe, The Search for Order: 1877–1920 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1967); John Maynard Keynes, “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren,” in John Maynard Keynes, Essays in Persuasion (New York: W. W. Norton, 1930); Джон Мейнард Кейнс, “Экономические возможности для наших внуков”, Вопросы экономики, № 6 (2009): 60–69.

К 2014 г. в отчете Standard and Poor's был сделан вывод о том, что неравенство доходов препятствует экономическому росту и дестабилизирует социальную структуру – факт, давно признанный еще Генри Фордом с его пятидолларовым днем. См.: “How Increasing Income Inequality Is Dampening US Economic Growth, and Possible Ways to Change the Tide,” S&P Capital IQ, Global Credit Portal Report, August 5, 2014, https://www.globalcreditportal.com/ratingsdirect/renderArticle.do?articleId=1351366&SctArtId=255732&from=CM&nsl_code=LIME&sourceObjectId=8741033&sourceRevId=1&fee_ind=N&exp_date=20240804-19:41:13.

63

Tcherneva, “Reorienting Fiscal Policy: A Bottom-Up Approach,” 57. См. также: Francisco Rodriguez and Arjun Jayadev, “The Declining Labor Share of Income,” Journal of Globalization and Development 3, no. 2 (2013): 1–18; Oliver Giovannoni, “What Do We Know About the Labor Share and the Profit Share? Part III: Measures and Structural Factors” (working paper, Levy Economics Institute at Bard College, 2014), http://www.levyinstitute.org/publications/what-do-we-know-about-the-labor-share-and-the-profit-share-part-3-measures-and-structural-factors; Dirk Antonczyk, Thomas DeLeire, and Bernd Fitzenberger, “Polarization and Rising Wage Inequality: Comparing the U.S. and Germany” (IZA discussion papers, Institute for the Study of Labor, March 2010), https://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp4842.html; Duane Swank, “The Political Sources of Labor Market Dualism in Postindustrial Democracies, 1975–2001,” conference paper presented at the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Chicago, 2013; David Jacobs and Lindsey Myers, “Union Strength, Neoliberalism, and Inequality: Contingent Political Analyses of US Income Differences Since 1950,” American Sociological Review 79 (2014): 752–774; Viki Nellas and Elisabetta Olivieri, “The Change of Job Opportunities: The Role of Computerization and Institutions” (Quaderni DSE working paper, University of Bologna & Bank of Italy, 2012), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1983214; Gough, Dani, and de Haan, “European Welfare States: Explanations and Lessons for Developing Countries”.

64

Jonathan D. Ostry, “Neoliberalism: Oversold?” Finance & Development 53, no. 2 (2016): 38–41; как заключил другой американский экономист, «великая рецессия 2008 г. решительно покончила с иллюзией экономического роста, обнажив вместо этого достижения финансового капитализма как они есть, без прикрас: для большинства – стагнация доходов с середины 1970-х, для крошечного меньшинства – огромная концентрация богатства». См. также: Josh Bivens, “In 2013, Workers’ Share of Income in the Corporate Sector Fell to Its Lowest Point Since 1950,” Economic Policy Institute (blog), September 4, 2014, http://www.epi.org/publication/ 2013-workers-share-income-corporate-sector. Исследования либерализации и «финансиализации» как в развитых, так и в развивающихся экономиках показали, что эти процессы связаны с новыми нестабильностями, включая банкротства, закрытие банков, крайнюю волатильность активов и спад в реальном секторе экономики. См., например: Malcolm Sawyer, “Financial Development, Financialisation and Economic Growth” (working paper, Financialisation, Economy, Society & Sustainable Development Project, 2014), http://fessud.eu/wpcontent/uploads/2013/04/Financialisation-and-growth-Sawyer-working-paper-21.pdf. См. также: William A. Galston, “The New Challenge to Market Democracies: The Political and Social Costs of Economic Stagnation” (research report, Brookings Institution, 2014), http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports2/2014/10/new-challenge-market-democracies; Joseph E. Stiglitz, The Price of Inequality: How Today’s Divided Society Endangers Our Future (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012); Джозеф Стиглиц, Цена неравенства. Чем расслоение общества грозит нашему будущему (Москва: Эксмо, 2015); James K. Galbraith, Inequality and Instability: A Study of the World Economy Just Before the Great Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012); Ronald Dore, “Financialization of the Global Economy,” Industrial and Corporate Change 17, no. 6 (2008): 1097–1112; Philip Arestis and Howard Stein, “An Institutional Perspective to Finance and Development as an Alternative to Financial Liberalisation,” International Review of Applied Economics 19, no. 4 (2005): 381–398; Asil Demirguc-Kunt and Enrica Detragiache, “The Determinants of Banking Crises in Developing and Developed Countries,” Staff Papers—International Monetary Fund 45, no. 1 (1998): 81–109.

65

Emanuele Ferragina, Mark Tomlinson, and Robert Walker, “Poverty, Participation and Choice,” JRF, May 28, 2013, https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/poverty-participation-and-choice.

66

Helen Kersley et al., “Raising the Benchmark: The Role of Public Services in Tackling the Squeeze on Pay,” New Economics Foundation, https://www.unison.org.uk/content/uploads/2013/12/On-line-Catalogue219732.pdf.

67

Sally Gainsbury and Sarah Neville, “Austerity’s £18bn Impact on Local Services,” Financial Times, July 19, 2015, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/5fcbd0c4-2948-11e5-8db8-c033edba8a6e.html?ftcamp=crm/email/2015719/nbe/InTodaysFT/product#axzz3gRAfXkt4.

68

Carmen DeNavas-Walt and Bernadette D. Proctor, “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2014,” US Census Bureau, September 2015, http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249.pdf; Thomas Gabe, “Poverty in the United States: 2013,” Congressional Research Service, September 25, 2014, http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/key_workplace/1329.

69

Alisha Coleman-Jensen, Mark Nord, and Anita Singh, “Household Food Security in the United States in 2012” (economic research report, US Department of Agriculture, September 2013), https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/45129/39937_err-155.pdf?v=42199.

70

Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, 334–235; Пикетти, Капитал в XXI веке, 333–334. См. также: Theda Skocpol and Vanessa Williamson, The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism, rev. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016); Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway, Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming (London: Bloomsbury, 2010).

71

Nicholas Confessore, “The Families Funding the 2016 Presidential Election,” New York Times, October 10, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/10/11/us/politics/2016-presidential-election-super-pac-donors.html.

72

Историк Нэнси Маклин и журналист Джейн Мэйер подробно описали незримую работу радикально-правых идеологов и их спонсоров-миллиардеров, располагающих неограниченными средствами для манипулирования политикой и обществом и опирающихся на теневую сеть «фабрик мысли», организаций-доноров и СМИ, с целью искусной эксплуатации гражданских волнений и подталкивания их к экстремистским взглядам. См.: Nancy MacLean, Democracy in Chains: The Deep History of the Radical Right’s Stealth Plan for America (New York: Viking, 2017); Jane Mayer, Dark Money: The Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind the Rise of the Radical Right (New York: Anchor, 2017).

73

Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, 571; Пикетти, Капитал в XXI веке, 585.

74

Milan Zafirovski, “‘Neo-Feudalism’ in America? Conservatism in Relation to European Feudalism,” International Review of Sociology 17, no. 3 (2007): 393–427, https://doi.org/10.1080/03906700701574323; Alain Supiot, “The Public-Private Relation in the Context of Today’s Refeudalization,” International Journal of Constitutional Law 11, no. 1 (2013): 129–145, https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mos050; Daniel J. H. Greenwood, “Neofeudalism: The Surprising Foundations of Corporate Constitutional Rights,” University of Illinois Law Review 163 (2017).

75

Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, 237–270; Пикетти, Капитал в XXI веке, 238–269.

76

Едкое и убедительное исследование этих тем см. в: Carol Graham, Happiness for All? Unequal Hopes and Lives in Pursuit of the American Dream (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017); David G. Blanchflower and Andrew Oswald, “Unhappiness and Pain in Modern America: A Review Essay, and Further Evidence, on Carol Graham’s ‘Happiness for All?’” (NBER working paper, November 2017).

77

См.: Tim Newburn et al., “David Cameron, the Queen and the Rioters’ Sense of Injustice,” Guardian, December 5, 2011, http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/dec/05/cameron-queen-injustice-english-rioters.

78

Slater, “From ‘Criminality’ to Marginality”.

79

Todd Gitlin, Occupy Nation: The Roots, the Spirit, and the Promise of Occupy Wall Street (New York: Harper Collins, 2012); Zeynep Tufekci, Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017). См. также: Andrew Gavin Marshall, “World of Resistance Report: Davos Class Jittery amid Growing Warnings of Global Unrest,” Occupy.com, July 4, 2014, http://www.occupy.com/article/world-resistance-report-davos-class-jittery-amid-growing-warnings-global-unrest.

80

Todd Gitlin, “Occupy’s Predicament: The Moment and the Prospects for the Movement,” British Journal of Sociology 64, no. 1 (2013): 3–25.

81

Anthony Barnett, “The Long and Quick of Revolution,” Open Democracy, February 2, 2015, https://www.opendemocracy.net/anthony-barnett/long-and-quick-of-revolution.

82

Zygmunt Bauman, Liquid Modernity (Cambridge, MA: Polity, 2000), 38; Зигмунт Бауман, Текучая современность (Санкт-Петербург: Питер, 2008), 46–47.

83

Peter Wells and Paul Nieuwenhuis, “Transition Failure: Understanding Continuity in the Automotive Industry,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 79, no. 9 (2012): 1681–1692.

84

Steven Levy, In the Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 172–173.

85

Bobbie Johnson, “Privacy No Longer a Social Norm, Says Facebook Founder,” Guardian, January 10, 2010, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/jan/11/facebook-privacy.

86

См.: Charlene Li, “Close Encounter with Facebook Beacon,” Forrester, November 23, 2007, https://web.archive.org/web/20071124121739/http://blogs.forrester.com/charleneli/2007/11/close-encounter.html.

87

Peter Linzer, “Contract as Evil,” Hastings Law Journal 66 (2015): 971; Paul M. Schwartz, “Internet Privacy and the State,” Connecticut Law Review 32 (1999): 815–859; Daniel J. Solove, “Privacy Self-Management and the Consent Dilemma,” Harvard Law Review 126, no. 7 (2013): 1880–1904.

88

Yannis Bakos, Florencia Marotta-Wurgler, and David R. Trossen, “Does Anyone Read the Fine Print? Consumer Attention to Standard-Form Contracts,” Journal of Legal Studies 43, no. 1 (2014): 1–35, https://doi.org/10.1086/674424; Tess Wilkinson-Ryan, “A Psychological Account of Consent to Fine Print,” Iowa Law Review 99 (2014): 1745; Thomas J. Maronick, “Do Consumers Read Terms of Service Agreements When Installing Software? A Two-Study Empirical Analysis,” International Journal of Business and Social Research 4, no. 6 (2014): 137–145; Mark A. Lemley, “Terms of Use,” Minnesota Law Review 91 (2006), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=917926; Nili Steinfeld, “‘I Agree to the Terms and Conditions’: (How) Do Users Read Privacy Policies Online? An Eye-Tracking Experiment,” Computers in Human Behavior 55 (2016): 992–1000; Victoria C. Plaut and Robert P. Bartlett, “Blind Consent? A Social Psychological Investigation of Non-readership of Click-Through Agreements,” Law and Human Behavior, June 16, 2011, 1–23.

89

Ewa Luger, Stuart Moran, and Tom Rodden, “Consent for All: Revealing the Hidden Complexity of Terms and Conditions,” in Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’13 (New York: ACM, 2013), 2687–2696.

90

Debra Cassens Weiss, “Chief Justice Roberts Admits He Doesn’t Read the Computer Fine Print,” ABA Journal, October 20, 2010, http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/chief_justice_roberts_admits_he_doesnt_read_the_computer_fine_print.

91

Margaret Jane Radin, Boilerplate: The Fine Print, Vanishing Rights, and the Rule of Law (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012), 14.

92

Radin, Boilerplate, 16–17.

93

Nancy S. Kim, Wrap Contracts: Foundations and Ramifications (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 50–69.

94

Jon Leibowitz, “Introductory Remarks at the FTC Privacy Roundtable,” FTC, December 7, 2009, http://www.ftc.gov/speeches/leibowitz/091207.pdf.

95

Aleecia M. McDonald and Lorrie Faith Cranor, “The Cost of Reading Privacy Policies,” Journal of Policy for the Information Society, 4, no. 3 (2008), http://hdl.handle.net/1811/72839.

96

Kim, Wrap Contracts, 70–72.

97

Пример такой риторики см. в: Tom Hayes, “America Needs a Department of ‘Creative Destruction’,” Huffington Post, October 27, 2011, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/tom-hayes/america-needs-a-departmen_b_1033573.html.

98

Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2008), 68; Йозеф А. Шумпетер, Капитализм, социализм и демократия (Москва: Экономика, 1995), 110.

99

Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, 83; Шумпетер, Капитализм, социализм и демократия, 126–127.

100

Joseph A. Schumpeter, The Economics and Sociology of Capitalism, ed. Richard Swedberg (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), 417, 411 (выделено мной. – Ш. З.).

101

Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, 83; Шумпетер, Капитализм, социализм и демократия, 127.

102

Yochai Benkler, The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006).

103

Tom Worden, “Spain’s Economic Woes Force a Change in Traditional Holiday Habits,” Guardian, August 8, 2011, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/ 08/spain-debt-crisis-economy-august-economy.

104

Suzanne Daley, “On Its Own, Europe Backs Web Privacy Fights,” New York Times, August 9, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/10/world/europe/10spain.html.

105

Ankit Singla et al., “The Internet at the Speed of Light” (ACM Press, 2014), https://doi.org/10.1145/2670518.2673876; Taylor Hatmaker, “There Could Soon Be Wi-Fi That Moves at the Speed of Light,” Daily Dot, July 14, 2014, https://www.dailydot.com/debug/sisoft-li-fi-vlc-10gbps.

106

“Google Spain SL v. Agencia Española de Protección de Datos (Case C-131/12 (May 13, 2014),” Harvard Law Review 128, no. 2 (2014): 735.

107

Google Spain, 2014 E.C.R. 317, 80–81.

108

Paul M. Schwartz and Karl-Nikolaus Peifer, “Transatlantic Data Privacy,” Georgetown Law Journal 106, no. 115 (2017): 131, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3066971. A few of the many excellent analyses of the right to be forgotten include Dawn Nunziato, “Forget About It? Harmonizing European and American Protections for Privacy, Free Speech, and Due Process” (GWU Law School Public Law Research Paper, George Washington University, January 1, 2015), http://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/faculty_publications/1295; Jeffrey Rosen, “The Right to Be Forgotten,” Stanford Law Review Online 64 (2012): 88; “The Right to Be Forgotten (Google v. Spain),” EPIC.org, October 30, 2016, https://epic.org/privacy/right-to-be-forgotten; Ambrose Jones, Meg Leta, and Jef Ausloos, “The Right to Be Forgotten Across the Pond,” Journal of Information Policy 3 (2012): 1–23; Hans Graux, Jef Ausloos, and Peggy Valcke, “The Right to Be Forgotten in the Internet Era,” Interdisciplinary Centre for Law and ICT, November 12, 2012, http://www.researchgate.net/publication/256039959_The_Right_to_Be_Forgotten_in_the_Internet_Era; Franz Werro, “The Right to Inform v. the Right to Be Forgotten: A Transatlantic Clash,” Liability in the Third Millennium, May 2009, 285–300; “Google Spain SL v. Agencia Española de Protección de Datos”. Всесторонний обзор см. в: Anita L. Allen and Marc Rotenberg, Privacy Law and Society, 3rd ed. (St. Paul: West, 2016), 1520–1552.

109

“Judgement in Case C-131/12: Google Spain SL, Google Inc. v Agencia Española de Protección de Datos, Mario Costeja González” (Court of Justice of the European Union, May 13, 2014), https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2014-05/cp140070en.pdf.

110

Federico Fabbrini, “The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the Rights to Data Privacy: The EU Court of Justice as a Human Rights Court,” in The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights as a Binding Instrument: Five Years Old and Growing, ed. Sybe de Vries, Ulf Burnitz, and Stephen Weatherill (Oxford: Hart, 2015), 21–22.

111

Отличное введение в вопрос о «свободе слова» и Первой поправке см. в: Anupam Chander and Uyên Lê, “The Free Speech Foundations of Cyberlaw” (UC Davis Legal Studies Research Paper 351, September 2013, School of Law, University of California, Davis).

112

Henry Blodget, “Hey, Europe, Forget the ‘Right to Be Forgotten’ – Your New Google Ruling Is Nuts!” Business Insider, May 14, 2014, http://www.businessinsider.com/europe-google-ruling-2014-5.

113

Greg Sterling, “Google Co-Founder Sergey Brin: I Wish I Could Forget the ‘Right to Be Forgotten,’” Search Engine Land, May 28, 2014, http://searchengineland.com/ google-co-founder-brin-wish-forget-right-forgotten-192648.

114

Richard Waters, “Google’s Larry Page Resists Secrecy but Accepts Privacy Concerns,” Financial Times, May 30, 2014, https://www.ft.com/content/f3b127ea-e708-11e3-88be-00144feabdc0.

115

James Vincent, “Google Chief Eric Schmidt Says ‘Right to Be Forgotten’ Ruling Has Got the Balance ‘Wrong,’” Independent, May 15, 2014, http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/google-chief-eric-schmidt-says-right-to-be-forgotten-ruling-has-got-the-balance-wrong-9377231.html.

116

Pete Brodnitz et al., “Beyond the Beltway February 26–27 Voter Poll,” Beyond the Beltway Insights Initiative, February 27, 2015, http://web.archive.org/web/20160326035834/http://beltway.bsgco.com/about; Mary Madden and Lee Rainie, “Americans’ Attitudes About Privacy, Security and Surveillance,” PewResearchCenter (blog), May 20, 2015, http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/05/20/americans-attitudes-about-privacy-security-and-surveillance. Национальный опрос, проведенный организацией Software Advice, показал, что 61 % американцев считают, что право на забвение в каком-то виде необходимо, 39 % хотят права на забвение в его широкой европейской трактовке и почти половина были обеспокоены тем, что «неактуальные» результаты поиска может навредить репутации человека. Опрос, проведенный YouGov, показал, что 55 % американцев поддержали бы законодательство, подобное праву на забвение, по сравнению с лишь 14 %, которые не готовы его поддержать. Опрос в США, проведенный Benenson Strategy Group и SKDKnickerbocker, опубликованный спустя почти год после решения ЕС, показал, что 88 % респондентов в определенной степени (36 %) или решительно (52 %) поддерживают американский закон, который разрешил бы им обращаться к таким компаниям, как Google, Yahoo! и Bing, чтобы удалить определенную личную информацию, которая появляется в результатах поиска. См.: Daniel Humphries, “U.S. Attitudes Toward the ‘Right to Be Forgotten,’” Software Advice, September 5, 2014, https://www.softwareadvice.com/security/industryview/right-to-be-forgotten-2014; Jake Gammon, “Americans Would Support ‘Right to Be Forgotten,’” YouGov, December 6, 2017, https://today.yougov.com/news/2014/06/02/americans-would-support-right-be-forgotten; Mario Trujillo, “Public Wants ‘Right to Be Forgotten’ Online,” Hill, March 19, 2015, http://thehill.com/policy/technology/236246-poll-public-wants-right-to-be-forgotten-online.

117

Francis Collins, “Vaccine Research: New Tactics for Tackling HIV,” NIH Director’s Blog, June 30, 2015, https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2015/06/30/vaccine-research-new-tactics-for-tackling-hiv; Liz Szabo, “Scientists Making Progress on AIDS Vaccine, but Slowly,” USAToday.com, August 8, 2012, http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/story/2012-07-25/aids-vaccine/56485460/1.

118

Collins, “Vaccine Research”.

119

Szabo, “Scientists Making Progress on AIDS Vaccine”.

120

См.: Mary Madden and Lee Rainie, “Americans’ Attitudes About Privacy, Security and Surveillance,” PewResearchCenter (blog), May 20, 2015, http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/05/20/americans-attitudes-about-privacy-security-and-surveillance.

121

Пер. А. Ситницкого.

122

См. обсуждение в: David A. Hounshell, From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, 7th ed., Studies in Industry and Society 4 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).

123

См.: Reinhard Bendix, Work and Authority in Industry: Ideologies of Management in the Course of Industrialization (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974).

124

David Farber, Sloan Rules: Alfred P. Sloan and the Triumph of General Motors (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005); Henry Ford, My Life and Work (Garden City, NY: Ayer, 1922); Генри Форд, Моя жизнь, мои достижения (Москва: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2014).

125

Chris Jay Hoofnagle, “Beyond Google and Evil: How Policy-Makers, Journalists, and Consumers Should Talk Differently About Google and Privacy,” First Monday, April 6, 2009.

126

Reed Albergotti et al., “Employee Lawsuit Accuses Google of ‘Spying Program,’” Information, December 20, 2016, https://www.theinformation.com/employee-lawsuit-accuses-google-of-spying-program.

127

См.: Steven Levy, In the Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 116; Hal R. Varian, “Biography of Hal R. Varian,” UC Berkeley School of Information Management & Systems, October 3, 2017, http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~hal/people/hal/biography.html; “Economics According to Google,” Wall Street Journal, July 19, 2007, http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2007/07/19/economics-according-to-google; Steven Levy, “Secret of Googlenomics: Data-Fueled Recipe Brews Profitability,” Wired, May 22, 2009, http://archive.wired.com/culture/culturereviews/magazine/17-06/nep_googlenomics; Hal R. Varian, “Beyond Big Data,” Business Economics 49, no. 1 (2014): 27–31. Хотя Хэл Вэриан не отвечает в Google за принятие решений, имеется немало общедоступных данных, свидетельствующих о том, что именно он помог руководству Google понять работу и последствия собственной коммерческой логики компании, развивая и совершенствуя ее. Я сравниваю находки Вэриана с находками Джеймса Кузенса в Ford. Кузенс был инвестором и бизнесменом – позже он станет американским сенатором – и занимал должность генерального директора в Ford. Он помог привести Ford к его впечатляющим успехам, имея ясное понимание новой логики массового производства и ее экономического значения. Он не был ни теоретиком, ни плодовитым автором, как Вэриан, но его переписка и статьи отмечены необычайной прозорливостью и остаются важнейшим источником информации для всех, кто изучает массовое производство. Прежде чем стать главным экономистом Google в 2007 г., Вэриан несколько лет проработал там консультантом. В своем биографическом материале он упоминает, что «с 2002 г. был связан со многими аспектами деятельности компании, включая разработку аукционов, эконометрический анализ, финансы, корпоративную стратегию и публичную политику». Когда в 2007 г. газета Wall Street Journal сообщила о новой должности Вэриана в Google, она отметила, что эта позиция подразумевает создание «команды экономистов, статистиков и аналитиков, которые будут помогать компании в „маркетинге, работе с персоналом, в стратегии, в политических вопросах“». В своей книге о Google Стивен Леви цитирует Эрика Шмидта, размышляющего о том, как фирма научилась использовать свою новую «экономику кликов»: «У нас есть Хэл Вэриан и у нас есть физики». Согласно статье Леви, посвященной «гуглономике», приводятся слова Шмидта о том, что именно проделанный Вэрианом ранний анализ рекламных аукционов фирмы и привел к моменту озарения, прояснившему истинную природу бизнеса Google: «Неожиданно мы поняли, что занимаемся аукционным бизнесом». В работе, на которую я ссылаюсь здесь, Вэриан часто иллюстрирует свои аргументы примерами из Google. При этом он то и дело говорит в первом лице, множественном числе, например: «Наши собственные эксперименты принесли Google такой успех, что мы сделали их доступными для наших рекламодателей и издателей в рамках двух программ». Поэтому кажется справедливым предположить, что взгляды Вэриана могут послужить важным источником для понимания предпосылок и целей, определяющих эту новую форму рынка.

128

Hal R. Varian, “Computer Mediated Transactions,” American Economic Review 100, no. 2 (2010): 1–10; Varian, “Beyond Big Data”. Первая статья, вышедшая в 2010 г., представляет собой текст лекции Вэриана в память Ричарда Т. Эли. Вторая статья, как и лекция, посвящена опосредованным компьютерами трансакциям и во многом пересекается с материалом, содержащимся в лекции.

129

Varian, “Beyond Big Data,” 27.

130

“Machine Intelligence,” Research at Google, 2018, https://web.archive.org/web/20180427114330/https://research.google.com/pubs/MachineIntelligence.html.

131

Ellen Meiksins Wood, The Origin of Capitalism: A Longer View (London: Verso, 2002), 125.

132

Wood, The Origin of Capitalism, 76, 93.

133

Levy, In the Plex, 46; Jennifer Lee, “Postcards from Planet Google,” New York Times, November 28, 2002, http://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/28/technology/circuits/28goog.html.

134

Kenneth Cukier, “Data, Data Everywhere,” Economist, February 25, 2010, http://www.economist.com/node/15557443.

135

Levy, In the Plex, 46–48.

136

“Google Receives $25 Million in Equity Funding,” Google News, July 7, 1999, http://googlepress.blogspot.com/1999/06/google-receives-25-million-inequity.html.

137

Hal R. Varian, “Big Data: New Tricks for Econometrics,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 28, no. 2 (2014): 113.

138

Sergey Brin and Lawrence Page, “The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine,” Computer Networks and ISDN Systems 30, nos. 1–7 (1998): 18.

139

“NEC Selects Google to Provide Search Services on Japan’s Leading BIGLOBE Portal Site,” Google Press, December 18, 2000, http://googlepress.blogspot.com/2000/12/nec-selects-google-to-provide-search.html; “Yahoo! Selects Google as Its Default Search Engine Provider,” Google Press, June 26, 2000, http://googlepress.blogspot.com/2000/06/yahoo-selects-google-as-its-default.html.

140

Wood, The Origin of Capitalism, 125. Уже возникали конфликты между служением интересам растущей пользовательской базы и нуждами этих порталов.

141

Scarlet Pruitt, “Search Engines Sued Over ‘Pay-for-Placement,’” CNN.com, February 4, 2002, http://edition.cnn.com/2002/TECH/internet/02/04/search.engine.lawsuit.idg/index.html.

142

Saul Hansell, “Google’s Toughest Search Is for a Business Model,” New York Times, April 8, 2002, http://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/08/business/googles-toughest-search-is-for-a-business-model.html.

143

Elliot Zaret, “Can Google’s Search Engine Find Profits?” ZDNet, June 14, 1999, http://www.zdnet.com/article/can-googles-searchengine-find-profits.

144

John Greenwald, “Doom Stalks the Dotcoms,” Time, April 17, 2000.

145

Alex Berenson and Patrick McGeehan, “Amid the Stock Market’s Losses, a Sense the Game Has Changed,” New York Times, April 16, 2000, http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/16/business/amid-the-stock-market-s-losses-a-sense-the-game-has-changed.html; Laura Holson and Saul Hansell, “The Maniac Markets: The Making of a Market Bubble,” New York Times, April 23, 2000.

146

Ken Auletta, Googled: The End of the World as We Know It (New York: Penguin, 2010).

147

Levy, In the Plex, 83.

148

Michel Ferrary and Mark Granovetter, “The Role of Venture Capital Firms in Silicon Valley’s Complex Innovation Network,” Economy and Society 38, no. 2 (2009): 347–348, https://doi.org/10.1080/03085140902786827.

149

Dave Valliere and Rein Peterson, “Inflating the Bubble: Examining Dot-Com Investor Behaviour,” Venture Capital 6, no. 1 (2004): 1–22.

150

Valliere and Peterson, “Inflating the Bubble,” 17–18. См. также: Udayan Gupta, ed., Done Deals: Venture Capitalists Tell Their Stories (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2000), 170–171, 190. Junfu Zhang, “Access to Venture Capital and the Performance of Venture-Backed Startups in Silicon Valley,” Economic Development Quarterly 21, no. 2 (2007): 124–147.

151

Среди первого поколения интернет-стартапов Кремниевой долины, получивших венчурную поддержку, 12,5 % осуществили первичное размещение акций в концу 2001 г., в сравнении с 7,3 % в остальной части страны, и в то же время только 4,2 % стартапов Долины вышли на прибыль, что существенно меньше, чем в остальной части страны.

152

Zhang, “Access to Venture Capital”, 124–147.

153

Patricia Leigh Brown, “Teaching Johnny Values Where Money Is King,” New York Times, March 10, 2000, http://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/10/us/teaching-johnny-values-where-money-is-king.html.

154

Kara Swisher, “Dot-Com Bubble Has Burst; Will Things Worsen in 2001?” Wall Street Journal, December 19, 2000, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB9770911 8336535099.

155

S. Humphreys, “Legalizing Lawlessness: On Giorgio Agamben’s State of Exception,” European Journal of International Law 17, no. 3 (2006): 677–687, https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chl020.

156

Levy, In the Plex, 83–85.

157

Ibid., 86–87 (выделено мной. – Ш. З.).

158

Lee, “Postcards”.

159

Ibid.

160

Ibid.

161

Auletta, Googled.

162

John Markoff and G. Pascal Zachary, “In Searching the Web, Google Finds Riches,” New York Times, April 13, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/13/business/in-searching-the-web-google-finds-riches.html.

163

Peter Coy, “The Secret to Google’s Success,” Bloomberg.com, March 6, 2006, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2006-03-05/the-secret-to-googles-success (выделено мной. – Ш. З.).

164

См., например, следующую подборку типичных заявок на патенты, поданных Google примерно в этот период: Krishna Bharat, Stephen Lawrence, and Mehran Sahami, Generating user information for use in targeted advertising, US9235849 B2, filed December 31, 2003, and issued January 12, 2016, http://www.google.com/patents/US9235849; Jacob Samuels Burnim, System and method for targeting advertisements or other information using user geographical information, US7949714 B1, filed December 5, 2005, and issued May 24, 2011, http://www.google.com/patents/US7949714; Alexander P. Carobus et al., Content-targeted advertising using collected user behavior data, US20140337128 A1, filed July 25, 2014, and issued November 13, 2014, http://www.google.com/patents/US20140337128; Jeffrey Dean, Georges Harik, and Paul Buchheit, Methods and apparatus for serving relevant advertisements, US20040059708 A1, filed December 6, 2002, and issued March 25, 2004, http://www.google.com/patents/US20040059708; Jeffrey Dean, Georges Harik, and Paul Buchheit, Serving advertisements using information associated with e-mail, US20040059712 A1, filed June 2, 2003, and issued March 25, 2004, http://www.google.com/patents/US20040059712; Andrew Fikes, Ross Koningstein, and John Bauer, System and method for automatically targeting web-based advertisements, US8041601 B2, issued October 18, 2011, http://www.google.com/patents/US8041601; Georges R. Harik, Generating information for online advertisements from internet data and traditional media data, US8438154 B2, filed September 29, 2003, and issued May 7, 2013, http://www.google.com/patents/US8438154; Georges R. Harik, Serving advertisements using a search of advertiser web information, US7647299 B2, filed June 30, 2003, and issued January 12, 2010, http://www.google.com/patents/US7647299; Rob Kniaz, Abhinay Sharma, and Kai Chen, Syndicated trackable ad content, US7996777 B2, issued August 9, 2011, http://www.google.com/patents/US7996777; Method of delivery, targeting, and measuring advertising over networks, USRE44724 E1, filed May 24, 2000, and issued January 21, 2014, http://www.google.com/patents/USRE44724.

165

Методы и технологии, описанные в этом патенте (Generating user information for use in targeted advertising), изобрели трое выдающихся компьютерных ученых – Кришна Бхагат, Стивен Лоуренс и Мехам Сахами.

166

Bharat, Lawrence, and Sahami, Generating user information.

167

Ibid., 11.

168

Ibid., 11–12.

169

Ibid., 15 (выделено мной. – Ш. З.).

170

Ibid.

171

Ibid., 18.

172

Ibid., 12.

173

Ibid. (выделено мной. – Ш. З.).

174

Эмпирические исследования говорят о том, что, когда пользователи оценивают степень конфиденциальности, первостепенное значение они придают праву на принятие решений. См.: Laura Brandimarte, Alessandro Acquisti, and George Loewenstein, “Misplaced Confidences: Privacy and the Control Paradox,” Social Psychological and Personality Science 4, no. 3 (2010): 340–347.

175

Bharat, Lawrence, and Sahami, Generating user information, 17 (выделено мной. – Ш. З.).

176

Ibid., 16–17. Список атрибутов включал в себя контент (например, словарный состав, ключевые слова и т. д.) посещенных пользователем веб-сайтов (или посещенных в течение определенного времени); демографическую информацию, географическую информацию, психографическую информацию, предыдущие пользовательские запросы (и/или связанную с ними информацию); информацию о рекламных объявлениях, которые пользователь в прошлом просмотрел, выбрал и/или после просмотра которых сделал покупки; информацию о документах (например текстовых файлах), просмотренных/запрошенных и/или измененных пользователем; интересы пользователя; действия в браузере; а также прошлое потребительское поведение.

177

Ibid., 13.

178

Douglas Edwards, I’m Feeling Lucky (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011), 268.

179

Levy, In the Plex, 101.

180

Этот термин обсуждается в видеоинтервью с Эриком Шмидтом и его коллегой/соавтором Джонатаном Розенбергом. См.: Eric Schmidt and Jonathan Rosenberg, “How Google Works,” interview by Computer History Museum, October 15, 2014, https://youtu.be/3tNpYpcU5s4?t=3287.

181

См., напр.: Edwards, I’m Feeling Lucky, 264–270.

182

См.: Levy, In the Plex, 13, 32, 35, 105–106; John Battelle, The Search: How Google and Its Rivals Rewrote the Rules of Business and Transformed Our Culture (New York: Portfolio, 2006), 65–66, 74, 82; Auletta, Googled.

183

См.: Levy, In the Plex, 94.

184

Humphreys, “Legalizing Lawlessness”.

185

Michael Moritz, “Much Ventured, Much Gained,” interview, Foreign Affairs, February 2015, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/interviews/2014-12-15/much-ventured-much-gained.

186

Hounshell, From the American System, 247–248.

187

Ibid., 10.

188

Richard S. Tedlow, Giants of Enterprise: Seven Business Innovators and the Empires They Built (New York: HarperBusiness, 2003), 159–60; Donald Finlay Davis, Conspicuous Production: Automobiles and Elites in Detroit 1899–1933 (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1989), 122.

189

David M. Kristol, “HTTP Cookies: Standards, Privacy, and Politics,” ArXiv: Cs/0105018, May 9, 2001, http://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0105018.

190

Richard M. Smith, “The Web Bug FAQ,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, November 11, 1999, https://w2.eff.org/Privacy/Marketing/web_bug.html.

191

Kristol, “HTTP Cookies,” 9–16; Richard Thieme, “Uncompromising Position: An Interview About Privacy with Richard Smith,” Thiemeworks, January 2, 2000, http://www.thiemeworks.com/an-interview-with-richard-smith.

192

Kristol, “HTTP Cookies,” 13–15.

193

“Amendment no. 9 to Form S-1 Registration Statement Under the Securities Act of 1933 for Google Inc.,” Securities and Exchange Commission, August 18, 2004, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312512025336/d260164d10k.htm.

194

Henry Ford, “Mass Production,” Encyclopedia Britannica (New York: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1926), 821, http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/coolbib:@field(NUMBER+@band(amrlg+lg48)).

195

См.: Levy, In the Plex, 69.

196

Edwards, I’m Feeling Lucky, 340–345.

197

Battelle, The Search.

198

Levy, In the Plex, 69.

199

См.: Hansell, “Google’s Toughest Search”.

200

См.: Markoff and Zachary, “In Searching the Web”.

201

William O. Douglas, “Dissenting Statement of Justice Douglas, Regarding Warden v. Hayden, 387 U.S. 294” (US Supreme Court, April 12, 1967), https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/387/294; Nita A. Farahany, “Searching Secrets,” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 160, no. 5 (2012): 1271.

202

George Orwell, Politics and the English Language (Peterborough: Broadview, 2006); Джордж Оруэлл, Лев и Единорог. Эссе, статьи, рецензии (Москва: Московская школа политических исследований, 2003), 356.

203

В качестве типичного примера можно привести следующее высказывание в журнале Economist: «Google эксплуатирует информацию, являющуюся побочным продуктом взаимодействий с пользователем, или выхлопом данных, который автоматически перерабатывается для улучшения обслуживания или создания совершенного новых продуктов». “Clicking for Gold,” Economist, February 25, 2010, http://www.economist.com/node/15557431.

204

Valliere and Peterson, “Inflating the Bubble,” 1–22.

205

См.: Lev Grossman, “Exclusive: Inside Facebook’s Plan to Wire the World,” Time.com (blog), December 2015, http://time.com/facebook-world-plan.

206

David Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect: The Inside Story of the Company That Is Connecting the World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 257.

207

Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect, 80; Auletta, Googled.

208

См.: Auletta, Googled.

209

Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect, 266.

210

“Selected Financial Data for Alphabet Inc.,” Form 10-K, Commission File, United States Securities and Exchange Commission, December 31, 2016, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204417000008/goog10-kq42016.htm#s58C60B74D56A630AD6EA2B64F53BD90C. Сюда входят «доходы от сегмента Google в размере 89,5 млрд долл. при ежегодном росте 20 %, и доходы от „Прочих проектов“ в размере 0,8 млрд долл. с ежегодным ростом 82 %». Рекламные доходы от сегмента Google составили 79 383 000 000 долл., или 88,73 % доходов от сегмента Google.

211

“Google Search Statistics – Internet Live Stats,” Internet Live Stats, September 20, 2017, http://www.internetlivestats.com/google-search-statistics; Greg Sterling, “Data: Google Monthly Search Volume Dwarfs Rivals Because of Mobile Advantage,” Search Engine Land, February 9, 2017, http://searchengineland.com/data-google-monthly-search-volume-dwarfs-rivals-mobile-advantage-269120. Это означало 76 % всех поисковых запросов с настольных компьютеров и 96 % запросов с мобильных устройств в США и соответственно 87 и 95 % в мире в целом.

212

Roben Farzad, “Google at $400 Billion: A New no. 2 in Market Cap,” BusinessWeek, February 12, 2014, http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-02-12/google-at-400-billion-a-new-no-dot-2-in-market-cap.

213

“Largest Companies by Market Cap Today,” Dogs of the Dow, 2017, https://web.archive.org/web/20180701094340/http://dogsofthedow.com/largest-companies-by-market-cap.htm.

214

Jean-Charles Rochet and Jean Tirole, “Two-Sided Markets: A Progress Report,” RAND Journal of Economics 37, no. 3 (2006): 645–667.

215

Обсуждение этого момента и его отношения к таргетированной онлайн-рекламе см. в: Katherine J. Strandburg, “Free Fall: The Online Market’s Consumer Preference Disconnect” (working paper, New York University Law and Economics, October 1, 2013).

216

Kevin Kelly, “The Three Breakthroughs That Have Finally Unleashed AI on the World,” Wired, October 27, 2014, https://www.wired.com/2014/10/future-of-artificial-intelligence.

217

Xiaoliang Ling et al., “Model Ensemble for Click Prediction in Bing Search Ads,” in Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion, 689–98, https://doi.org/10.1145/3041021.3054192.

218

Ruoxi Wang et al., “Deep & Cross Network for Ad Click Predictions,” ArXiv: 1708.05123 [Computer Science. Learning], August 16, 2017, http://arxiv.org/abs/1708.05123.

219

Пер. В. Топорова.

220

См.: Steven Levy, “Secret of Googlenomics: Data-Fueled Recipe Brews Profitability,” Wired, May 22, 2009, http://archive.wired.com/culture/culture reviews/magazine/17-06/nep_googlenomics.

221

Douglas Edwards, I’m Feeling Lucky (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011), 291.

222

Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time, 2nd ed. (Boston: Beacon, 2001), 75–76; Карл Поланьи, Великая трансформация: политические и экономические истоки нашего времени (Санкт-Петербург: Алетейя, 2002), 96–97.

223

Karl Marx, Capital, 3rd ed. (New York: Penguin, 1992), Ch. 26; Карл Маркс и Фридрих Энгельс, Сочинения, 2-е изд. Т. 23. (Москва: Издательство политической литературы, 1960), гл. 24.

224

Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Schocken, 2004), 198; Ханна Арендт, Истоки тоталитаризма (Москва: ЦентрКом, 1996), 216–217.

225

Michael J. Sandel, What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013); Майкл Сэндел, Что нельзя купить за деньги. Моральные ограничения свободного рынка (Москва: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2013).

226

David Harvey, The New Imperialism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 153.

227

Sergey Brin, “2004 Founders’ IPO Letter,” Google, https://abc.xyz/investor/founders-letters/2004.

228

Cato Institute, Eric Schmidt Google/Cato Interview, YouTube, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BH3vjTz8OII.

229

Nick Summers, “Why Google Is Issuing a New Kind of Toothless Stock,” Bloomberg.com, April 3, 2014, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-04-03/why-google-is-issuing-c-shares-a-new-kind-of-powerless-stock. Когда акционеры выступили против этой системы на ежегодном общем собрании компании, проголосовав 180 миллионами голосов за резолюцию о равном праве голоса, основатели компании, которым принадлежал 551 миллион голосов, просто не обратили на это никакого внимания.

230

Eric Lam, “New Google Share Classes Issued as Founders Cement Grip,” Bloomberg.com, April 3, 2014, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-04-03/new-google-shares-hit-market-as-founders-cement-grip-with-split.

231

Tess Townsend, “Alphabet Shareholders Want More Voting Rights but Larry and Sergey Don’t Want It That Way,” Recode, June 13, 2017, https://www.recode.net/2017/6/13/15788892/alphabet-shareholder-proposals-fair-shares-counted-equally-no-supervote.

232

Ronald W. Masulis, Cong Wang, and Fei Xie, “Agency Problems at Dual-Class Companies,” Journal of Finance 64, no. 4 (2009): 1697–1727, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540–6261.2009.01477.x; Randall Smith, “One Share, One Vote?” Wall Street Journal, October 28, 2011, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203911804576653591322367506. В 2017 г. в ходе первичного размещения акций Snap предлагались только неголосующие акции, что оставляло в руках учредителей 70 % голосов; остальные голоса сохранили за собой первоначальные инвесторы. См.: Maureen Farrell, “In Snap IPO, New Investors to Get Zero Votes, While Founders Keep Control,” Wall Street Journal, January 17, 2017, http://www.wsj.com/articles/in-snap-ipo-new-investors-to-get-zero-votes-while-founders-keep-control-148 4568034. В ходе других IPO фигурировали суперголосующие акции, на каждую из которых приходилось во много раз (от 30 до 10 000) больше голосов, чем на обычную акцию. См.: Alfred Lee, “Where Supervoting Rights Go to the Extreme,” Information, March 22, 2016.

233

“Power Play: How Zuckerberg Wrested Control of Facebook from His Shareholders,” VentureBeat (blog), February 2, 2012, https://venturebeat.com/2012/02/01/zuck-power-play.

234

Spencer Feldman, “IPOs in 2016 Increasingly Include Dual-Class Shareholder Voting Rights,” Securities Regulation & Law Report, 47 SRLR 1342, July 4, 2016; R. C. Anderson, E. Ottolenghi, and D. M. Reeb, “The Extreme Control Choice,” paper presented at the Research Workshop on Family Business, Lehigh University, 2017.

235

Adam Hayes, “Facebook’s Most Important Acquisitions,” Investopedia, February 11, 2015, http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/021115/facebooks-most-important-acquisitions.asp; Rani Molla, “Google Parent Company Alphabet Has Made the Most AI Acquisitions,” Recode, May 19, 2017, https://www.recode.net/2017/5/19/15657758/google-artificial-intelligence-ai-investments; “The Race for AI: Google, Baidu, Intel, Apple in a Rush to Grab Artificial Intelligence Startups,” CB Insights Research, July 21, 2017, http://www.cbinsights.com/research/top-acquirers-ai-startups-ma-timeline.

236

“Schmidt: We Paid $1 Billion Premium for YouTube,” CNET, March 27, 2018, https://www.cnet.com/news/schmidt-we-paid-1-billion-premium-for-youtube.

237

Adrian Covert, “Facebook Buys WhatsApp for $19 Billion,” CNNMoney, February 19, 2014, http://money.cnn.com/2014/02/19/technology/social/facebook-whatsapp/ index.html.

238

Tim Fernholz, “How Mark Zuckerberg’s Control of Facebook Lets Him Print Money,” Quartz (blog), March 27, 2014, https://qz.com/192779/how-mark-zuckerbergs-control-of-facebook-lets-him-print-money.

239

Duncan Robinson, “Facebook Faces EU Fine Over WhatsApp Data-Sharing,” Financial Times, December 20, 2016, https://www.ft.com/content/f652746c-c6a4-11e6-9043-7e34c07b46ef; Tim Adams, “Margrethe Vestager: ‘We Are Doing This Because People Are Angry,’” Observer, September 17, 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/17/margrethe-vestager-people-feel-angry-about-tax-avoidance-european-competition-commissioner; “WhatsApp FAQ—How Do I Choose Not to Share My Account Information with Facebook to Improve My Facebook Ads and Products Experiences?” WhatsApp.com, August 28, 2016, https://www.whatsapp.com/faq/general/26000016.

240

Eric Schmidt and Jared Cohen, The New Digital Age: Transforming Nations, Businesses, and Our Lives (New York: Vintage, 2014); Эрик Шмидт и Джаред Коэн, Новый цифровой мир. Как технологии меняют жизнь людей, модели бизнеса и понятие государств (Москва: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2013).

241

Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, 183; Арендт, Истоки тоталитаризма, 202.

242

Vinod Khosla, “Fireside Chat with Google Co-Founders, Larry Page and Sergey Brin,” Khosla Ventures, July 3, 2014, http://www.khoslaventures.com/fireside-chat-with-google-co-founders-larry-page-and-sergey-brin.

243

Holman W. Jenkins, “Google and the Search for the Future,” Wall Street Journal, August 14, 2010, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704901104575423294099527212.

244

См.: Lillian Cunningham, “Google’s Eric Schmidt Expounds on His Senate Testimony,” Washington Post, September 30, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-leadership/googles-eric-schmidt-expounds-on-his-senate-testimony/2011/09/30/gIQAPyVgCL_story.html.

245

Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry, “Eric Schmidt to World Leaders at EG8: Don’t Regulate Us, or Else,” Business Insider, May 24, 2011, http://www.businessinsider.com/eric-schmidt-google-eg8-2011-5.

246

См.: Jay Yarow, “Google CEO Larry Page Wants a Totally Separate World Where Tech Companies Can Conduct Experiments on People,” Business Insider, May 16, 2013, http://www.businessinsider.com/google-ceo-larry-page-wants-a-place-for-experiments-2013-5.

247

Conor Dougherty, “Tech Companies Take Their Legislative Concerns to the States,” New York Times, May 27, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/28/technology/tech-companies-take-their-legislative-concerns-to-the-states.html; Tim Bradshaw, “Google Hits Out at Self-Driving Car Rules,” Financial Times, December 18, 2015, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/d4afee02-a517-11e5-97e1-a754d5d9538c.html?ftcamp=crm/email/20151217/nbe/InTodaysFT/product#axzz3ufyqWRo2; Jon Brodkin, “Google and Facebook Lobbyists Try to Stop New Online Privacy Protections,” Ars Technica, May 24, 2017, https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/05/google-and-facebook-lobbyists-try-to-stop-new-online-privacy-protections.

248

Robert H. Wiebe, The Search for Order: 1877–1920 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1967), 135–137. Вибе выделяет основные черты мировоззрения, которое отстаивали эти миллионеры, сплотившись перед лицом угрозы промышленному капиталу со стороны выборов, и это мировоззрение покажется хорошо знакомым всем тем, кто читал оправдания магнатов Кремниевой долины и то, как они восхваляют все связанное с «разрушением» и «предпринимательством». Согласно этому катехизису из XIX века, только «лучшие представители человеческой расы сумели открыть более эффективные способы использования земли, труда и капитала и повели общество за собой, в то время как остальные выстроились вслед за лидерами». Большинству «обычно одаренных» приходится лишь делить между собой то, что осталось после того, как капитал забрал свою долю, а «слабейшие просто исчезают». Результатом должно было стать «постоянно совершенствующееся человечество, проходящее через сито конкуренции». Любое нарушение этих «естественных законов» приведет лишь к «выживанию наименее приспособленных» и обратит вспять эволюцию человечества.

249

David Nasaw, “Gilded Age Gospels,” in Ruling America: A History of Wealth and Power in a Democracy, ed. Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 124–125.

250

Nasaw, “Gilded Age,” 132.

251

Ibid., 146.

252

Lawrence M. Friedman, American Law in the 20th Century (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), 15–28.

253

Nasaw, “Gilded Age,” 148.

254

Две выдающиеся работы об этом: Chris Jay Hoofnagle, Federal Trade Commission: Privacy Law and Policy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016); Julie E. Cohen, “The Regulatory State in the Information Age,” Theoretical Inquiries in Law 17, no. 2 (2016), http://www7.tau.ac.il/ojs/index.php/til/article/view/1425.

255

Jodi L. Short, “The Paranoid Style in Regulatory Reform,” Hastings Law Journal 63 (January 12, 2011): 633.

256

Замечательный сборник статей на эту тему: Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle, eds., The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order 1930–1980 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989).

257

Alan Brinkley, Liberalism and Its Discontents (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000).

258

Short, “The Paranoid Style,” 44–46.

259

Short, “The Paranoid Style,” 52–53. Историк экономики Филипп Мировски резюмирует «метатезисы», которые с 1980-х гг. помогли превратить неолиберализм в нечто вроде «парадигмы», несмотря на его аморфные, многогранные, а иногда и противоречивые теории и практики. Некоторые из них послужили важным прикрытием для смелых действий, тайных операций и риторических уловок надзорных капиталистов: (1) демократию следовало урезать в пользу активного восстановления государства как агента стабильного рыночного общества; (2) предприниматель и корпорация смешивались, а в качестве основного предмета правовой защиты закреплялись не права граждан, а «корпоративная личность»; (3) свобода определялась негативно, как «свобода от» вмешательства в естественные законы конкуренции, и любой контроль, кроме рыночного, рассматривался как принуждение; и (4) неравенство богатства и прав принималось и даже превозносилось как необходимая черта успешной рыночной системы и движущая сила прогресса. Позже, успех надзорного капитализма, его агрессивная риторика и готовность его лидеров противостоять любым вызовам, как в суде, так и в «суде» общественного мнения, еще больше закрепили эти руководящие принципы в политической жизни, экономической политике и законодательной практике в США. См.: Philip Mirowski, Never Let a Serious Crisis Go to Waste: How Neoliberalism Survived the Financial Meltdown (London: Verso, 2013). См. также: Wendy Brown, Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism’s Stealth Revolution (New York: Zone Books, 2015); David M. Kotz, The Rise and Fall of Neoliberal Capitalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015), 166–175.

260

Frank A. Pasquale, “Privacy, Antitrust, and Power,” George Mason Law Review 20, no. 4 (2013): 1009–1024.

261

Существует множество разнообразных научных работ о том, как интернет-компании прибегали к Первой поправке в попытке защититься от регулирования. Вот только некоторые из многих важных исследований: Andrew Tutt, “The New Speech,” Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, 41 (July 17, 2013): 235; Richard Hasen, “Cheap Speech and What It Has Done (to American Democracy),” First Amendment Law Review 16 (January 1, 2017), http://scholarship.law.uci.edu/faculty_scholarship/660; Dawn Nunziato, “With Great Power Comes Great Responsibility: Proposed Principles of Digital Due Process for ICT Companies” (GWU Law School Public Law research paper, George Washington University, January 1, 2013), http://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/faculty_publications/1293; Tim Wu, “Machine Speech,” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 161, no. 6 (2013): 1495; Dawn Nunziato, “Forget About It? Harmonizing European and American Protections for Privacy, Free Speech, and Due Process” (GWU Law School Public Law research paper, George Washington University, January 1, 2015), http://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/faculty_publications/1295; Marvin Ammori, “The ‘New’ New York Times: Free Speech Lawyering in the Age of Google and Twitter,” Harvard Law Review 127 (June 20, 2014): 2259–95; Jon Hanson and Ronald Chen, “The Illusion of Law: The Legitimating Schemas of Modern Policy and Corporate Law,” Legitimating Schemas of Modern Policy and Corporate Law 103, no. 1 (2004): 1–149.

262

Steven J. Heyman, “The Third Annual C. Edwin Baker Lecture for Liberty, Equality, and Democracy: The Conservative-Libertarian Turn in First Amendment Jurisprudence” (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, October 8, 2014), 300, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2497190.

263

Heyman, “The Third Annual C. Edwin Baker Lecture,” 277; Andrew Tutt, “The New Speech”.

264

Daniel J. H. Greenwood, “Neofederalism: The Surprising Foundations of Corporate Constitutional Rights,” University of Illinois Law Review 163 (2017): 166, 221.

265

Frank A. Pasquale, “The Automated Public Sphere” (Legal Studies research paper, University of Maryland, November 10, 2017).

266

Ammori, “The ‘New’ New York Times,” 2259–2260.

267

Adam Winkler, We the Corporations (New York: W. W. Norton, 2018), xxi.

268

“Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, n.d., https://www.eff.org/issues/cda230.

269

Christopher Zara, “The Most Important Law in Tech Has a Problem,” Wired, January 3, 2017.

270

David S. Ardia, “Free Speech Savior or Shield for Scoundrels: An Empirical Study of Intermediary Immunity Under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act” (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, June 16, 2010), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1625820.

271

Paul Ehrlich, “Communications Decency Act 230,” Berkeley Technology Law Journal 17 (2002): 404.

272

Ardia, “Free Speech Savior or Shield for Scoundrels”.

273

См.: Zara, “The Most Important Law in Tech”.

274

Ibid.

275

David Lyon, Surveillance After September 11, Themes for the 21st Century (Malden, MA: Polity, 2003), 7; Jennifer Evans, “Hijacking Civil Liberties: The USA Patriot Act of 2001,” Loyola University Chicago Law Journal 33, no. 4 (2002): 933; Paul T. Jaeger, John Carlo Bertot, and Charles R. McClure, “The Impact of the USA Patriot Act on Collection and Analysis of Personal Information Under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act,” Government Information Quarterly 20, no. 3 (2003): 295–314.

276

В США первая волна законодательства, закреплявшего неприкосновенность частной жизни потребителя, прошла еще в 1970-х гг., когда конгресс принял важные знаковые законопроекты, такие как Закон о добросовестной кредитной отчетности (Fair Credit Reporting Act) 1970 г. и Принципы добросовестной информационной практики (Fair Information Practices Principles) 1973 г. В Европе ОЭСР приняла жесткий свод руководящих принципов в области конфиденциальности в 1980 г., а в 1998 вступила в силу первая Директива ЕС о защите данных. См.: Peter Swire, “The Second Wave of Global Privacy Protection: Symposium Introduction,” Ohio State Law Journal 74, no. 6 (2013): 842–43; Peter P. Swire, “Privacy and Information Sharing in the War on Terrorism,” Villanova Law Review 51, no. 4 (2006): 951; Ibrahim Altaweel, Nathaniel Good, and Chris Jay Hoofnagle, “Web Privacy Census,” Technology Science, December 15, 2015, https://techscience.org/a/2015121502.

277

Swire, “Privacy and Information Sharing,” 951; Swire, “The Second Wave”; Hoofnagle, Federal Trade Commission; Brody Mullins, Rolfe Winkler, and Brent Kendall, “FTC Staff Wanted to Sue Google,” Wall Street Journal, March 20, 2015; Daniel J. Solove and Woodrow Hartzog, “The FTC and the New Common Law of Privacy,” Columbia Law Review 114, no. 3 (2014): 583–676; Brian Fung, “The FTC Was Built 100 Years Ago to Fight Monopolists. Now, It’s Washington’s Most Powerful Technology Cop,” Washington Post, September 25, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/09/25/the-ftc-was-built-100-years-ago-to-fight-monopolists-now-its-washingtons-most-powerful-technology-cop; Stephen Labaton, “The Regulatory Signals Shift; F.T.C. Serves as Case Study of Differences Under Bush,” New York Times, June 12, 2001, http://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/12/business/the-regulatory-signals-shift-ftc-serves-as-case-study-of-differences-under-bush.html; Tanzina Vega and Edward Wyatt, “U.S. Agency Seeks Tougher Consumer Privacy Rules,” New York Times, March 26, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/27/business/ftc-seeks-privacy-legislation.html.

278

Robert Pitofsky et al., “Privacy Online: Fair Information Practices in the Electronic Marketplace: A Federal Trade Commission Report to Congress,” Federal Trade Commission, May 1, 2000, 35, https://www.ftc.gov/reports/privacy-online-fair-information-practices-electronic-marketplace-federal-trade-commission.

279

Pitofsky et al., “Privacy Online,” 36–37. В предлагаемом законодательстве будет установлен базовый уровень защиты конфиденциальности частной жизни для всех посещений коммерческих интернет-сайтов, ориентированных на потребителя, в части, еще не предусмотренной Законом о защите конфиденциальности частной жизни детей в интернете (Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act, COPPA). Такое законодательство установит основные стандарты деятельности, связанной со сбором информации онлайн, и будет предусматривать создание органа по контролю за их исполнением, с полномочиями по принятию более подробных стандартов в соответствии с Законом об административных процедурах (Administrative Procedure Act), включая полномочия по обеспечению соблюдения этих стандартов. Все коммерческие потребительские интернет-сайты, собирающие онлайн-информацию от потребителей или о них, с помощью которой можно установить их личность, в той мере, в какой это не охватывается COPPA, должны будут соответствовать четырем общепринятым принципам добросовестной информационной практики: (1) Уведомление. Веб-сайты должны будут предоставлять потребителям четкое, расположенное на видном месте уведомление об их информационных практиках, в том числе о том, какую информацию они собирают, как они ее собирают (например, непосредственно или с помощью неочевидных средств, таких, как файлы cookie), как они ее используют, как они реализуют для потребителей принципы Выбора, Доступа и Безопасности, раскрывают ли они собранную информацию другим и не собирает ли информацию через данный сайт кто-либо другой. (2) Выбор. Веб-сайты должны будут предлагать потребителям возможность выбора способов использования идентифицирующей их информации, выходящих за пределы того, для чего была предоставлена информация (например, для совершения сделки). Такой выбор будет касаться как внутреннего вторичного использования (такого, как маркетинг среди потребителей), так и внешнего вторичного использования (такого, как раскрытие данных третьим сторонам). (3) Доступ. Веб-сайты должны будут предоставлять потребителям, в разумных пределах, доступ к информации о них, собранной на веб-сайте, включая возможность, в разумных пределах, просматривать информацию и исправлять неточности или удалять информацию. (4) Безопасность. Веб-сайты должны будут принимать разумные меры для защиты собираемой ими у потребителей информации.

280

Swire, “The Second Wave,” 845.

281

Paul M. Schwartz, “Systematic Government Access to Private-Sector Data in Germany,” International Data Privacy Law 2, no. 4 (2012): 289, 296; Ian Brown, “Government Access to Private-Sector Data in the United Kingdom,” International Data Privacy Law 2, no. 4 (2012): 230, 235; W. Gregory Voss, “After Google Spain and Charlie Hebdo: The Continuing Evolution of European Union Data Privacy Law in a Time of Change,” Business Lawyer 71, no. 1 (2015): 281; Mark Scott, “Europe, Shaken by Paris Attacks, Weighs Security with Privacy Rights,” New York Times – Bits Blog, September 18, 2015; Frank A. Pasquale, “Privacy, Antitrust, and Power,” George Mason Law Review 20, no. 4 (2013): 1009–1024; Alissa J. Rubin, “Lawmakers in France Move to Vastly Expand Surveillance,” New York Times, May 5, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/06/world/europe/french-legislators-approve-sweeping-intelligence-bill.html; Georgina Prodham and Michael Nienaber, “Merkel Urges Germans to Put Aside Fear of Big Data,” Reuters, June 9, 2015, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-technology-merkel/merkel-urges-germansto-put-aside-fear-of-big-data-idUSKBN0OP2EM 20150609.

282

Richard A. Clarke et al., The NSA Report: Liberty and Security in a Changing World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014), 27, 29; Declan McCullagh, “How 9/11 Attacks Reshaped U.S. Privacy Debate,” CNET, September 9, 2011, http://www.cnet.com/news/how-911-attacks-reshaped-u-s-privacy-debate. «Отчет АНБ», подготовленный группой экспертов при президенте в 2013 г., описывает переданные разведке полномочия, которые сделали это возможным: «Нападения 11 сентября наглядно продемонстрировали потребность в подробной информации о деятельности потенциальных террористов <…> часть информации, которая могла оказаться полезной, не была собрана, а другая часть, которая могла бы помочь предотвратить нападения, не была передана другим ведомствам <…> Было ясно одно: если правительство будет проявлять чрезмерную осторожность в своих усилиях по выявлению и предотвращению террористических нападений, последствия для страны могут оказаться катастрофическими».

283

Hoofnagle, Federal Trade Commission, 158.

284

См.: Andrea Peterson, “Former NSA and CIA Director Says Terrorists Love Using Gmail,” Washington Post, September 15, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2013/09/15/former-nsa-and-cia-director-says-terrorists-love-using-gmail.

285

Marc Rotenberg, “Security and Liberty: Protecting Privacy, Preventing Terrorism,” testimony before the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, 2003.

286

Swire, “The Second Wave,” 846.

287

Hoofnagle, Federal Trade Commission, Chapter 6.

288

Lyon, Surveillance After September 11, 15.

289

Richard Herbert Howe, “Max Weber’s Elective Affinities: Sociology Within the Bounds of Pure Reason,” American Journal of Sociology 84, no. 2 (1978): 366–385.

290

См.: Joe Feuerherd, “‘Total Information Awareness’ Imperils Civil Rights, Critics Say,” National Catholic Reporter, November 29, 2002, http://natcath.org/NCR_Online/archives2/2002d/112902/112902d.htm.

291

См.: Matt Marshall, “Spying on Startups,” Mercury News, November 17, 2002.

292

Marshall, “Spying on Startups”.

293

Mark Williams Pontin, “The Total Information Awareness Project Lives On,” MIT Technology Review, April 26, 2006, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/405707/the-total-information-awareness-project-lives-on.

294

John Markoff, “Taking Spying to Higher Level, Agencies Look for More Ways to Mine Data,” New York Times, February 25, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/25/technology/25data.html.

295

Inside Google, “Lost in the Cloud: Google and the US Government,” Consumer Watchdog, January 2011, insidegoogle.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/01/GOOGGovfinal012411.pdf.

296

Nafeez Ahmed, “How the CIA Made Google,” Medium (blog), January 22, 2015, https://medium.com/insurge-intelligence/how-the-cia-made-google-e836451a959e.

297

Verne Kopytoff, “Google Has Lots to Do with Intelligence,” SFGate, March 30, 2008, http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Google-has-lots-to-do-with-intelligence-3221500.php.

298

Noah Shachtman, “Exclusive: Google, CIA Invest in ‘Future’ of Web Monitoring,” Wired, July 28, 2010, http://www.wired.com/2010/07/exclusive-google-cia.

299

Ryan Gallagher, “The Surveillance Engine: How the NSA Built Its Own Secret Google,” Intercept (blog), August 25, 2014, https://firstlook.org/theintercept/ 2014/08/25/icreach-nsa-cia-secret-google-crisscross-proton.

300

Robyn Winder and Charlie Speight, “Untangling the Web: An Introduction to Internet Research,” National Security Agency Center for Digital Content, March 2013, http://www.governmentattic.org/8docs/UntanglingTheWeb-NSA_2007.pdf.

301

Richard O’Neill, Seminar on Intelligence, Command, and Control (Cambridge, MA: Highlands Forums Press, 2001), http://www.pirp.harvard.edu/pubs_pdf/o’neill/o’neill-i01-3.pdf; Richard P. O’Neill, “The Highlands Forum Process,” interview by Oettinger, April 5, 2001.

302

Mary Anne Franks, “Democratic Surveillance” (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, November 2, 2016), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2863343.

303

Ahmed, “How the CIA Made Google”.

304

Stephanie A. DeVos, “The Google-NSA Alliance: Developing Cybersecurity Policy at Internet Speed,” Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal 21, no. 1 (2011): 173–227.

305

Избирательное сродство, связывающее деятельность правительства с Google и более широким коммерческим надзорным проектом, стало очевидным в течение десятилетия, последовавшего за 11 сентября, когда АНБ старалось уподобиться Google, анализируя и интегрируя возможности Google в различных областях. Более подробные размышления об этом см. в: “Lost in the Cloud: Google and the US Government,” Inside Google, January 2011, insidegoogle.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/01/GOOGGovfinal012411.pdf; Ahmed, “How the CIA Made Google”; Verne Kopytoff, “Google Has Lots to Do with Intelligence,” SFGate, March 30, 2008, http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Google-has-lots-to-do-with-intelligence-3221500.php; “Google Acquires Keyhole Corp—News Announcements,” Google Press, October 27, 2004, http://googlepress.blogspot.com/2004/10/google-acquires-keyhole-corp.html; Josh G. Lerner et al., “In-Q-Tel: Case 804–146,” Harvard Business School Publishing, February 2004, 1–20; Winder and Speight, “Untangling the Web”; Gallagher, “The Surveillance Engine”; Ellen Nakashima, “Google to Enlist NSA to Help It Ward Off Cyberattacks,” Washington Post, February 4, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/03/AR20100 20304057.html; Mike Scarcella, “DOJ Asks Court to Keep Secret Any Partnership Between Google, NSA,” BLT: Blog of Legal Times, March 9, 2012, 202, http://legaltimes.typepad.com/blt/2012/03/doj-asks-court-to-keep-secret-any-partnership-between-google-nsa.html; Shane Harris, @WAR: The Rise of the Military-Internet Complex (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014), 175.

306

Jack Balkin, “The Constitution in the National Surveillance State,” Minnesota Law Review 93, no. 1 (2008), http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/225.

307

Jon D. Michaels, “All the President’s Spies: Private-Public Intelligence Partnerships in the War on Terror,” California Law Review 96, no. 4 (2008): 901–966.

308

Michaels, “All the President’s Spies,” 908; Chris Hoofnagle, “Big Brother’s Little Helpers: How ChoicePoint and Other Commercial Data Brokers Collect and Package Your Data for Law Enforcement,” North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation 29 (January 1, 2003): 595; Junichi P. Semitsu, “From Facebook to Mug Shot: How the Dearth of Social Networking Privacy Rights Revolutionized Online Government Surveillance,” Pace Law Review 31, no. 1 (2011).

309

Mike McConnell, “Mike McConnell on How to Win the Cyber-War We’re Losing,” Washington Post, February 28, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/ content/story/2010/02/25/ST2010022502680.html.

310

Davey Alba, “Pentagon Taps Eric Schmidt to Make Itself More Google-ish,” Wired, March 2, 2016, https://www.wired.com/2016/03/ex-google-ceo-eric-schmidt-head-pentagon-innovation-board; Lee Fang, “The CIA Is Investing in Firms That Mine Your Tweets and Instagram Photos,” Intercept, April 14, 2016, https://theintercept.com/2016/04/14/in-undisclosed-cia-investments-socialmedia-mining-looms-large.

311

Fred H. Cate and James X. Dempsey, eds., Bulk Collection: Systematic Government Access to Private-Sector Data (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), xxv—xxvi.

312

Michael Alan Bernstein, The Great Depression: Delayed Recovery and Economic Change in America, 1929–1939, Studies in Economic History and Policy (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1987), chapters 1, 8.

313

http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/07/how-obamas-internet-campaign-changed-politics/?_r=0.

314

Sasha Issenberg, “The Romney Campaign’s Data Strategy,” Slate, July 17, 2012, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/victory_lab/2012/07/the_romney_campaign_s_data_strategy_they_re_outsourcing_.single.html. См. также: Joe Lertola and Bryan Christie Design, “A Short History of the Next Campaign,” Politico, February 27, 2014, http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/02/a-short-history-of-thenext-campaign-103672.html.

315

Daniel Kreiss and Philip N. Howard, “New Challenges to Political Privacy: Lessons from the First U.S. Presidential Race in the Web 2.0 Era,” International Journal of Communication 4 (2010): 1032–1050.

316

Sasha Issenberg, The Victory Lab: The Secret Science of Winning Campaigns (New York: Crown, 2012), 271.

317

«Я делаю это как частное лицо, – сказал Шмидт журналистам, – официально Google сохраняет нейтралитет» в этой избирательной кампании. Его первое появление вместе с Обамой имело место на одном мероприятии во Флориде, где они были модераторами секции по экономике. Шмидт сказал газете Wall Street Journal, что планируемая им поддержка Обамы будет «естественным продолжением» его роли неформального советника. См.: Monica Langley and Jessica E. Vascellaro, “Google CEO Backs Obama,” Wall Street Journal, October 20, 2008, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122446734650049199; and Jeff Zeleny and Elisabeth Bumiller, “Candidates Face Off Over Economic Plans,” New York Times, October 21, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/22/us/politics/22campaign.html.

318

Robert Reich, “Obama’s Transition Economic Advisory Board: The Full List,” US News & World Report, November 7, 2008, http://www.usnews.com/news/campaign-2008/articles/2008/11/07/obamas-transition-economic-advisory-board-the-full-listn.

319

Eamon Javers, “Obama—Google Connection Scares Competitors,” Politico, November 10, 2008, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1108/15487.html.

320

“Diary of a Love Affair: Obama and Google (Obama@Google),” Fortune, November 14, 2007, http://archive.fortune.com/galleries/2009/fortune/0910/gallery.obama_google.fortune/2.html.

321

Brody Mullins, “Google Makes Most of Close Ties with White House,” Wall Street Journal, March 24, 2015, https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-makes-most-of-close-ties-to-white-house-1427242076.

322

Jim Rutenberg, “Data You Can Believe In: The Obama Campaign’s Digital Masterminds Cash In,” New York Times, June 20, 2013, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/23/magazine/the-obama-campaigns-digital-masterminds-cash-in.html.

323

Rutenberg, “Data You Can Believe In”.

324

Lillian Cunningham, “Google’s Eric Schmidt Expounds on His Senate Testimony,” Washington Post, September 30, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-leadership/googles-eric-schmidt-expounds-on-his-senate-testimony/2011/09/30/gIQAPyVgCL_story.html.

325

“Google’s Revolving Door Explorer (US),” Google Transparency Project, April 15, 2016, http://www.googletransparencyproject.org/googles-revolving-door-explorer-us; Tess VandenDolder, “Is Google the New Revolving Door?” DC Inno, September 9, 2014, http://dcinno.streetwise.co/2014/09/09/is-google-the-new-revolving-door; “Revolving Door | OpenSecrets—Employer Search: Google Inc.,” OpenSecrets.org, February 23, 2017, https://www.opensecrets.org/revolving/search_result.php?priv=Google+Inc; Yasha Levine, “The Revolving Door Between Google and the Department of Defense,” PandoDaily (blog), April 23, 2014, http://pando.com/2014/04/23/the-revolving-door-between-google-and-the-department-of-defense; Cecilia Kang and Juliet Eilperin, “Why Silicon Valley Is the New Revolving Door for Obama Staffers,” Washington Post, February 27, 2015, http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/as-obama-nears-close-of-his-tenure-commitment-to-silicon-valley-is-clear/2015/02/27/3bee8088-bc8e-11e4-bdfa-b8e8f594e6ee_story.html.

326

Eric Schmidt and Jonathan Rosenberg, How Google Works (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 255; Эрик Шмидт, Алан Игл и Джонатан Розенберг, Как работает Google (Москва: Эксмо, 2015), 343.

327

Deborah D’Souza, “Big Tech Spent Record Amounts on Lobbying Under Trump,” Investopedia, July 11, 2017, https://www.investopedia.com/tech/what-are-tech-giants-lobbying-trump-era; Brodkin, “Google and Facebook Lobbyists”; Natasha Lomas, “Google Among Top Lobbyists of Senior EC Officials,” TechCrunch (blog), June 24, 2015, http://social.techcrunch.com/2015/06/24/google-among-top-lobbyists-of-senior-ec-officials; “Google’s European Revolving Door,” Google Transparency Project, September 25, 2017, http://googletransparencyproject.org/articles/googles-european-revolving-door.

328

“Google Enlisted Obama Officials to Lobby States on Driverless Cars,” Google Transparency Project, March 29, 2018, https://googletransparencyproject.org/articles/google-enlisted-obama-officials-lobby-states-driverless-cars.

329

“Tech Companies Are Pushing Back Against Biometric Privacy Laws,” Bloomberg.com, July 20, 2017, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-20/tech-companies-are-pushing-back-against-biometric-privacy-laws; “Biometric Privacy Laws: Illinois and the Fight Against Intrusive Tech,” March 29, 2018, https://news.law.fordham.edu/jcfl/2018/03/20/biometric-privacy-laws-illinois-and-the-fight-against-intrusive-tech; April Glaser, “Facebook Is Using an ‘NRA Approach’ to Defend Its Creepy Facial Recognition Programs,” Slate, August 4, 2017, http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2017/08/04/facebook_is_fighting_biometric_facial_recognition_privacy_laws.html; Conor Dougherty, “Tech Companies Take Their Legislative Concerns to the States,” New York Times, May 27, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/28/tech nology/tech-companies-take-their-legislative-concerns-to-the-states.html.

330

В 1999 г. Шмидт вошел в состав правления Фонда «Новая Америка». На 2013 г. он был председателем его Совета директоров, и его финансовый вклад по-прежнему оставался одним из самых значительных, уступая вкладам лишь трех других доноров: Государственного департамента США, Фонда Люмина (Lumina Foundation) и Фонда Билла и Мелинды Гейтс. Среди доноров второго ряда мы встречаем Google. См.: http://newamerica.net/about/funding. Этот фонд является эпицентром вашингтонского политического дискурса, а список членов его совета читается как энциклопедия политического истеблишмента. См.: http://newamerica.net/about/board.

331

Tom Hamburger and Matea Gold, “Google, Once Disdainful of Lobbying, Now a Master of Washington Influence,” Washington Post, April 12, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-google-is-transforming-power-and-politicsgoogle-once-disdainful-of-lobbying-now-a-master-of-washington-influence/2014/04/12/51648b92-b4d3-11e3-8cb6-284052554d74_story.html.

332

Дополнительные материалы см. в: David Dayen, “Google’s Insidious Shadow Lobbying: How the Internet Giant Is Bankrolling Friendly Academics—and Skirting Federal Investigations,” Salon.com, November 24, 2015, https://www.salon.com/2015/11/24/googles_insidious_shadow_lobbying_how_the_internet_giant_is_bankrolling_friendly_academics_and_skirting_federal_investigations.

333

Nick Surgey, “The Googlization of the Far Right: Why Is Google Funding Grover Norquist, Heritage Action and ALEC?” PR Watch, November 27, 2013, http://www.prwatch.org/news/2013/11/12319/google-funding-grover-norquist-heritage-action-alec-and-more. PR Watch – издание Центра медиа и демократии (Center for Media and Democracy). Заинтересованному читателю я настоятельно рекомендую найти эту статью и ознакомиться с полным перечнем антиправительственно настроенных получателей финансовой помощи со стороны Google и анализом их позиций и исследовательских приоритетов.

334

Mike McIntire, “ALEC, a Tax-Exempt Group, Mixes Legislators and Lobbyists,” New York Times, April 21, 2012, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/22/us/alec-a-tax-exempt-group-mixes-legislators-and-lobbyists.html; Nick Surgey, “The Googlization of the Far Right: Why Is Google Funding Grover Norquist, Heritage Action and ALEC?” PR Watch, November 27, 2013, http://www.prwatch.org/news/2013/11/12319/google-funding-grover-norquist-heritage-action-alec-and-more; “What Is ALEC? – ALEC Exposed,” Center for Media and Democracy, February 22, 2017, http://www.alecexposed.org/wiki/What_is_ALEC%3F; Katie Rucke, “Why Are Tech Companies Partnering with ALEC?” Mint Press News (blog), December 13, 2013, http://www.mintpressnews.com/tech-companies-partnering-alec/175074.

335

“2014 Fellows—Policy Fellowship—Google,” https://www.google.com/policy fellowship/2014fellows.html.

336

Brody Mullins and Jack Nicas, “Paying Professors: Inside Google’s Academic Influence Campaign,” Wall Street Journal, July 14, 2017, https://www.wsj.com/articles/paying-professors-insidegoogles-academic-influence-campaign-1499785286.

337

Kenneth P. Vogel, “Google Critic Ousted from Think Tank Funded by the Tech Giant,” New York Times, August 30, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/us/politics/eric-schmidt-google-new-america.html; Hope Reese, “The Latest Google Controversy Shows How Corporate Funding Stifles Criticism,” Vox, September 5, 2017, https://www.vox.com/conversations/2017/9/5/16254910/google-controversy-newamerica-barry-lynn.

338

“Google Management Discusses Q3 2011 Results—Earnings Call Transcript About Alphabet Inc. (GOOG),” Seeking Alpha, October 14, 2011, http://seekingalpha.com/article/299518-google-management-discusses-q3-2011-results-earnings-call-transcript (выделено мной. – Ш. З.).

339

См.: Ken Auletta, Googled: The End of the World as We Know It (New York: Penguin, 2010).

340

Вот некоторые статьи и другие работы Эдельмана: Benjamin Edelman, “Bias in Search Results? Diagnosis and Response,” Indian Journal of Law and Technology 7 (2011): 16–32; Benjamin Edelman and Zhenyu Lai, “Design of Search Engine Services: Channel Interdependence in Search Engine Results” (working paper, Working Knowledge, Harvard Business School, March 9, 2015), Journal of Marketing Reseach 53, no. 6 (2016): 881–900; Benjamin Edelman, “Leveraging Market Power Through Tying and Bundling: Does Google Behave Anti-competitively?” (working paper, no. 14–112, Harvard, May 28, 2014), http://www.benedelman.org/publications/google-tying-2014-05-12.pdf; Benjamin Edelman et al., Exclusive Preferential Placement as Search Diversion: Evidence from Flight Search (Social Science Research Network, 2013); Benjamin Edelman, “Google Tying Google Plus and Many More,” Benedelman.org, January 12, 2012, http://www.benedelman.org/news/011212-1.html; Benjamin Edelman, “HardCoding Bias in Google ‘Algorithmic’ Search Results,” Benedelman.org, November 15, 2010, http://www.benedelman.org/hardcoding.

341

Ashkan Soltani, Andrea Peterson, and Barton Gellman, “NSA Uses Google Cookies to Pinpoint Targets for Hacking,” Washington Post, December 10, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2013/12/10/nsa-uses-google-cookies-to-pinpoint-targets-for-hacking.

342

Michael Luca et al., “Does Google Content Degrade Google Search? Experimental Evidence” (working paper, NOM Unit, Harvard Business School, August 2016), http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2667143.

343

Alistair Barr, “How Google Aims to Delve Deeper into Users’ Lives,” Wall Street Journal, May 28, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/how-google-aims-to-delve-deeper-into-users-lives-1432856623.

344

См.: Erick Schonfeld, “Schmidt: ‘Android Adoption Is About to Explode,’” TechCrunch (blog), October 15, 2009, http://social.techcrunch.com/2009/10/15/schmidt-android-adoption-is-about-to-explode.

345

Bill Gurley, “The Freight Train That Is Android,” Above the Crowd, March 25, 2011, http://abovethecrowd.com/2011/03/24/freight-train-that-is-android.

346

Steve Kovach, “Eric Schmidt: We’ll Have 2 Billion People Using Android Thanks to Cheap Phones,” Business Insider, April 16, 2013, http://www.businessinsider.com/eric-schmidt-on-global-android-growth-2013-4 (выделено мной. – Ш. З.); Ina Fried, “Eric Schmidt on the Future of Android, Motorola, Cars and Humanity (Video),” AllThingsD (blog), May 8, 2013, http://allthingsd.com/20130508/eric-schmidt-on-the-future-of-android-motorola-cars-and-humanity-video.

347

См.: Ameet Sachdev, “Skyhook Sues Google After Motorola Stops Using Its Location-Based Software,” Chicago Tribune, August 19, 2011, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-08-19/business/ct-biz-0819-chicago-law-20110819_1_google-s-android-google-risks-google-spokesperson. См. также подробный анализ более 750 страниц судебных документов: Nilay Patel, “How Google Controls Android: Digging Deep into the Skyhook Filings,” Verge, May 12, 2011, http://www.theverge.com/2011/05/12/google-android-skyhook-lawsuit-motorola-samsung.

348

“Complaint of Disconnect, Inc. – Regarding Google’s Infringement of Article 102 TFEU Through Bundling into the Android Platform and the Related Exclusion of Competing Privacy and Security Technology, no. COMP/40099,” June 2015, https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2109044/disconnect-google-antitrust-complaint.pdf.

349

Среди других примечательных работ в статье гарвардского исследователя Цзиньяня Цзана с соавторами (2015) проверяются 110 самых популярных бесплатных приложений в среде Android (Google) и iOS (Apple). Выяснилось, что 73 % приложений для Android, против 16 % для iOS отправляют персонально идентифицирующую информацию (personally identifying information, PII) третьим сторонам. Ученые также установили, что многие мобильные приложения делятся чувствительной пользовательской информацией «и что им не нужно явным образом запрашивать разрешение, чтобы получить эти данные» (выделено мной. – Ш. З.). См.: Jinyan Zang et al., “Who Knows What About Me? A Survey of Behind the Scenes Personal Data Sharing to Third Parties by Mobile Apps,” Journal of Technology Science, October 30, 2015, http://techscience.org/a/2015103001.

В другом тщательном исследовании, проведенном Луиджи Виньери и его коллегами из EURECOM в 2015 г., были подробно рассмотрены 5000 новейших и самых популярных приложений в магазине Google Play. Исследователи обнаружили, что 500 из этих приложений подключаются к более чем 500 различным URL-адресам, а 25 – к более чем 1000 URL-адресам. Несколько URL могут подключаться к одному и тому же «домену». Таким образом, исследователи также изучили домены, которые чаще всего были источником этих подключений. Девять из двадцати главных доменов, стоящих за этими скрытыми соединениями, – это веб-сервисы, непосредственно управляемые Google. Из оставшихся одиннадцати еще три принадлежат этой компании или связаны с ней. Остальные восемь – конкуренты Google на рынках поведенческих фьючерсов, включая Facebook, Samsung и Scorecard Research, брокера данных, который продает поведенческий излишек своим клиентам.

Затем исследователи сделали еще один ценный шаг. Они охарактеризовали каждый из URL-адресов, которые посещают эти приложения, как «связанный с рекламой» или «связанный с отслеживанием пользователей», и обнаружили, что 66 % приложений используют в среднем 40 URL-адресов, связанных с рекламой, хотя в некоторых случаях их более 1000. Из пяти верхних доменов, представленных этими URL-адресами, три принадлежат Google. Что касается отслеживания, то данные свидетельствуют о том, что конкуренция за поведенческий избыток еще острее. Среди приложений, попавших в это исследование, 73 % не подключались к следящим сайтам, но 16 % подключались к 100 или более следящим сайтам. Google остается тут доминирующей силой, с 44 % доменов, связанных с трекерами, за которыми следуют 32 %, управляемые AT Internet – частной фирмой «цифровой разведки», специализирующейся на «анализе поведения». Четыре из десяти наиболее интенсивно следящих приложения в Google Play также были отмечены Google значком «Лучший разработчик». См.: Luigi Vigneri et al., “Taming the Android AppStore: Lightweight Characterization of Android Applications,” ArXiv:1504.06093 [Computer Science], April 23, 2015, http://arxiv.org/abs/1504.06093.

Команда исследователей из Вашингтонского университета во главе с Адамом Лернером и Анной Симпсон изучала рост количества веб-трекеров с 1996 по 2016 г. Неудивительно, с нашей точки зрения, что веб-отслеживание росло в тесной связи с ростом и институционализацией надзорного капитализма, точно так же как и сторонние подключения. Исследователи отмечают, что, хотя более ранние трекеры регистрировали рутинные данные, ориентированные на стабильность продукта, более недавний рост трекеров связан с теми из них, которые собирают и анализируют личную информацию. В 2000 г. только около 5 % сайтов связывались по крайней мере с пятью третьими сторонами, но к 2016 г. 40 % сайтов отправляли данные третьим сторонам. Среди трекеров, «обладающих наибольшей способностью фиксировать профили поведения пользователей на множестве сайтов», google-analytics.com упоминается как «заметно оторвавшийся от других» и собирающий больше данных с большего количества сайтов, чем кто-либо из остальных. Исследователи приходят к выводу, что, несмотря на озабоченность конфиденциальностью, которой в последние годы уделялось столько внимания, отслеживание существенно расширилось по «масштабам и сложности», демонстрируя четкую восходящую тенденцию. Другими словами, сегодня больше слежки, чем когда-либо с момента появления интернета, несмотря на то что граждане и правительства пытаются защитить личную жизнь. См.: Adam Lerner et al., “Internet Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Trackers: An Archeological Study of Web Tracking from 1996–2016,” in Proceedings of the Workshop on End-to-End, Sense-and-Respond Systems, Applications, and Services: (EESR ’05), June 5, 2005, Seattle (Berkeley, CA: USENIX Association, 2005), http://portal.acm.org/toc.cfm?id=1072530.

350

Ibrahim Altaweel, Nathan Good, and Chris Jay Hoofnagle, “Web Privacy Census” (SSRN scholarly paper, Social Science Research Network, December 15, 2015), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2703814.

351

Timothy Libert, “Exposing the Invisible Web: An Analysis of Third-Party HTTP Requests on 1 Million Websites,” International Journal of Communication 9 (October 28, 2015): 18.

352

Altaweel, Good, and Hoofnagle, “Web Privacy Census”.

353

Mengwei Xu et al., “AppHolmes: Detecting and Characterizing App Collusion Among Third-Party Android Markets,” Association for Computing Machinery, 2017, https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/appholmes-detecting-characterizing-app-collusion-among-third-party-android-markets.

354

См.: “Press | Yale Privacy Lab,” https://privacylab.yale.edu/press.html; and “Exodus Privacy,” Exodus-Privacy, https://exodus-privacy.eu.org/. См. также: Yael Grauer, “Staggering Variety of Clandestine Trackers Found In Popular Android Apps,” Intercept, November 24, 2017, https://theintercept.com/2017/11/24/staggering-variety-of-clandestine-trackers-found-in-popular-android-apps/.

355

“Complaint of Disconnect, Inc.,” 2.

356

“Complaint of Disconnect, Inc.,” 3.

357

Vigneri et al., “Taming the Android AppStore”; “Antitrust/Cartel Cases—40099 Google Android,” European Union Commission on Competition, April 15, 2015, http://ec.europa.eu/competition/elojade/isef/case_details.cfm?proc_code= 1_40099.

358

“European Commission – Press Release – Antitrust: Commission Sends Statement of Objections to Google on Android Operating System and Applications,” European Commission, April 20, 2016, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_ IP-16-1492_en.htm.

359

“Complaint of Disconnect, Inc.,” 40.

360

Марк Ротенберг, телефонное интервью с автором, июнь 2014 г.

361

Jennifer Howard, “Publishers Settle Long-Running Lawsuit Over Google’s Book-Scanning Project,” Chronicle of Higher Education, October 4, 2012, https://chronicle.com/article/Publishers-Settle-Long-Running/134854; “Google Books Settlement and Privacy,” EPIC.org, October 30, 2016, https://epic.org/privacy/googlebooks; Juan Carlos Perez, “Google Books Settlement Proposal Rejected,” PCWorld, March 22, 2011, http://www.pcworld.com/article/222882/article.html; Eliot Van Buskirk, “Justice Dept. to Google Books: Close, but No Cigar,” Wired, February 5, 2010, http://www.wired.com/2010/02/justice-dept-to-google-books-close-but-no-cigar; Miguel Helft, “Opposition to Google Books Settlement Jells,” New York Times—Bits Blog, April 17, 2009, https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/17/opposition-to-googlebooks-settlement; Brandon Butler, “The Google Books Settlement: Who Is Filing and What Are They Saying?” Association of Research Libraries 28 (2009): 9; Ian Chant, “Authors Guild Appeals Dismissal of Google Books Lawsuit,” Library Journal, April 16, 2014, http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2014/04/litigation/authors-guild-appeals-dismissal-of-google-books-lawsuit.

362

“Investigations of Google Street View,” EPIC.org, 2014, https://epic.org/privacy/streetview; David Kravets, “An Intentional Mistake: The Anatomy of Google’s Wi-Fi Sniffing Debacle,” Wired, May 2, 2012, https://www.wired.com/2012/05/google-wifi-fcc-investigation; Clint Boulton, “Google WiFi Privacy Breach Challenged by 38 States,” eWeek, July 21, 2010, http://www.eweek.com/c/a/SearchEngines/Google-WiFi-Privacy-Breach-Challenged-by-38-States-196191; Alastair Jamieson, “Google Will Carry On with Camera Cars Despite Privacy Complaints Over Street Views,” Telegraph, April 9, 2009, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/5130068/Google-will-carry-on-with-camera-cars-despite-privacy-complaints-over-street-views.html; Gareth Corfield, “‘At Least I Can Walk Away with My Dignity’—Streetmap Founder After Google Lawsuit Loss,” Register, February 20, 2017, https://www.the register.co.uk/2017/02/20/streetmap_founder_kate_sutton_google_lawsuit.

363

Joseph Menn, Daniel Schäfer, and Tim Bradshaw, “Google Set for Probes on Data Harvesting,” Financial Times, May 17, 2010, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/254ff5b6-61e2-11df-998c-00144feab49a.html#axzz3JjXPNno5.

364

Julia Angwin, “Google in New Privacy Probes,” Wall Street Journal, March 16, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304692804577283821586827892; Julia Angwin, “Google, FTC Near Settlement on Privacy,” Wall Street Journal, July 10, 2012, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303567704577517081178553046; Jonathan Owen, “Google in Court Again Over ‘Right to Be Above British Law’ on Alleged Secret Monitoring,” Independent, December 8, 2014, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/google-challenges-high-court-decision-on-alleged-secret-monitoring-9911411.html.

365

“Testimony of Benjamin Edelman Presented Before the United States House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary Task Force on Competition Policy and Antitrust Laws,” June 27, 2008; Brody Mullins, Rolfe Winkler, and Brent Kendall, “Inside the U.S. Antitrust Probe of Google,” Wall Street Journal, March 19, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/inside-the-u-s-antitrust-probe-of-google-1426793274.

366

Nate Anderson, “Why Google Keeps Your Data Forever, Tracks You with Ads,” Ars Technica, March 8, 2010, http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2010/03/google-keeps-your-data-to-learn-from-good-guys-fight-off-bad-guys.ars; Kevin J. O’Brien and Thomas Crampton, “E.U. Probes Google Over Data Retention Policy,” New York Times, May 26, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/26/business/26google.html; Mark Bergen, “Google Manipulates Search Results, According to Study from Yelp and Legal Star Tim Wu,” Recode, June 29, 2015, http://www.recode.net/2015/6/29/11563936/yelp-teams-with-legal-star-tim-wu-to-trounce-google-in-new-study.

367

David Snelling, “Google Maps Is Tracking You! How Your Smartphone Knows Your Every Move,” Express, August 18, 2014, http://www.express.co.uk/life-style/science-technology/500811/Google-Maps-is-tracking-your-every-move; Jason Mick, “ACLU Fights for Answers on Police Phone Location Data Tracking,” Daily Tech, August 4, 2011, http://www.dailytech.com/ACLU+Fights+for+Answers+on+Police+Phone+Location+Data+Tracking/article22352.htm.

368

“Google Glass and Privacy,” EPIC.org, October 6, 2017, https://epic.org/privacy/google/glass.

369

Benjamin Herold, “Google Under Fire for Data-Mining Student Email Messages,” Education Week, March 26, 2014, http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2014/03/13/26google.h33.html; Quinten Plummer, “Google Email Tip-Off Draws Privacy Concerns,” Tech Times, August 5, 2014, http://www.techtimes.com/articles/12194/20140805/google-email-tip-off-draws-privacy-concerns.htm.

370

Grant Gross, “French Fine Google Over Change in Privacy Policy,” PCWorld, January 8, 2014, http://www.pcworld.com/article/2085920/french-fine-google-over-change-in-privacy-policy.html; Dheepthika Laurent, “Facebook, Twitter and Google Targeted in French Lawsuit,” CNN.com, March 26, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/25/world/europe/france-social-media-lawsuit/index.html; Mark Milian, “Google to Merge User Data Across Its Services,” CNN.com, January 25, 2012, http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/24/tech/web/google-privacy-policy/index.html; Martin Gijzemijter, “Google’s Privacy Policy Merger ‘Against Dutch Law,’” ZDNet, November 29, 2013, http://www.zdnet.com/article/googles-privacy-policy-merger-against-dutch-law; Zack Whittaker, “Google Faces EU State Fines Over Privacy Policy Merger,” ZDNet, April 2, 2013, http://www.zdnet.com/article/google-faces-eu-state-fines-over-privacy-policy-merger.

371

Peter Fleischer, “Street View and Privacy,” Google Lat Long, September 24, 2007, https://maps.googleblog.com/2007/09/streetview-and-privacy.html.

372

См.: Stephen Hutcheon, “We’re Not Stalking You or Helping Terrorists, Says Google Earth Boss,” Sydney Morning Herald, January 30, 2009, http://www.smh.com.au/news/technology/biztech/were-not-stalking-you-or-helping-terrorists-says-google-earthboss/2009/01/30/1232818692103.html.

373

См.: Jamieson, “Google Will Carry On with Camera Cars”.

374

Kevin J. O’Brien and Claire Cain Miller, “Germany’s Complicated Relationship with Google Street View,” New York Times – Bits Blog, April 23, 2013, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/23/germanys-complicated-relationship-with-google-street-view.

375

Peter Fleischer, “Data Collected by Google Cars,” Google Europe, April 27, 2010, https://europe.googleblog.com/2010/04/data-collected-by-google-cars.html.

376

“In the Matter of Google, Inc.: Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture, File No.: EB-10-IH-4055, NAL/Acct. No.: 201232080020, FRNs: 0010119691, 0014720239,” Federal Communications Commission, April 13, 2012, 12–13.

377

Kevin J. O’Brien, “Google’s Data Collection Angers European Officials,” New York Times, May 15, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/16/technology/16google.html; “Commissioner’s Findings—PIPEDA Report of Findings #2011-001: Report of Findings: Google Inc. WiFi Data Collection—Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada,” June 6, 2011, https://www.priv.gc.ca/en/opc-actions-and-decisions/investigations/investigations-into-businesses/2011/pipeda-2011-001; CNIL, “Délibération de La Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et Des Libertés Decision no. 2011-035 of the Restricted Committee Imposing a Financial Penalty on the Company Google Inc.,” 2011-035 § (2011), https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCnil.do?&id =CNILTEXT000023733987; “Final Findings, Dutch Data Protection Authority Investigation into the Collection of Wifi Data by Google Using Street View Cars—Z2010-00582—DDPA Decision,” December 7, 2010, https://web.archive.org/web/20130508060039/http://www.dutchdpa.nl/downloads_overig/en_pb_20110811_google_final_findings.pdf; “Investigations of Google Street View”; Kevin J. O’Brien, “Europe Pushes Google to Turn Over Wi-Fi Data,” New York Times, June 27, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/28/technology/28google.html.

378

“In the Matter of Google, Inc.: Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture”; O’Brien, “Google’s Data Collection”.

379

EPIC поддерживал веб-сайт с историей событий, связанных с Просмотром улиц и исходами соответствующих судебных баталий, как американских, так и международных. См.: “Investigations of Google Street View”; “Ben Joffe v. Google,” EPIC.org, 2017, https://epic.org/amicus/google-street-view; “FCC Investigation of Google Street View,” EPIC.org, 2017, https://www.epic.org/privacy/google/fcc_investi gation_of_google_st.html; Mark A. Chavez and Marc Rotenberg, “Brief for Amicus Curiae: Electronic Privacy Information Center in Support of Plaintiffs – In Re Google Street View Electronic Communications Litigation, Case no. 5:10-Md-02184-JW,” US District Court for Northern District of California San Jose Division, April 11, 2011, https://epic.org/privacy/streetview/EPICStreetviewAmicus.pdf.

380

См.: Maija Palmer and Lionel Barber, “Google to Hand Over Intercepted Data,” Financial Times, June 3, 2010, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/db664044-6f43-11df-9f43-00144feabdc0.html.

381

“In the Matter of Google, Inc.: Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture”.

382

Denis Howe, “Wardriving,” Dictionary.com, http://www.dictionary.com/browse/wardriving.

383

“In the Matter of Google, Inc.: Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture,” 11.

384

Ibid., 11–12.

385

David Streitfeld, “Google Concedes That Drive-By Prying Violated Privacy,” New York Times, March 13, 2013, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/13/daily-report-google-concedes-that-drive-by-prying-violated-privacy.

386

David Streitfeld, “Google Admits Street View Project Violated Privacy,” New York Times, March 12, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/13/technology/google-pays-fine-over-streetview-privacy-breach.html.

387

“In the Matter of Google, Inc.: Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture,” 11; “Google to Give Governments Street View Data,” New York Times, June 3, 2010, https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/04/business/global/04google.html.

388

Alan Eustace, “Creating Stronger Privacy Controls Inside Google,” Google Public Policy Blog, October 22, 2010, https://publicpolicy.googleblog.com/2010/10/creating-stronger-privacy-controls.html.

389

“Measures (Guidance) Concerning Protection of ‘Secrecy of Communication’ to Google Inc.,” Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, November 11, 2011, http://www.soumu.go.jp/menu_news/s-news/01kiban08_02000056.html; “Navigating Controversy: Google Launches Street View Germany,” Spiegel Online, November 18, 2010, http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/navigating-controversy-google-launches-streetview-germany-a-729793.html; Matt McGee, “Google Street View Debuts in Germany, Blurry Houses Included,” Search Engine Land, November 1, 2010, http://searchengineland.com/google-street-view-germany-blurry-houses-included-54632.

390

Arne Gerhards, “Fine Imposed upon Google,” Hamburg Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information, April 22, 2013, https://www.datenschutz-hamburg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/PressRelease_2013-04-22_Google-Wifi-Scanning.pdf.

391

Matt McGee, “Google Has Stopped Street View Photography in Germany,” Search Engine Land, April 10, 2011, http://searchengineland.com/google-has-stopped-street-view-photography-germany-72368.

392

Peter Fleischer, “Street View in Switzerland,” Google Europe, November 13, 2009, https://europe.googleblog.com/2009/11/streetview-in-switzerland.html; Scott Capper, “Google Faces Court Action Over Street View,” Swissinfo.ch, November 16, 2009, http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/google-faces-court-action-over-street-view/7656246; Anita Greil and Katharina Bart, “Swiss Court to Rule on Google Street View,” Wall Street Journal, February 24, 2011, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703408604576163770758984178; Frank Jordans, “Google Threatens to Shut Down Swiss Street View,” Phys.org, May 11, 2011, http://phys.org/news/2011-05-google-appeals-streetview-switzerland.html; Kevin J. O’Brien and David Streitfeld, “Swiss Court Orders Modifications to Google Street View,” New York Times, June 8, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/09/technology/09iht-google09.html; “Google Beefs Up Restricted Swiss Street View,” swissinfo.ch, May 19, 2015, http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/society/eagle-eye_google-beefs-up-restricted-swiss-streetview/41439290.

393

Тем не менее Индия продолжает блокировать работу Просмотра улиц, и корпорация сочла слишком затратным учет требований, наложенных Австрией и Германией после того, как прямой запрет там был снят. Подробнее о запретах в ключевых странах см.: “New Developments Regarding Google Street View,” Austrian Data Protection Agency, April 4, 2016, http://web.archive.org/web/20160404072538/https://www.dsb.gv.at/site/6733/default.aspx; Helena Smith Athens, “Google Street View Banned from Greece,” Guardian, May 12, 2009, https://www.the guardian.com/technology/2009/may/12/google-street-view-banned-greece; John Ribeiro, “Google Street View in India Faces Challenges,” PCWorld, May 26, 2011, http://www.pcworld.com/article/228713/article.html; Danuta Pavilenene, “Google Street View Banned from Lithuanian Streets,” Baltic Course, May 23, 2012, http://www.baltic-course.com/eng/Technology/?doc =57649.

394

Liz Gannes, “Ten Years of Google Maps, from Slashdot to Ground Truth,” Recode, February 8, 2015, http://www.recode.net/2015/2/8/11558788/ten-years-of-google-maps-from-slashdot-to-ground-truth.

395

Kashmir Hill, “Google’s Privacy Director Is Stepping Down,” Forbes, April 1, 2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2013/04/01/googles-privacy-director-is-stepping-down/print; ScroogledTruth, Scroogled—Dr. Alma Whitten (Google’s Privacy Engineering Lead) Before Congress, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vTLEJsunCfI.

396

Steve Lohr and David Streitfeld, “Engineer in Google’s Street View Is Identified,” New York Times, April 30, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/01/ technology/engineerin-googles-street-view-is-identified.html; Farhad Manjoo, “Is It Time to Stop Trusting Google?” Slate, May 1, 2012, http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2012/05/marius_milner_google_wi_fi_snooping_assessing_the_disturbing_fcc_report_on_the_company_s_street_view_program_.html; John V. Hanke et al., A system and method for transporting virtual objects in a parallel reality game, United States US8968099 B1, filed November 1, 2012, and issued March 3, 2015, https://patents.google.com/patent/ US8968099B1/en.

397

См.: Alexis C. Madrigal, “How Google Builds Its Maps – and What It Means for the Future of Everything,” Atlantic, September 6, 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/09/how-google-builds-its-maps-and-what-it-means-for-the-future-of-everything/261913.

398

Brian McClendon, “Building a Better Map of Europe,” Google Maps, December 5, 2012, https://maps.googleblog.com/2012/12/building-better-map-of-europe.html.

399

“TIGER Geodatabases,” US Census Bureau, 2016, https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/tiger-geodatabases.html.

400

Madrigal, “How Google Builds Its Maps” (выделено мной. – Ш. З.).

401

См.: Gannes, “Ten Years of Google Maps”.

402

Soufi Esmaeilzadeh, “‘See Inside’ with Google Maps Business View,” Google Lat Long, December 17, 2014, https://maps.googleblog.com/2014/12/see-inside-with-google-maps-business.html; “Google Street View—What It Takes to Be Trusted,” Google Street View, November 10, 2016, https://www.google.com/streetview/earn; “About—Google Maps,” Google Maps, November 10, 2016, https://www.google.com/maps/about/partners.

403

James Vincent, “Skybox: Google Maps Goes Real-Time—but Would You Want a Spy in the Sky Staring into Your Letter Box?” Independent, June 21, 2014, http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/skybox-google-maps-goes-real-time-but-would-you-want-a-spy-in-the-sky-staring-into-your-letter-box-9553934.html; “DigitalGlobe Hosts U.S. Secretary of Commerce Pritzker for a Discussion on Commerce in Colorado | Seeing a Better WorldTM,” DigitalGlobe Blog, June 25, 2014, http://blog.digitalglobe.com/2014/06/25/digitalglobehostsussecretarypritzker; Ellen Huet, “Google Buys Skybox Imaging—Not Just for Its Satellites,” Forbes, June 10, 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/ellenhuet/2014/06/10/google-buys-skybox-imaging-not-just-for-its-satellites.

404

Tom Warren, “Google Just Showed Me the Future of Indoor Navigation,” Verge, February 23, 2016, http://www.theverge.com/2016/2/23/11094020/google-lenovo-project-tango-indoor-navigation.

405

Sophia Lin, “Making of Maps: The Cornerstones,” Google Maps, September 4, 2014, https://maps.googleblog.com/2014/09/making-of-maps-cornerstones.html.

406

Alistair Barr, “Google Maps Guesses Where You’re Headed Now,” Wall Street Journal (blog), January 13, 2016, http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2016/01/13/google-maps-guesses-where-youre-headed-now.

407

Akshay Kannan, “Introducing Nearby: A New Way to Discover the Things Around You,” Official Android Blog, June 9, 2016, https://android.googleblog.com/2016/06/introducing-nearby-new-way-to-discover.html.

408

Kieren McCarthy, “Delete Google Maps? Go Ahead, Says Google, We’ll Still Track You,” Register, September 12, 2016, http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/09/12/turn_off_location_services_go_ahead_says_google_well_still_track_you.

409

John B. Harley, The New Nature of Maps: Essays in the History of Cartography, ed. Paul Laxton (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 58–59.

410

См.: Stephen Graves, “Niantic Labs’ John Hanke on Alternate Reality Games and the Future of Storytelling,” PC&Tech Authority, October 13, 2014.

411

David DiSalvo, “The Banning of Google Glass Begins (and They Aren’t Even Available Yet),” Forbes, March 10, 2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddisalvo/2013/03/10/the-ban-on-google-glass-begins-and-they-arent-even-available-yet; David Streitfeld, “Google Glass Picks Up Early Signal: Keep Out,” New York Times, May 6, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/07/technology/personaltech/google-glass-picks-up-early-signal-keep-out.html.

412

Aaron Smith, “U.S. Views of Technology and the Future,” Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech (blog), April 17, 2014, http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/04/17/us-views-of-technology-and-the-future.

413

Drew FitzGerald, “Now Google Glass Can Turn You into a Live Broadcast,” Wall Street Journal, June 24, 2014, http://www.wsj.com/articles/now-google-glass-can-turn-you-into-a-live-broadcast-1403653079.

414

См.: Amir Efrati, “Google Glass Privacy Worries Lawmakers,” Wall Street Journal, May 17, 2013, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB100014241278873247 67004578487661143483672.

415

“We’re Graduating from Google[x] Labs,” Google, January 15, 2015, https://plus.google.com/app/basic/stream/z124trxirsruxvcdp23otv4qerfwghdhv04.

416

Alistair Barr, “Google Glass Gets a New Name and Hires from Amazon,” Wall Street Journal, September 16, 2015.

417

Fred O’Connor, “Google is Making Glass ‘Ready for Users,’ Says Schmidt,” PCWorld, March 23, 2015, http://www.pcworld.com/article/2900632/google-is-making-glass-ready-for-users-says-schmidt.html; “Looking Ahead for WhatsApp,” WhatsApp (blog), August 25, 2016, https://blog.whatsapp.com/10000627/Looking-ahead-for-WhatsApp.

418

Alistair Barr, “Google’s Tough Search for New Platforms on Display at I/O,” Wall Street Journal, May 27, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/googles-tough-search-for-new-platforms-on-display-at-i-o-1432748457.

419

Jay Kothari, “A New Chapter for Glass,” Team at X (blog), July 18, 2017, https://blog.x.company/a-new-chapter-for-glass-c7875d40bf24.

420

См., напр.: Darrell Etherington, “Google Glass Is Back with Hardware Focused on the Enterprise,” TechCrunch (blog), July 18, 2017, http://social.techcrunch.com/2017/07/18/google-glass-is-back-with-hardware-focused-on-the-enterprise; Hayley Tsukayama, “Google Will Stop Selling Glass to the General Public, but Google Says the Device Is Not Dead Yet,” Washington Post, January 15, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2015/01/15/google-will-stop-selling-glass-to-the-general-public-but-google-says-the-device-is-not-dead-yet; Brid-Aine Parnell, “NYPD Dons Google Tech Specs: Part Man. Part Machine. All Glasshole,” Register, February 10, 2014, http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/02/10/nypd_tests_google_glass.

421

Arnold Roosendaal, “Facebook Tracks and Traces Everyone: Like This!” (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, November 30, 2010), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1717563.

422

Jose Antonio Vargas, “The Face of Facebook,” New Yorker, September 13, 2010, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/09/20/the-face-of-facebook.

423

Cynthia Ghazali, “Facebook Keeps Tabs on Users Even After They Sign Off: Report,” NY Daily News, November 18, 2011, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/money/facebook-tabs-users-sign-report-article-1.979848.

424

Amir Efrati, “‘Like’ Button Follows Web Users,” Wall Street Journal, May 18, 2011, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000142405274870428150457632944143299561. См. также: Emil Protalinski, “Facebook Denies Cookie Tracking Allegations,” ZDNet, October 3, 2011, https://www.zdnet.com/article/facebook-denies-cookie-tracking-allegations/; Riva Richmond, “As ‘Like’ Buttons Spread, So Do Facebook’s Tentacles,” New York Times – Bits Blog, September 27, 2011, https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/27/as-like-buttons-spread-so-do-facebooks-tentacles/; Julia Angwin, “It’s Complicated: Facebook’s History of Tracking You,” ProPublica, June 17, 2014, https://www.propublica.org/article/its-complicated-facebooks-history-of-tracking-you; Rainey Reitman, “Facebook’s Hotel California: Cross-Site Tracking and the Potential Impact on Digital Privacy Legislation,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, October 10, 2011, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/10/facebook%E2%80%99s-hotel-california-cross-site-tracking-and-potential-impact-digital-privacy.

425

Asher Moses, “Facebook’s Privacy Lie: Aussie Exposes ‘Tracking’ as New Patent Uncovered,” The Sydney Morning Herald, October 4, 2011, https://www.smh.com.au/technology/facebooks-privacy-lie-aussie-exposes-tracking-as-new-patent-uncovered-20111004-1l61i.html.

426

Moses, “Facebook’s Privacy Lie”; Emil Protalinski, “Facebook Denies Cookie Tracking Allegations;” Emil Protalinski, “Facebook Fixes Cookie Behavior After Logging Out,” ZDNet, September 27, 2011, https://www.zdnet.com/article/facebook-fixes-cookie-behavior-after-logging-out/; Nik Cubrilovic, “Facebook Fixes Logout Issue, Explains Cookies,” New Web Order, September 27, 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20140701103652/https://www.nikcub.com/posts/face book-fixes-logout-issue-explains-cookies-2/.

427

Kent Matthew Schoen, Gregory Luc Dingle, and Timothy Kendall, “Communicating information in a social network system about activities from another domain,” WO2011097624 A3, filed February 8, 2011, and issued September 22, 2011, http://www.google.com/patents/WO2011097624A3.

428

Emil Protalinski, “Facebook Denies Patent Is Used for Tracking Logged-out Users,” ZDNet, October 3, 2011, https://www.zdnet.com/article/facebook-denies-patent-is-used-for-tracking-logged-out-users/. См. также: Michael Arrington, “Facebook: Brutal Dishonesty,” Uncrunched (blog), October 2, 2011, https://uncrunched.com/2011/10/01/brutal-dishonesty/.

429

На следующий день после поста Кубриловича издание The Hill сообщило, что Facebook подал заявку на регистрацию своего собственного комитета политических действий, призванного поддерживать кандидатов, которые «разделяют наши цели продвижения инноваций» и «более открытого и взаимосвязанного мира». Gautham Nagesh, “Facebook to Form Its Own PAC to Back Political Candidates,” The Hill, September 26, 2011, http://thehill.com/policy/technology/183951-facebook-forming-own-pac-to-back-candidates.

430

“Facebook Settles FTC Charges That It Deceived Consumers by Failing to Keep Privacy Promises,” Federal Trade Commission, November 29, 2011, https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/pressreleases/2011/11/facebook-settles-ftc-charges-it-deceived-consumers-failing-keep.

431

“FTC Facebook Settlement,” Electronic Privacy Information Center, December 2009, https://epic.org/privacy/ftc/facebook/.

432

“Facebook Settles FTC Charges That It Deceived Consumers”. См. также: Emily Steel and April Dembosky, “Facebook Raises Fears with Ad Tracking,” Financial Times, September 23, 2012, https://www.ft.com/content/6cc4cf0a-0584-11e2-9ebd-00144feabdc0.

433

“Facebook Custom Audiences: Target Facebook Ads by Email List,” Jon Loomer Digital, September 24, 2012, https://www.jonloomer.com/2012/09/24/facebook-custom-audiences/.

434

Tom Simonite, “Facebook Will Now Target Ads Based on What Its Like Buttons Saw You Do,” MIT Technology Review, September 16, 2015, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/541351/facebooks-like-buttons-will-soon-track-your-web-browsing-to-target-ads; Cotton Delo, “Facebook to Use Web Browsing History for Ad Targeting,” AdAge, June 12, 2014, http://adage.com/article/digital/facebook-web-browsing-history-ad-targeting/293656; Violet Blue, “Facebook Turns User Tracking ‘Bug” into Data Mining ‘Feature’ for Advertisers,” ZDNet, https://www.zdnet.com/article/facebook-turns-user-tracking-bug-into-data-mining-feature-for-advertisers/.

435

Julia Angwin, “Google Has Quietly Dropped Ban on Personally Identifiable Web Tracking,” ProPublica, October 21, 2016, https://www.propublica.org/article/google-has-quietly-dropped-ban-on-personally-identifiable-web-tracking; Jack Nicas, “Privacy Groups Seek Regulatory Review of Google Privacy Policy,” Wall Street Journal, December 19, 2016, http://www.wsj.com/articles/privacy-groups-seek-regulatory-review-of-google-privacy-policy-1482190366.

436

Ross Hunter, Farhad Zaman, and Kennedy Liu, “Global Top 100 Companies by Market Capitalisation,” IPO Center, Price Waterhouse Coopers, March 31, 2017, http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/audit-services/assets/pdf/global-top-100-companies-2017-final.pdf; Deborah Crawford et al., “Facebook, Inc. (FB) – Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2016 Results Conference Call,” February 1, 2017, https://s21.q4cdn.com/399680738/files/doc_financials/2016/Q4/Q4’16-Earnings-Transcript.pdf.

437

Julia Kollewe, “Google and Facebook Bring in One-Fifth of Global Ad Revenue,” Guardian, May 1, 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/may/02/google-and-facebook-bring-in-one-fifth-of-global-ad-revenue; Paul Murphy, “It Seems Google and Facebook Really Are Taking ALL the Growth in Ad Revenue,” Financial Times, April 26, 2017, http://ftalphaville.ft.com/2017/04/26/2187891/it-seems-google-and-facebook-really-are-taking-all-the-growth-in-ad-revenue; Mathew Ingram, “Google and Facebook Have Taken Over the Digital Ad Industry,” Fortune, January 4, 2017, http://fortune.com/2017/01/04/google-facebook-ad-industry.

438

Kara Swisher, “Microsoft’s Point Man on Search—Satya Nadella—Speaks: ‘It’s a Game of Scale,’” AllThingsD (blog), August 4, 2009, http://allthingsd.com/2009 0804/microsofts-point-man-on-search-satya-nadella-speaks-its-a-game-of-scale.

439

Julie Bort, “Satya Nadella Just Launched Microsoft into a New $1.6 Trillion Market,” Business Insider, April 15, 2014, http://www.businessinsider.com/micro soft-launches-iot-cloud-2014-4.

440

Satya Nadella, “A Data Culture for Everyone,” Official Microsoft Blog, April 15, 2014, https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2014/04/15/a-data-culture-for-everyone.

441

Richard Qian, “Understand Your World with Bing,” Bing Blogs, March 21, 2013, http://blogs.bing.com/search/2013/03/21/understand-your-world-with-bing.

442

См.: Dan Farber, “Microsoft’s Bing Seeks Enlightenment with Satori,” CNET, July 30, 2013, https://www.cnet.com/news/microsofts-bing-seeks-enlightenment-with-satori.

443

Greg Sterling, “Milestone: Bing Now Profitable as Windows 10 Success Boosts Usage,” Search Engine Land, October 23, 2015, http://searchengineland.com/milestone-bing-now-profitable-as-windows-10-success-boosts-usage-234285.

444

См.: Ginny Marvin, “After a Year of Transition, Microsoft Execs Say, ‘We’re All in on Search,’” Search Engine Land, November 23, 2015, http://searchengineland.com/microsoft-execs-all-in-on-search-bing-ads-next-236746.

445

“Cortana and Privacy,” Microsoft, November 11, 2016, https://privacy.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-10-cortana-and-privacy; “Кортана и конфиденциальность”, Microsoft, 30 июня 2020 г., https://support.microsoft.com/ru-ru/help/4468233/cortana-and-privacy-microsoft-privacy.

446

См.: Dan Kedmey, “Here’s What Really Makes Microsoft’s Cortana So Amazing,” Time, July 20, 2015, http://time.com/3960670/windows-10-cortana.

447

См.: “Artificial Intelligence: A Virtual Assistant for Life,” Financial Times, February 23, 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/4f2f97ea-b8ec-11e4-b8e6-00144feab7de.

448

“Microsoft Outlines Intelligence Vision and Announces New Innovations for Windows 10,” Microsoft News Center (blog), March 30, 2016, https://news.microsoft.com/2016/03/30/microsoft-outlines-intelligence-vision-and-announces-new-innovations-for-windows-10.

449

Chris Messina, “Conversational Commerce: Messaging Apps Bring the Point of Sale to You,” Medium, January 16, 2015, https://medium.com/chris-messina/conversational-commerce-92e0bccfc3ff#.sdpy3xp3b.

450

Shish Shridhar, “We Don’t Need Yet Another App, Conversations Are the New App,” Microsoft Developer Blogs—the ShiSh List, May 21, 2016, https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/shishirs/2016/05/21/we-dont-need-yet-another-app-conversations-are-the-new-app.

451

Terry Myerson, “Hello World: Windows 10 Available on July 29,” Windows Experience Blog, June 1, 2015, https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2015/06/01/hello-world-windows-10-available-on-july-29.

452

David Auerbach, “Broken Windows Theory,” Slate, August 3, 2015, http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2015/08/windows_10_privacy_problems_here_s_how_bad_they_are_and_how_to_plug_them.html.

453

Peter Bright, “Even When Told Not to, Windows 10 Just Can’t Stop Talking to Microsoft,” Ars Technica, August 13, 2015, https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/08/even-when-told-not-to-windows-10-just-cant-stop-talking – to-microsoft.

454

Amul Kalia, “With Windows 10, Microsoft Blatantly Disregards User Choice and Privacy: A Deep Dive,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, August 17, 2016, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2016/08/windows-10-microsoft-blatantly-disregards-user-choice-and-privacy-deep-dive; Conner Forrest, “Windows 10 Violates Your Privacy by Default, Here’s How You Can Protect Yourself,” TechRepublic, August 4, 2015, http://www.techrepublic.com/article/windows-10-violates-your-privacy-by-default-heres-how-you-can-protect-yourself; Alec Meer, “Windows 10 Is Spying on You: Here’s How to Stop It,” Rock, Paper, Shotgun (blog), July 30, 2015, https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2015/07/30/windows-10-privacy-settings.

455

“About Us—LinkedIn,” LinkedIn, November 11, 2016, https://press.linkedin.com/about-linkedin; Satya Nadella et al., “Slides from Microsoft Investors Call Announcing LinkedIn Acquisition—World’s Leading Professional Cloud + Network—Microsoft’s and LinkedIn’s Vision for the Opportunity Ahead,” June 13, 2016, https://ncmedia.azureedge.net/ncmedia/2016/06/msft_announce_160613.pdf.

456

Nadella et al., “Slides from Microsoft”.

457

Supantha Mukherjee, “Microsoft’s Market Value Tops $500 Billion Again After 17 Years,” Reuters, January 27, 2015, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-microsoft-results-research/microsofts-market-value-tops-500-billion-again-after-17-years-idUSKBN15B1L6.

458

Brian Fung, “Internet Providers Want to Know More About You Than Google Does, Privacy Groups Say,” Washington Post, January 20, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/01/20/your-internet-provider-is-turning-into-a-data-hungry-tech-company-consumer-groups-warn.

459

Melissa Parietti, “The World’s Top 10 Telecommunications Companies,” Investopedia, March 2, 2016, http://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/030216/worlds-top-10-telecommunications-companies.asp; Eric Griffith, “The Fastest ISPs of 2016,” PCMAG, August 31, 2016, http://www.pcmag.com/article/346232/the-fastest-isps-of-2016.

460

См.: Mark Bergen and Alex Kantrowitz, “Verizon Looks to Target Its Mobile Subscribers with Ads,” Advertising Age, May 21, 2014, http://adage.com/article/digital/verizon-target-mobile-subscribers-ads/293356.

461

См.: Julia Angwin and Mike Tigas, “How This Company Is Using Zombie Cookies to Track Verizon Customers,” ProPublica, January 14, 2015, https://www.propublica.org/article/zombie-cookie-the-tracking-cookie-that-you-cant-kill.

462

Robert McMillan, “Verizon’s ‘Perma-Cookie’ Is a Privacy-Killing Machine,” Wired, October 2014, http://www.wired.com/2014/10/verizons-perma-cookie.

463

Jacob Hoffman-Andrews, “Verizon Injecting Perma-Cookies to Track Mobile Customers, Bypassing Privacy Controls,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, November 3, 2014, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/11/verizon-x-uidh.

464

Julia Angwin and Jeff Larson, “Somebody’s Already Using Verizon’s ID to Track Users,” ProPublica, October 30, 2014, http://www.propublica.org/article/some bodys-already-using-verizons-id-to-track-users.

465

Jacob Hoffman-Andrews, “How Verizon and Turn Defeat Browser Privacy Protections,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, January 14, 2015, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2015/01/verizon-and-turn-break-browser-privacy-protections.

466

Julia Angwin, “AT&T Stops Using Undeletable Phone Tracking IDs,” ProPublica, November 14, 2014, http://www.propublica.org/article/att-stops-using-undeletable-phone-tracking-ids; Angwin and Tigas, “How This Company Is Using Zombie Cookies”.

467

Angwin and Larson, “Somebody’s Already Using Verizon’s ID”.

468

Jonathan Mayer, “The Turn-Verizon Zombie Cookie,” Web Policy (blog), January 14, 2015, http://webpolicy.org/2015/01/14/turn-verizon-zombie-cookie; Allison Schiff, “Can You Identify Me Now? A Deep Dive on Verizon’s Data Practices,” AdExchanger, October 9, 2014, http://adexchanger.com/data-exchanges/can-you-identify-me-now-a-deep-dive-on-verizons-data-practices.

469

Jacob Hoffman-Andrews, “Under Senate Pressure, Verizon Plans Supercookie Opt-Out,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, February 2, 2015, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2015/02/under-senate-pressure-verizon-improves-its-supercookie-opt-out.

470

Bill Nelson et al., “Letter to Mr. Lowell C. McAdam, Chairman and CEO of Verizon Communications from United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation,” January 29, 2015, http://thehill.com/sites/default/files/nelson-blumenthal-schatz-markey_letter_to_verizon_re_supercookies.pdf.

471

Brian X. Chen and Natasha Singer, “Verizon Wireless to Allow Complete Opt Out of Mobile ‘Supercookies,’” New York Times—Bits Blog, January 30, 2015, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/30/verizon-wireless-to-allow-complete-opt-out-of-mobile-supercookies.

472

См.: Edmund Ingham, “Verizon Had One Thing on Its Mind When It Agreed to Buy AOL: CEO Tim Armstrong,” Forbes, May 13, 2015, http://www.forbes.com/sites/edmundingham/2015/05/13/verizon-had-onething-on-its-mind-when-it-agreed-to-buy-aol-ceo-tim-armstrong. См. также: Alexander Nazaryan, “How Tim Armstrong Bested Marissa Mayer,” Newsweek, July 25, 2016, http://www.newsweek.com/marissa-mayer-tim-armstrong-nerd-prom-483539.

473

“Advertising Programs Privacy Notice—October 2015,” Verizon, December 7, 2015, http://www.verizon.com/about/privacy/advertising-programs-privacy-notice; Julia Angwin and Jeff Larson, “Verizon’s Zombie Cookie Gets New Life,” ProPublica, October 6, 2015, https://www.propublica.org/article/verizons-zombie-cookie-gets-new-life.

474

Julia Angwin, “Verizon to Pay $1.35 Million to Settle Zombie Cookie Privacy Charges,” ProPublica, March 7, 2016, https://www.propublica.org/article/verizon-to-pay-1.35-million-to-settle-zombie-cookie-privacy-charges.

475

Mike Shields and Ryan Knutson, “AOL’s Tim Armstrong Aims to Build Digital-Ad Empire at Verizon,” Wall Street Journal, March 30, 2016, http://www.wsj.com/articles/aols-tim-armstrong-aims-to-build-digital-ad-empire-at-verizon-1459330200.

476

Tom Wheeler, “Statement of Chairman Tom Wheeler in Reply to WC Docket no. 16-106—Protecting the Privacy of Customers of Broadband and Other Telecommunications Services,” Federal Communications Commission, 2016.

477

Alina Selyukh, “FCC Votes to Propose New Privacy Rules for Internet Service Providers,” NPR.org, March 31, 2016, http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/31/472528382/fcc-votes-to-propose-new-privacy-rules-for-internet-service-providers.

478

“FCC Adopts Privacy Rules to Give Broadband Consumers Increased Choice, Transparency and Security for Their Personal Data,” Federal Communications Commission, October 27, 2016, https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-adopts-broadband-consumer-privacy-rules; Wendy Davis, “Broadband Providers Push Back Against Tough Privacy Proposal,” MediaPost, March 10, 2016, http://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/270983/broadband-providers-push-back-against-tough-privac.html; Brian Fung and Craig Timberg, “The FCC Just Passed Sweeping New Rules to Protect Your Online Privacy,” Washington Post, October 27, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/10/27/the-fcc-just-passed-sweeping-new-rules-to-protect-your-online-privacy.

479

Michelle Castillo, “AOL’s Tim Armstrong: Yahoo Helps Verizon Compete Against Facebook, Google,” CNBC, July 25, 2016, http://www.cnbc.com/2016/07/25/aol-ceo-tim-armstrong-yahoo-deal-helps-verizon-against-facebook-google.html.

480

См.: Kara Swisher, “AOL’s Tim Armstrong Says ‘Scale Is Imperative’ in the Verizon-Yahoo Deal,” Recode, July 25, 2016, http://www.recode.net/2016/7/25/12269980/ aol-tim-armstrong-scale-imperative-yahoo-deal.

481

См.: Ingrid Lunden, “AOL CEO on Yahoo Deal: ‘We Want to Get to 2B Users,’” TechCrunch (blog), July 25, 2016, http://social.techcrunch.com/2016/07/25/aol-ceo-armstrongs-yahoo-memo-well-work-closely-with-marissa.

482

Tom Wheeler, “How the Republicans Sold Your Privacy to Internet Providers,” New York Times, March 29, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/29/opinion/how-the-republicans-sold-your-privacy-to-internet-providers.html; “Republicans Attack Internet Privacy,” New York Times, March 29, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/29/opinion/republicans-attack-internet-privacy.html; Cecilia Kang, “Congress Moves to Overturn Obama-Era Online Privacy Rules,” New York Times, March 28, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/28/technology/congress-votes-to-overturn-obama-era-online-privacy-rules.html; “The House Just Voted to Wipe Out the FCC’s Landmark Internet Privacy Protections,” Washington Post, March 28, 2017, https://www.washington post.com/news/the-switch/wp/2017/03/28/the-house-just-voted-to-wipe-out-the-fccs-landmark-internet-privacy-protections.

483

Brian Fung, “It’s Begun: Internet Providers Are Pushing to Repeal Obama-Era Privacy Rules,” Washington Post, January 4, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2017/01/04/its-begun-cable-companies-are-pushing-to-repeal-obama-era-internet-privacy-rules.

484

Wheeler, “How the Republicans Sold Your Privacy”.

485

Jack Marshall, “With Washington’s Blessing, Telecom Giants Can Mine Your Web History,” Wall Street Journal, March 30, 2017, https://www.wsj.com/articles/with-washingtons-blessing-telecom-giants-can-mine-your-web-history-1490869801; Olivia Solon, “What to Know Before Lawmakers Decide if ISPs Can Sell Your Browsing History,” Guardian, March 28, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/28/internet-service-providers-sell-browsing-history-house-vote; Bruce Schneier, “Snoops May Soon Be Able to Buy Your Browsing History. Thank the US Congress,” Guardian, March 30, 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/mar/30/snoops-buy-your-browsing-history-us-congress; Jeremy Gillula, “Five Creepy Things Your ISP Could Do if Congress Repeals the FCC’s Privacy Protections,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, March 19, 2017, https://www.eff.org/deep links/2017/03/five-creepy-things-your-isp-could-do-if-congress-repeals-fccs-privacy-protections.

486

Elizabeth Dwoskin, “Lending Startups Look at Borrowers’ Phone Usage to Assess Creditworthiness,” Wall Street Journal, December 1, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/lending-startups-look-at-borrowers-phone-usage-to-assess-creditworthiness-1448933308.

487

Daniel Bjorkegren and Darrell Grissen, “Behavior Revealed in Mobile Phone Usage Predicts Loan Repayment” (SSRN scholarly paper, Social Science Research Network, July 13, 2015), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract =2611775.

488

Dwoskin, “Lending Startups Look at Borrowers’ Phone Usage”.

489

Ibid.

490

См.: Caitlin Dewey, “Creepy Startup Will Help Landlords, Employers and Online Dates Strip-Mine Intimate Data from Your Facebook Page,” Washington Post, June 9, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/06/09/creepy-startup-will-help-landlords-employers-and-online-dates-strip-mine-intimate-data-from-your-facebook-page.

491

Frank Pasquale, “The Dark Market for Personal Data,” New York Times, October 16, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/17/opinion/the-dark-market-for-personaldata.html.

492

“hiQ Labs – Home,” hiQ Labs, August 26, 2017, https://www.hiqlabs.com.

493

Christopher Ingraham, “Analysis: Politics Really Is Ruining Thanksgiving, According to Data from 10 Million Cellphones,” Washington Post, November 15, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/11/15/politics-really-is-ruining-thanksgiving-according-to-data-from-10-million-cellphones; M. Keith Chen and Ryne Rohla, “Politics Gets Personal: Effects of Political Partisanship and Advertising on Family Ties,” ArXiv:1711.10602 [Economics], November 28, 2017, http://arxiv.org/abs/1711.10602.

494

Пер. А. Ситницкого.

495

Matthew Restall, Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 19.

496

Felipe Fernández-Armesto, 1492: The Year the World Began (New York: Harper One, 2010), 196.

497

John R. Searle, Making the Social World: The Structure of Human Civilization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 85–86.

498

Searle, Making the Social World, 13.

499

Restall, Seven Myths, 65.

500

Ibid., 19.

501

Захватывающий анализ «Требований» см. в: Paja Faudree, “How to Say Things with Wars: Performativity and Discursive Rupture in the Requerimiento of the Spanish Conquest,” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 22, no. 3 (2012): 182–200.

502

Bartolomé de las Casas, A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies (Penguin Classics), Kindle 334–38.

503

de las Casas, A Brief Account, 329–333.

504

David Hart, “On the Origins of Google,” National Science Foundation, August 17, 2004, http://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=100 660&org=NSF.

505

Eric Schmidt and Jared Cohen, The New Digital Age: Transforming Nations, Businesses, and Our Lives (New York: Vintage, 2014), 9–10; Эрик Шмидт и Джаред Коэн, Новый цифровой мир. Как технологии меняют жизнь людей, модели бизнеса и понятие государств (Москва: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2013), 18.

506

Mark Muro et al., “Digitalization and the American Workforce,” Metropolitan Policy Program, Brookings Institution, November 15, 2017, https://www.brookings.edu/research/digitalization-and-the-american-workforce. Как сообщается в этом докладе, В 2002 г. увеличение показателя цифровизации на один пункт предсказывало увеличение реальной средней годовой заработной платы на 166,20 доллара (в долларах 2016 г.) для профессий с сопоставимыми образовательными требованиями. К 2016 г. этот выигрыш в зарплате почти удвоился, достигнув 292,80 долларов. В целом работники с превосходящими цифровыми навыками все сильнее и сильнее отрываются по уровню зарплаты (при прочих равных условиях) от работников с аналогичным образованием, но меньшими цифровыми навыками. <…> Таким образом, значительная часть критически важных среднеквалифицированных рабочих мест в стране требует сегодня свободного владения основными ИТ-инструментами, стандартными технологиями мониторинга состояния здоровья, компьютерным оборудованием для количественного контроля, базовыми программами управления предприятием, программами управления работой с клиентами, например Salesforce или SAP, или программами для работы с электронными таблицами, такими как Microsoft Excel… Словом, десятки миллионов рабочих мест, которые обеспечивают наилучший путь к экономическому благополучию для работников без вузовского диплома, оказываются все менее доступным для работников, не имеющих базовых навыков работы с цифровыми технологиями.

507

Philipp Brandes, Roger Wattenhofer, and Stefan Schmid, “Which Tasks of a Job Are Susceptible to Computerization?” Bulletin of EATCS 3, no. 120 (2016), http://bulletin.eatcs.org/index.php/beatcs/article/view/467; Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael Osborne, “The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 114 (September 17, 2013): 254–80; Seth G. Benzell et al., “Robots Are Us: Some Economics of Human Replacement” (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015), http://www.nber.org/papers/w20941; Carl Benedikt Frey, “Doing Capitalism in the Digital Age,” Financial Times, October 1, 2014, https://www.ft.com/content/293780fc-4245-11e4-9818-00144feabdc0.

508

Frey and Osborne, “The Future of Employment”; Martin Krzywdzinski, “Automation, Skill Requirements and Labour-Use Strategies: High-Wage and Low-Wage Approaches to High-Tech Manufacturing in the Automotive Industry,” New Technology, Work and Employment 32, no. 3 (2017): 247–67, https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12100; Frey, “Doing Capitalism”; William Lazonick, “Labor in the Twenty-First Century: The Top 0.1 % and the Disappearing Middle-Class” (working paper, Institute for New Economic Thinking, February 2015), https://www.ineteconomics.org/research/research-papers/labor-in-the-twenty-first-century-the-top-0-1-and-the-disappearing-middle-class; Dirk Antonczyk, Thomas DeLeire, and Bernd Fitzenberger, “Polarization and Rising Wage Inequality: Comparing the U.S. and Germany” (IZA Discussion Paper, Institute for the Study of Labor, March 2010), https://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp4842.html; Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies (New York: W. W. Norton, 2016); Эрик Бриньолфсон и Эндрю Макафи, Вторая эра машин. Работа, прогресс и процветание в эпоху новейших технологий (Москва: АСТ, 2017); Daron Acemoglu and David Autor, “What Does Human Capital Do? A Review of Goldin and Katz’s ‘The Race Between Education and Technology,’” Journal of Economic Literature 50, no. 2 (2012): 426–463; Sang Yoon Lee and Yongseok Shin, “Horizontal and Vertical Polarization: Task-Specific Technological Change in a Multi-Sector Economy” (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, March 1, 2017), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2941261.

509

Kathleen Thelen, Varieties of Liberalization and the New Politics of Social Solidarity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014); Olivier Giovannoni, “What Do We Know About the Labor Share and the Profit Share? Part III: Measures and Structural Factors” (working paper, Levy Economics Institute at Bard College, 2014), http://www.levyinstitute.org/publications/what-do-we-know-about-the-labor-share-and-the-profit-share-part-3-measures-and-structural-factors; Francisco Rodriguez and Arjun Jayadev, “The Declining Labor Share of Income,” Journal of Globalization and Development 3, no. 2 (2013): 1–18; Antonczyk, DeLeire, and Fitzenberger, “Polarization and Rising Wage Inequality”; Duane Swank, “The Political Sources of Labor Market Dualism in Postindustrial Democracies, 1975–2011” (American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Chicago: Social Science Research Network, 2013), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2299566; David Jacobs and Lindsey Myers, “Union Strength, Neoliberalism, and Inequality: Contingent Political Analyses of US Income Differences Since 1950,” American Sociological Review 79 (2014): 752–74; Viki Nellas and Elisabetta Olivieri, “The Change of Job Opportunities: The Role of Computerization and Institutions” (Quaderni DSE Working Paper, University of Bologna & Bank of Italy, 2012), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1983214; Ian Gough, Anis Ahmad Dani, and Harjan de Haan, “European Welfare States: Explanations and Lessons for Developing Countries,” in Inclusive States: Social Policies and Structural Inequalities (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2008).

510

Martin R. Gillings, Martin Hilbert, and Darrell J. Kemp, “Information in the Biosphere: Biological and Digital Worlds,” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 31, no. 3 (2016).

511

Emile Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society (New York: Free Press, 1964), 41; Эмиль Дюркгейм, О разделении общественного труда. Метод социологии (Москва: Наука, 1990), 45.

512

Durkheim, The Division of Labor, 60–61; Дюркгейм, О разделении общественного труда. Метод социологии, 62.

513

Гарвардский правовед Джон Палфри отмечал доступность электронного надзора «только для чтения» в великолепной статье 2008 г.: John Palfrey, “The Public and the Private at the United States Border with Cyberspace,” Mississippi Law Journal 78 (2008): 241–294.

514

Frank Pasquale, The Black Box Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015), 60–61.

515

Martin Hilbert, “Toward a Synthesis of Cognitive Biases: How Noisy Information Processing Can Bias Human Decision Making,” Psychological Bulletin 138, no. 2 (2012): 211–237; Martin Hilbert, “Big Data for Development: From Information-to Knowledge Societies” (United Nations ECLAC Report, Social Science Research Network, 2013), 4, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2205145; Viktor Mayer-Schönberger and Kenneth Cukier, Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work, and Think (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013), 9.

516

Hilbert, “Toward a Synthesis of Cognitive Biases”.

517

Paul Borker, “What Is Hyperscale?” Digital Realty, February 2, 2018, https://www.digitalrealty.com/blog/what-is-hyperscale; Paul McNamara, “What Is Hyperscale and Why Is It so Important to Enterprises?” http://cloudblog.ericsson.com/digital-services/what-is-hyperscale-and-why-is-it-so-important-to-enterprises; James Manyika and Michael Chui, “Digital Era Brings Hyperscale Challenges,” Financial Times, August 13, 2014, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f30051b2-1e36-11e4-bb68-00144feabdc0.html?siteedition=intl#axzz3JjXPNno5; Cade Metz, “Building an AI Chip Saved Google from Building a Dozen New Data Centers,” Wired, April 5, 2017, https://www.wired.com/2017/04/building-ai-chip-saved-google-building-dozen-new-datacenters.

518

Небольшие фирмы, не располагающие доходами от «гипермасштабирования», могут воспользоваться частью соответствующих возможностей c помощью облачных сервисов.

519

Catherine Dong, “The Evolution of Machine Learning,” TechCrunch, August 8, 2017, http://social.techcrunch.com/2017/08/08/the-evolution-of-machine-learning; Metz, “Building an AI Chip”; “Google Data Center FAQ,” Data Center Knowledge, March 16, 2017, http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2017/03/16/ google-data-center-faq.

520

ARK Investment Management, “Google: The Full Stack AI Company,” Seeking Alpha, May 25, 2017, https://seekingalpha.com/article/4076671-google-full-stack-ai-company; Alon Halevy, Peter Norvig, and Fernando Pereira, “The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Data,” Intelligent Systems, IEEE 24 (2009): 8–12.

521

См.: Tom Krazit, “Google’s Urs Hölzle Still Thinks Its Cloud Revenue Will Catch Its Ad Revenue, but Maybe Not by 2020,” GeekWire, November 15, 2017, https://www.geekwire.com/2017/googles-urs-holzle-still-thinks-cloud-revenue-will-catch-ad-revenue-maybe-not-2020.

522

Norm Jouppi, “Google Supercharges Machine Learning Tasks with TPU Custom Chip,” Google Cloud Platform Blog, May 18, 2016, https://cloud platform.googleblog.com/2016/05/Google-supercharges-machine-learning-tasks-with-custom-chip.html; Jeff Dean and Urs Hölzle, “Build and Train Machine Learning Models on Our New Google Cloud TPUs,” Google, May 17, 2017, https://blog.google/topics/google-cloud/google-cloud-offer-tpus-machine-learning; Yevgeniy Sverdlik, “Google Ramped Up Data Center Spend in 2016,” Data Center Knowledge, February 1, 2017, http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2017/02/01/google-ramped-datacenter-spend-2016; Courtney Flatt, “Google’s All-Renewable Energy Plan to Include Data Center in Oregon,” Oregon Public Broadcasting, December 6, 2016, http://www.opb.org/news/article/google-says-it-will-consume-only-renewable-energy.

523

Michael Feldman, “Market for Artificial Intelligence Projected to Hit $36 Billion by 2025,” Top500, August 30, 2016, https://www.top500.org/news/market-for-artificial-intelligence-projected-to-hit-36-billion-by-2025.

524

Kevin McLaughlin and Mike Sullivan, “Google’s Relentless AI Appetite,” Information, January 10, 2017, https://www.theinformation.com/googles-relentless-ai-appetite.

525

Cade Metz, “Tech Giants Are Paying Huge Salaries for Scarce A. I. Talent,” New York Times, October 22, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/22/technology/artificial-intelligence-experts-salaries.html; “Artificial Intelligence Is the New Black,” Paysa Blog, April 18, 2017, https://www.paysa.com/blog/2017/04/17/artificial-intelligence-is-the-new-black.

526

Ian Sample, “Big Tech Firms’ AI Hiring Frenzy Leads to Brain Drain at UK Universities,” Guardian, November 2, 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/nov/02/big-tech-firms-google-ai-hiring-frenzy-brain-drain-uk-universities.

527

Pedro Domingos, The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World (New York: Basic, 2015), 12–13; Педро Домингос, Верховный алгоритм. Как машинное обучение изменит наш мир (Москва: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2016), 35–36; Cade Metz, “Why A. I. Researchers at Google Got Desks Next to the Boss,” New York Times, February 19, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/19/technology/ai-researchers-desks-boss.html.

528

Spiros Simitis, “Reviewing Privacy in an Information Society,” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 135, no. 3 (1987): 710, https://doi.org/10.2307/3312079.

529

Paul M. Schwartz, “The Computer in German and American Constitutional Law: Towards an American Right of Informational Self-Determination,” American Journal of Comparative Law 37 (1989): 676.

530

Пер. Ш. Крола.

531

Chris Matyszczyk, “The Internet Will Vanish, Says Google’s Eric Schmidt,” CNET, January 22, 2015, http://www.cnet.com/news/the-internet-will-vanish-says-googles-schmidt.

532

Mark Weiser, “The Computer for the 21st Century,” Scientific American, September 1991.

533

Mark Weiser and John Seely Brown, “The Coming Age of Calm Technology,” in Peter J. Denning and Robert M. Metcalfe (ed.), Beyond Calculation (New York: Springer, 1997), 75–85; Weiser, “The Computer for the 21st Century”.

534

Janina Bartje, “IoT Analytics the Top 10 IoT Application Areas – Based on Real IoT Projects,” IOT Analytics, August 16, 2016, https://iot-analytics.com/top-10-iot-project-application-areas-q3-2016.

535

Kevin D. Werbach and Nicolas Cornell, “Contracts Ex Machina” (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, March 18, 2017), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2936294.

536

Christy Pettey, “Treating Information as an Asset,” Smarter with Gartner, February 17, 2016, www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/treating-information-as-an-asset (выделено мной. – Ш. З.).

537

R. Stuart MacKay, “Biomedical Telemetry: Sensing and Transmitting Biological Information from Animals and Man,” Quarterly Review of Biology 44, no. 4 (1969): 18–23.

538

MacKay, “Biomedical Telemetry”.

539

MacKay, “Biomedical Telemetry”.

540

Roland Kays et al., “Terrestrial Animal Tracking as an Eye on Life and Planet,” Science 348, no. 6240 (2015), https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa2478.

541

P. Ramesh Kumar, Ch. Srikanth, and K. L. Sailaja, “Location Identification of the Individual Based on Image Metadata,” Procedia Computer Science 85 (2016): 451–454; Anuradha Vishwakarma et al., “GPS and RFID Based Intelligent Bus Tracking and Management System,” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 3, no. 3 (2016); Nirali Panchal, “GPS Based Vehicle Tracking System and Using Analytics to Improve the Performance,” ResearchGate, June 2016, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304129283_GPS_Based_Vehicle_Tracking_System_and_Using_Analytics_to_Improve_The_Performance.

542

Mark Prigg, “Software That Can Track People as They Walk from Camera to Camera,” Mail Online, November 18, 2014, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2838633/Software-track-people-walk-camera-camera-say-tracked-Boston-bombers-hours.html.

543

Joseph A. Paradiso, “Our Extended Sensoria: How Humans Will Connect with the Internet of Things,” MIT Technology Review, August 1, 2017, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608566/our-extended-sensoria-how-humans-will-connect-with-the-internet-ofthings.

544

Gershon Dublon and Edwina Portocarrerro, “ListenTree: Audio-Haptic Display in the Natural Environment,” 2014, https://smartech.gatech.edu/handle/1853/ 52083.

545

Gershon Dublon et al., “DoppelLab: Tools for Exploring and Harnessing Multimodal Sensor Network Data,” in IEEE Sensors Proceedings, 2011, 1612–1615.

546

Gershon Dublon and Joseph A. Paradiso, “Extra Sensory Perception,” Scientific American, 2014 July, 311(1), 36–41.

547

Paradiso, “Our Extended Sensoria” (выделено мной. – Ш. З.).

548

Dublon and Paradiso, “Extra Sensory Perception”.

549

Кевин Эштон, бывший менеджер бренда Procter and Gamble, который одним из первых сосватал физическим товарам микрочипы, снабженные радиосвязью, придумал выражение «интернет вещей» и способствовал инновациям в области радиочастотной идентификации в Медийной лаборатории MIT, критикует американское правительство за отсутствие системной концепции «интернета вещей» и отказ от руководящей по отношению к частному бизнесу роли в этой сфере. См.: Kevin Ashton, “America Last?” Politico, June 29, 2015, http://www.politico.com/agenda/story/2015/06/kevin-ashton-internet-of-things-in-the-us-000102.

550

См.: Nick Statt, “What the Volkswagen Scandal Means for the Future of Connected Devices,” Verge, October 21, 2015, http://www.theverge.com/2015/10/21/9556153/internet-of-things-privacy-paranoia-data-volkswagen-scandal.

551

Matt Weinberger, “Companies Stand to Make a Lot of Money Selling Data from Smart Devices, Says Microsoft,” Business Insider, December 6, 2015, http://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-azure-internet-of-things-boss-sam-george-interview-2015-12; “Live on a Screen Near You: IoT Slam, a New Virtual Conference for All Things IoT,” Microsoft IoT Blog, December 9, 2015, https://blogs.microsoft.com/iot/2015/12/09/live-on-a-screen-near-you-iot-slam-a-new-virtual-conference-for-all-things-iot.

552

“The Economy of Things: Extracting New Value from the Internet of Things,” IBM Institute for Business Value, 2014, http://www-935.ibm.com/services/us/gbs/thoughtleadership/economyofthings.

553

Убедительное обсуждение неструктурированных данных и их роли в повседневной жизни см. в: Ioanna D. Constantiou and Jannis Kallinikos, “New Games, New Rules: Big Data and the Changing Context of Strategy,” Journal of Information Technology, September 9, 2014, 1–14.

554

Bryan Glick, “Executive Interview: Harriet Green, IBM’s Internet of Things Chief,” ComputerWeekly, April 7, 2016, https://www.computerweekly.com/news/450280673/Executive-interview-Harriet-Green-IBMs-internet-of-things-chief.

555

“Dark Data,” Gartner IT Glossary, May 7, 2013, http://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/dark-data; Isaac Sacolick, “Dark Data – a Business Definition,” Social, Agile, and Transformation, April 10, 2013, http://blogs.starcio.com/2013/04/dark-data-business-definition.html; Heather Johnson, “Digging Up Dark Data: What Puts IBM at the Forefront of Insight Economy,” SiliconANGLE, October 30, 2015, https://siliconangle.com/blog/2015/10/30/ibm-is-at-the-forefront-of-insight-economy-ibminsight; Ed Tittel, “The Dangers of Dark Data and How to Minimize Your Exposure,” CIO, September 24, 2014, https://www.cio.com/article/2686755/data-analytics/the-dangers-of-dark-data-and-how-to-minimize-your-exposure.html; Derek Gascon, “Thwart ‘Dark Data’ Risk with Data Classification Tools,” SearchCompliance, July 2014, http://searchcompliance.techtarget.com/answer/Thwart-dark-data-risk-with-data-classification-tools.

556

Glick, “Executive Interview”.

557

Hal R. Varian, “Computer Mediated Transactions,” American Economic Review 100, no. 2 (2010): 1–10.

558

Hal R. Varian, “Beyond Big Data,” Business Economics 49, no. 1 (2014): 27–31.

559

Ibid., 30.

560

См.: Dan Kraut, “Allstate Mulls Selling Driver Data,” Bloomberg.com, May 28, 2015, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-05-28/allstate-seeks-to-follow-google-as-ceo-mulls-selling-driver-data.

561

Rachel Ward and Rebecca Lancaster, “The Contribution of Individual Factors to Driving Behaviour: Implications for Managing Work-Related Road Safety” (research report, Doherty Innovation Centre, Midlothian, UK, 2002), http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrhtm/rr020.htm.

562

“Insurers Need to Plug into the Internet of Things—or Risk Falling Behind,” McKinsey, January 8, 2017, http://www.mckinsey.com/industries/financial-services/our-insights/insurers-need-to-plug-into-the-internet-of-things-or-risk-falling-behind.

563

“Overcoming Speed Bumps on the Road to Telematics,” Deloitte University Press, April 21, 2014, https://dupress.deloitte.com/dup-us-en/industry/insurance/telematics-in-auto-insurance.html.

564

Ibid.

565

Leslie Scism, “State Farm Is There: As You Drive,” Wall Street Journal, August 5, 2013.

566

“Insurers Need to Plug into the Internet of Things”.

567

Joseph Reifel, Alyssa Pei, Neeti Bhardwaj, and Shamik Lala, “The Internet of Things: Opportunity for Insurers,” ATKearney, 2014, https://www.atkearney.co.uk/documents/10192/5320720/internet+of+Things+-+Opportunity+for+Insurers.pdf/4654e400-958a-40d5-bb65-1cc7ae64bc72.

568

Steve Johansson, “Spireon Reaches 2.4 Million Subscribers, Becoming Industry’s Largest Aftermarket Vehicle Telematics Company,” Business Wire, August 17, 2015, http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150817005365/en/Spireon-Reaches-2.4-Million-Subscribers-Industry%E2%80%99s-Largest.

569

Rebecca Kates, “Geotab Launches a World Leading Driver Safety Telematics Solution That Speaks to the Driver Inside the Vehicle,” Geotab, September 10, 2015, https://www.geotab.com/pressrelease/geotab-launches-driver-safety-telematics-solution-that-speaks-to-the-driver-inside-the-vehicle.

570

Brad Jarvis et al., Insurance rate optimization through driver behavior monitoring, US20150006207 A1, published January 2015, https://patents.google.com/patent/US20150006207A1/en.

571

Brad Jarvis et al., Operator benefits and rewards through sensory tracking of a vehicle, US20150019270 A1, published January 2015, 2015, http://www.google.com/patents/US20150019270.

572

Joao Lima, “Insurers Look Beyond Connected Cars for IOT Driven Business Boom,” Computer Business Review, December 9, 2015, http://www.cbronline.com/news/internet-of-things/insurers-look-beyond-connected-cars-for-iot-driven-business-boom-4748866.

573

Sam Ramji, “Looking Beyond the Internet of Things Hype: Here’s What’s in Store,” VentureBeat, March 28, 2014, http://venturebeat.com/2014/03/28/looking-beyond-the-internet-ofthings-hype-heres-whats-in-store.

574

“Overcoming Speed Bumps on the Road to Telematics”.

575

Corin Nat, “Think Outside the Box – Motivate Drivers Through Gamification,” Spireon, August 11, 2015, https://web.archive.org/web/20150811014300/spireon.com/motivate-drivers-through-gamification; “Triad Isotopes,” 2017, http://www.triadisotopes.com.

576

“Overcoming Speed Bumps on the Road to Telematics”.

577

См.: Byron Pope, “Experts Examine Auto Telematics’ Pitfalls, Potential,” Ward’s Auto, June 20, 2013, http://wardsauto.com/technology/experts-examine-auto-telematics-pitfalls-potential.

578

“Analytics Trends 2016, the Next Evolution,” Deloitte, 2016, https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/deloitte-analytics/articles/analytics-trends.html.

579

“Insurers Need to Plug into the Internet of Things”; “Navigating the Challenges and Opportunities in Financial Services,” Deloitte Touche, 2015, https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/financial-services/deloitte-au-fs-fsi-outlook-focus-2015-090215.pdf.

580

“Dell Services Have Launched a New Internet of Things Insurance Accelerator,” Dell, November 17, 2015, http://www.dell.com/learn/al/en/alcorp1/pressreleases/2015-11-17-dell-services-launch-of-internet-ofthings; “Microsoft and American Family Insurance Launch Startup Accelerator Focused on Home Automation,” Microsoft News Center, June 17, 2014, https://news.microsoft.com/2014/06/17/microsoft-and-american-family-insurance-launch-startup-accelerator-focused-on-home-automation.

581

Gabe Nelson, “Who Owns the Dashboard? Apple, Google or the Automakers?” Advertising Age, December 15, 2014, http://adage.com/article/digital/owns-dashboard-apple-google-automakers/296200.

582

“Google Looks to Partner with Insurance Companies in France,” Fortune, September 13, 2016, http://fortune.com/2016/09/13/google-france-insurance-partners.

583

Varian, “Beyond Big Data,” 30 (выделено мной. – Ш. З.).

584

Ibid.

585

Herman Kahn and Anthony J. Wiener, The Year 2000 (New York: Macmillan, 1967).

586

Kahn and Wiener, The Year 2000, 97–98.

587

Ibid., 410–411.

588

Paul T. David and William R. Ewald, “The Study of the Future,” Public Administration Review 28, no. 2 (1968): 187–93, https://doi.org/10.2307/974089.

589

Neil P. Hurley, “The Future and the Nearsighted Faust,” Review of Politics 30, no. 4 (1968): 521–23.

590

Langdon Winner, Autonomous Technology: Technics-out-of-Control as a Theme in Political Thought (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1978), 7–8.

591

Dublon and Paradiso, “Extra Sensory Perception,” 37–44.

592

Frank E. Manuel and Fritzie P. Manuel, Utopian Thought in the Western World (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1979), 6.

593

Krishan Kumar, Utopia and Anti-utopia in Modern Times (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991); Andrzej Walicki, Marxism and the Leap to the Kingdom of Freedom: The Rise and Fall of the Communist Utopia (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997); Gregory Claeys, Searching for Utopia: The History of an Idea (New York: Thames & Hudson, 2011); Roland Schaer, Gregory Claeys, and Lyman Tower Sargent, Utopia: The Search for Ideal Society in the Western World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); Perry Anderson, Arguments Within English Marxism, 2nd ed. (London: Verso, 1980).

594

В предисловии 1867 г. к первому изданию «Капитала» Маркса встречаем следующее: Дело здесь, само по себе, не в более или менее высокой ступени развития тех общественных антагонизмов, которые вытекают из естественных законов капиталистического производства. Дело в самих этих законах, в этих тенденциях, действующих и осуществляющихся с железной необходимостью. Страна, промышленно более развитая, показывает менее развитой стране лишь картину ее собственного будущего. См.: Karl Marx, Capital, vol. 1, trans. Ben Fowkes (New York: Penguin, 1990), 91; Карл Маркс, “Капитал”, в: Карл Маркс и Фридрих Энгельс, Сочинения, т. 23 (Москва: Государственное издательство политической литературы, 1960), 6, 9.

595

Manuel and Manuel, Utopian Thought, 3–4.

596

Eric Schmidt and Jared Cohen, The New Digital Age: Transforming Nations, Businesses, and Our Lives (New York: Vintage, 2014), 5; Эрик Шмидт и Джаред Коэн, Новый цифровой мир. Как технологии меняют жизнь людей, модели бизнеса и понятие государств (Москва: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2013), 21, 13.

597

Schmidt and Cohen, The New Digital Age, 253–254; Шмидт и Коэн, Новый цифровой мир, 282.

598

Dublon and Paradiso, “Extra Sensory Perception”.

599

John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath (New York: Viking, 1939), 33–34; Джон Стейнбек, Собрание сочинений в шести томах, т. 3 (Москва: Правда, 1989), 36.

600

Winner, Autonomous Technology, 6.

601

Langdon Winner, “Do Artifacts Have Politics?” Daedalus 109, no. 1 (1980): 99.

602

Прекрасное обсуждение некоторых родственных проблем см. в: Alasdair Morrison, “Uses of Utopia,” in Utopias, ed. Peter Alexander and Roger Gill (La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1983), 149–150.

603

“Digital Transformation Map,” Cisco, August 3, 2018, https://www.cisco.com/c/m/en_us/solutions/industries/smart-connected-communities/digital-transformation-map.html; and Anil Menon, “Announcing Cisco Kinetic for Cities,” Cisco Blogs, October 4, 2017, https://blogs.cisco.com/news/announcing-kinetic-forcities (выделено мной. – Ш. З.).

604

“Titan and Control Group Become Intersection,” PR Newswire, September 16, 2015, http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/titan-and-control-group-become-intersection-300144002.html. Для постройки киосков и управления ими Sidewalk приобрела компанию под названием Intersection. Последняя образовалась в результате слияния компании Control, занимающейся городскими технологиями, с рекламной медиафирмой Titan. Intersection называет себя «компанией, работающей в сфере городского опыта, технологий и СМИ, которая будет работать с городами, чтобы решать современные проблемы и заново строить городской опыт, создавая более связанные с интернетом, удобные для жизни и процветающие города. Компания поднимет на новый уровень инновационные инжиниринговые и проектные возможности Control Group, имеющей более чем десятилетний опыт объединения цифровых технологий с реальным пользовательским опытом в городских условиях, c помощью Titan – одной из крупнейших в стране муниципальных и транспортных медиакомпаний и одного из лидеров в области цифровой наружной рекламы».

605

Conor Dougherty, “Cities to Untangle Traffic Snarls, with Help from Alphabet Unit,” New York Times, March 17, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/18/technology/cities-to-untangle-traffic-snarls-with-help-from-alphabet-unit.html.

606

“Sidewalk Labs | Team – Alphabet,” Sidewalk Labs, October 2, 2017, https://www.sidewalklabs.com/team.

607

Dougherty, “Cities to Untangle”.

608

Ibid.

609

См.: Diana Budds, “How Google Is Turning Cities into R&D Labs,” Co.Design, February 22, 2016, https://www.fastcodesign.com/3056964/design-moves/how-google-is-turning-cities-into-rd-labs.

610

Mark Harris, “Secretive Alphabet Division Aims to Fix Public Transit in US by Shifting Control to Google,” Guardian, June 27, 2016, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jun/27/google-flow-sidewalklabs-columbus-ohio-parking-transit.

611

Google City: How the Tech Juggernaut Is Reimagining Cities—Faster Than You Realize, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JXN9QHHD8eA.

612

Ibid.

613

Ibid.

614

Budds, “How Google Is Turning Cities into R&D Labs”.

615

Jessica E. Lessin, “Alphabet’s Sidewalk Preps Proposal for Digital District,” Information, April 14, 2016, https://www.theinformation.com/sidewalklabs-preps-proposal-for-digital-district.

616

Eliot Brown, “Alphabet’s Next Big Thing: Building a ‘Smart’ City,” Wall Street Journal, April 27, 2016, http://www.wsj.com/articles/alphabets-next-big-thing-building-a-smart-city-1461688156.

617

Shane Dingman, “With Toronto, Alphabet Looks to Revolutionize City-Building,” Globe and Mail, October 17, 2017, https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/with-toronto-alphabet-looks-to-revolutionize-city-build ing/article36634779.

618

Jan Wolfe, “Roomba Vacuum Maker iRobot Betting Big on the ‘Smart’ Home,” Reuters, July 28, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/irobot-strategy/roomba-vacuum-maker-irobot-betting-big-on-the-smart-home-idUSL1N1KJ1BA; Melissa Wen, “iRobot Shares Surge on Strong Sales of Roomba Vacuum Cleaners,” Reuters, July 26, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-irobot-stocks/irobot-shares-surge-on-strong-sales-of-roomba-vacuum-cleaners-idUSKBN1AB2QW.

619

Wolfe, “Roomba Vacuum Maker iRobot Betting Big”.

620

Lance Ulanoff, “iRobot CEO Says the Company Won’t Share Your Roomba Home Mapping Data Without Your OK,” Mashable, July 25, 2017, http://mashable.com/2017/07/25/irobot-wants-to-sell-home-mapping-data.

621

“iRobot HOME,” Google Play Store, August 12, 2018, https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.irobot.home&hl=en. См. также: Alex Hern, “Roomba Maker May Share Maps of Users’ Homes with Google, Amazon or Apple,” Guardian, July 25, 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jul/25/roomba-maker-could-share-maps-users-homes-google-amazon-apple-irobot-robot-vacuum.

622

“How It Works | Smart Bed Technology & Sleep Tracking | It Bed,” SleepNumber.com, October 6, 2017, https://itbed.sleepnumber.com/how-it-works.

623

“Sleep Number Privacy Policy,” SleepNumber.com, September 18, 2017, https://www.sleepnumber.com/sn/en/privacy-policy.

624

Guido Noto La Diega and Ian Walden, “Contracting for the ‘Internet of Things’: Looking into the Nest” (research paper, Queen Mary University of London, School of Law, 2016).

625

Jonathan A. Obar and Anne Oeldorf-Hirsch, “The Biggest Lie on the Internet: Ignoring the Privacy Policies and Terms of Service Policies of Social Networking Services,” in Facebook/Social Media 2 (TPRC 44: The 44th Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy, Arlington, VA: Social Science Research Network, 2016), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2757465.

626

Важная работа, посвященная тому, как эта более широкая тема связана с цифровыми продуктами: Aaron Perzanowski and Chris Hoofnagle, “What We Buy When We ‘Buy Now’” (SSRN scholarly paper, Social Science Research Network, May 13, 2016), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2778072.

627

Michelle Locke, “Ready for Liquor Bottles Smart Enough to Talk Smart Phones?” Phys.org, May 21, 2015, http://phys.org/news/2015-05-ready-liquor-bottles-smart.html; Joseph Cox, “This Rectal Thermometer Is the Logical Conclusion of the Internet of Things,” Motherboard, January 14, 2016, http://motherboard.vice.com/read/this-rectal-thermometer-is-the-logical-conclusion-of-the-internet-of-things.

628

Shona Ghosh, “How Absolut Vodka Will Use the Internet of Things to Sell More Than ‘Static Pieces of Glass,’” Campaign US, August 6, 2015, http://www.campaignlive.com/article/absolut-vodka-will-use-internet-things-sell-static-pieces-glass/1359074.

629

См.: Locke, “Ready for Liquor Bottles Smart Enough to Talk?”

630

“Global Smart Homes Market 2018 by Evolving Technology, Projections & Estimations, Business Competitors, Cost Structure, Key Companies and Forecast to 2023,” Reuters, February 19, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/brandfeatures/venture-capital/article?id=28096.

631

“Sproutling Wearable Baby Monitor,” Mattel, December 8, 2017, http://fisher-price.mattel.com/shop/en-us/fp/sproutling-sleep-wearable-fnf59.

632

См.: Perzanowski and Hoofnagle, “What We Buy”.

633

Amie Thuener, “Letter to SEC from Google Finance Director Re: Google Inc,” Securities and Exchange Commission, January 29, 2013, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000128877613000074/filename1.htm.

634

См.: Stacey Higginbotham, “Qualcomm Has Devised New Technology That Can Help Unlock Your Smartphone Using Iris Scans,” MIT Technology Review, March 29, 2017, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/603964/qualcomm-wants-your-smartphone-to-have-energy-efficient-eyes.

635

Ben S. Cook et al., “Only Skin Deep,” IEEE Microwave Magazine, May 2013. Умная кожа видится новшеством, которое «может заложить основу для появления первого поколения подлинно дистанционных, полностью пригодных для печати на принтере, не содержащих в себе чипов, гибких, дешевых и беспроводных сенсоров для повсеместного применения в Умной коже и „интернете вещей“…»

636

J. G. D. Hester and M. M. Tentzeris, «Inkjet-Printed Van-Atta Reflectarray Sensors: A New Paradigm for Long-Range Chipless Low Cost Ubiquitous Smart Skin Sensors of the Internet of Things,” in 2016 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS), 2016, 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1109/MWSYM.2016.7540412.

637

Cook et al., “Only Skin Deep”.

638

Michael Galvin, “Attract Customers with Beacons, Geotagging & Geofencing,” New Perspective, March 21, 2016, http://www.npws.net/blog/attract-customers-with-beacons-geotagging-geofencing.

639

Всеобъемлющую характеристику этих и других надзорных процессов, применяемых сегодня в розничной торговле см. в: Joseph Turow, The Aisles Have Eyes: How Retailers Track Your Shopping, Strip Your Privacy, and Define Your Power (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017).

640

Jimm Fox, «Life-Pattern Marketing and Geo Targeting,” One Market Media, March 26, 2009, http://onemarketmedia.com/2009/03/26/life-pattern-marketing-and-geo-targetting.

641

Galvin, “Attract Customers with Beacons”.

642

Monte Zweben, “Life-Pattern Marketing: Intercept People in Their Daily Routines,” SeeSaw Networks, March 2009.

643

Monica Anderson, “6 Facts About Americans and Their Smartphones,” PewResearchCenter, April 1, 2015, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/04/01/6-facts-about-americans-and-their-smartphones; “Most Smartphone Owners Use Location-Based Services – EMarketer,” eMarketer, April 22, 2016, https://www.emarketer.com/Article/Most-Smartphone-Owners-Use-Location-Based-Services/1013863; Chris Smith, “Why Location Data Is One of the Most Coveted Details Apps Collect About You,” BGR, March 25, 2015, http://bgr.com/2015/03/25/smartphone-app-location-data.

644

Hazim Almuhimedi et al., “Your Location Has Been Shared 5,398 Times! A Field Study on Mobile App Privacy Nudging,” in Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI’15 (New York: ACM, 2015), 787–96, https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702210.

645

Tim Moynihan, “Apps Snoop on Your Location Way More Than You Think,” Wired, March 25, 2015, https://www.wired.com/2015/03/apps-snoop-location-way-think.

646

Byron Spice, “Study Shows People Act to Protect Privacy When Told How Often Phone Apps Share Personal Information,” Carnegie Mellon University News, March 23, 2015, https://www.cmu.edu/news/stories/archives/2015/march/privacy-nudge.html.

647

Russell Brandom, “Police Are Filing Warrants for Android’s Vast Store of Location Data,” Verge, June 1, 2016, http://www.theverge.com/2016/6/1/11824118/google-android-location-data-police-warrants.

648

Keith Collins, “Google Collects Android Users’ Locations Even When Location Services Are Disabled,” Quartz, November 21, 2017, https://qz.com/1131515/google-collects-android-users-locations-even-when-location-services-are-disabled.

649

Gerard Sans, “Your Timeline: Revisiting the World That You’ve Explored,” Google Lat Long, July 21, 2015, https://maps.googleblog.com/2015/07/your-timeline-revisiting-world-that.html; Nathan Ingraham, “Google Knows Where You’ve Been, and Your Timeline for Maps Shows You,” Verge, July 21, 2015, http://www.theverge.com/2015/7/21/9012035/google-your-timeline-location-history.

650

Вот лишь несколько примеров литературы о деанонимизации. В 1997 г. исследователь конфиденциальности Латания Суини в широко известной работе продемонстрировала, что, пользуясь общедоступными списками (например, списками избирателей), она может идентифицировать медицинские карты губернатора Массачусетса Уильяма Уэльда среди медицинских записей, из которых уже удалили все явные идентификаторы, такие как имя, адрес и номер социального страхования. См.: Latanya Sweeney, “Statement of Latanya Sweeney, PhD Before the Privacy and Integrity Advisory Committee of the Department of Homeland Security—‘Privacy Technologies for Homeland Security,’” US Department of Homeland Security, June 15, 2005, https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/privacy/privacy_advcom_06-2005_testimony_sweeney.pdf; Latanya Sweeney, “Only You, Your Doctor, and Many Others May Know,” Technology Science, September 29, 2015, https://techscience.org/a/2015092903; Latanya Sweeney, “Matching a Person to a Social Security Number,” Data Privacy Lab, October 13, 2017, https://dataprivacylab.org/dataprivacy/projects/ssnwatch/index.html; Sean Hooley and Latanya Sweeney, “Survey of Publicly Available State Health Databases – Data Privacy Lab, IQSS,” Harvard University, 2013; Yves-Alexandre de Montjoye et al., “Unique in the Shopping Mall: On the Reidentifiability of Credit Card Metadata,” Science 347, no. 6221 (2015): 536–39, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1256297; Jessica Su, Ansh Shukla, Sharad Goel, and Arvind Narayanan, “De-Anonymizing Web Browsing Data with Social Networks,” in 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Pages (Perth, Australia: ACM, 2017), 1261–69, https://doi.org/10.1145/3038912.3052714.

651

Paul Ohm, “Broken Promises of Privacy: Responding to the Surprising Failure of Anonymization,” UCLA Law Review 57 (August 2010): 1701.

652

de Montjoye et al., “Unique in the Shopping Mall”. См. также: Yves-Alexandre de Montjoye, “Computational Privacy: Towards Privacy-Conscientious Uses of Metadata,” Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015, http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/101850; Nicholas D. Lane et al., “On the Feasibility of User De-Anonymization from Shared Mobile Sensor Data,” in Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Sensing Applications on Mobile Phones: PhoneSense ’12, 2012, http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2389148.

653

Christina DesMarais, “This Smartphone Tracking Tech Will Give You the Creeps,” PCWorld, May 22, 2012, http://www.pcworld.com/article/255802/new_ways_to_track_you_via_your_mobile_devices_big_brother_or_good_business_.html. См. также: “Smartphones – Diagram of Sensors,” Broadcom.com, February 22, 2018, https://www.broadcom.com/applications/wireless/smart-phones.

654

Arvind Narayanan and Edward W. Felten, “No Silver Bullet: De-identification Still Doesn’t Work,” July 9, 2014, http://randomwalker.info/publications/no-silver-bullet-de-identification.pdf.

655

Hal Hodson, “Baidu Uses Millions of Users’ Location Data to Make Predictions,” New Scientist, July 20, 2016, https://www.newscientist.com/article/2098206-baidu-uses-millions-of-users-location-data-to-make-predictions.

656

В 2015 г. носимые устройства – главным образом фитнес-трекеры наподобие Under Armour и умные часы – использовали 29,5 млн взрослых американцев, что означает рост на 57,7 % в сравнении с 2014 г. См.: Mary Ellen Berglund, Julia Duvall, and Lucy E. Dunne, “A Survey of the Historical Scope and Current Trends of Wearable Technology Applications,” in Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers, ISWC ’16 (New York: ACM, 2016), 40–43, https://doi.org/10.1145/2971763.2971796; Kate Kaye, “FTC: Fitness Apps Can Help You Shred Calories – and Privacy,” Advertising Age, May 7, 2014, http://adage.com/article/privacy-and-regulation/ftc-signals-focus-health-fitness-data-privacy/293080.

657

Michelle De Mooy and Shelten Yuen, “Towards Privacy-Aware Research and Development in Wearable Health,” Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 2017 (HICSS-50), January 4, 2017, http://aisel.aisnet.org/hicss-50/hc/security_for_healthcare/4.

658

Sarah Perez, “Google and Levi’s ‘Connected’ Jacket That Lets You Answer Calls, Use Maps and More Is Going on Sale,” TechCrunch, September 25, 2017, http://social.techcrunch.com/2017/09/25/google-and-levis-connected-jacket-that-lets-you-answer-calls-use-maps-and-more-goes-on-sale.

659

Лишь несколько примеров из недавней литературы: Ya-Li Zheng et al., “Unobtrusive Sensing and Wearable Devices for Health Informatics,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 61, no. 5 (2014): 1538–54, https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2014.2309951; Claire Furino et al., “Synthetic Skin-Like Sensing in Wearable Garments,” Rutgers Governor’s School of Engineering and Technology Research Journal, July 16, 2016, http://www.soe.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/imce/pdfs/gset-2016/synth%20skin.pdf; Preeti Kumari, Lini Mathew, and Poonam Syal, “Increasing Trend of Wearables and Multimodal Interface for Human Activity Monitoring: A Review,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics 90, Supplement C (April 15, 2017): 298–307, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.12.001; Arpan Pal, Arijit Mukherjee, and Swarnava Dey, “Future of Healthcare—Sensor Data-Driven Prognosis,” in Wireless World in 2050 and Beyond: A Window into the Future! Springer Series in Wireless Technology (Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2016), 93–109.

660

“Ovum Report: The Future of E-Commerce – the Road to 2026,” Criteo, 2015, http://www.criteo.com/resources/ovum-future-ecommerce.

661

C. S. Pattichis et al., “Wireless Telemedicine Systems: An Overview,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 44, no. 2 (2002): 143–153.

662

A. Solanas et al., “Smart Health: A Context-Aware Health Paradigm Within Smart Cities,” IEEE Communications Magazine 52, no. 8 (2014): 74–81.

663

Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay, “Wearable Sensors for Human Activity Monitoring: A Review,” IEEE Sensors Journal 15, no. 3 (2015): 1321–1330; Stephen S. Intille, Jonathan Lester, James F. Sallis, and Glen Duncan, “New Horizons in Sensor Development,” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 44 (January 2012): S24–31; P. Castillejo, J. F. Martínez, J. Rodríguez-Molina, and A. Cuerva, “Integration of Wearable Devices in a Wireless Sensor Network for an E-health Application,” IEEE Wireless Communications 20, no. 4 (2013): 38–49; J. Cheng, O. Amft, G. Bahle, and P. Lukowicz, “Designing Sensitive Wearable Capacitive Sensors for Activity Recognition,” IEEE Sensors Journal 13, no. 10 (2013): 3935–3947; D. De Rossi and P. Veltink, “Wearable Technology for Biomechanics: E-Textile or Micromechanical Sensors?” IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, May 20, 2010, 37–43.

664

По данным Pew Research за 2012 г., смартфоны имели 53 % американцев, из них 20 % загрузили хотя бы одно приложение, связанное со здоровьем. К 2015 г., согласно общенациональному опросу, смартфоном или другим беспроводным устройством владел 71 % американцев и что из них 32 % загрузили хотя бы одно приложение, связанное со здоровьем, что отражает «желание публики „всегда и везде“ иметь доступ к мониторингу, диагнозу и лечению». См.: Susannah Fox and Maeve Duggan, “Mobile Health 2012,” Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech, November 8, 2012, http://www.pewinternet.org/2012/11/08/mobile-health-2012; Mark Brohan, “Mobile Will Be a Top Health Industry Trend in 2016,” MobileStrategies360, December 11, 2015, https://web-beta.archive.org/web/20160403231014/https://www.mobilestrategies360.com/2015/12/11/mobile-will-be-top-health-industry-trend-2016. Журнал Forbes сообщал о возбуждении, с которым отрасль встретила эту новость: «Крупные фармацевтические компании выпускают сотни мобильных приложений <…> а корпорации прикладывают дополнительные усилия в мобильной области, чтобы поменьше платить за медицинскую страховку для своих сотрудников…». См.: Jennifer Elias, “In 2016, Users Will Trust Health Apps More Than Their Doctors,” Forbes, December 31, 2015, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferelias/2015/12/31/in-2016-users-will-trust-health-apps-more-than-their-doctors.

665

Gabrielle Addonizio, “The Privacy Risks Surrounding Consumer Health and Fitness Apps with HIPAA’s Limitations and the FTC’s Guidance,” Health Law Outlook 9, no. 1 (2016), http://scholarship.shu.edu/health-law-outlook/vol9/iss1/1.

666

“Mobile Health App Developers: FTC Best Practices,” Federal Trade Commission, April 2016, https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/business-center/guidance/mobile-health-app-developers-ftc-best-practices; “Mobile Privacy Disclosures: Building Trust Through Transparency,” Federal Trade Commission, February 2013, https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/reports/mobile-privacy-disclosures-building-trust-through-transparency-federal-trade-commission-staff-report/130201mobileprivacyreport.pdf; Harrison Kaminsky, “FDA States It Will Not Regulate Fitness Trackers and Wellness Apps,” Digital Trends, July 31, 2016, http://www.digitaltrends.com/health-fitness/fda-will-not-regulate-fitness-wellness-apps.

667

Tobias Dehling et al., “Exploring the Far Side of Mobile Health: Information Security and Privacy of Mobile Health Apps on iOS and Android,” JMIR MHealth and UHealth 3, no. 1 (2015): 1–26. В 2013 г. анализ, проведенный организацией Privacy Rights Clearinghouse, поставил целью оценить ряд приложений, связанных со здоровьем и фитнесом, по уровню рисков в области конфиденциальности, включая изъятие личной информации, степень щекотливости этой информации и масштаб ее дальнейшего распространения. См.: “Mobile Health and Fitness Apps: What Are the Privacy Risks?” Privacy Rights Clearinghouse, July 1, 2013, https://www.privacyrights.org/consumer-guides/mobile-health-and-fitness-apps-what-are-privacy-risks; Bruno M. Silva et al., “A Data Encryption Solution for Mobile Health Apps in Cooperation Environments,” Journal of Medical Internet Research 15, no. 4 (2013): e66, https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2498; Miloslava Plachkinova, Steven Andres, and Samir Chatterjee, “A Taxonomy of MHealth Apps – Security and Privacy Concerns,” 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2015, 3187–3196; Soumitra S. Bhuyan et al., “Privacy and Security Issues in Mobile Health: Current Research and Future Directions,” Health Policy and Technology, January 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt.2017.01.004; Borja Martínez-Pérez, Isabel de la Torre-Díez, and Miguel López-Coronado, “Privacy and Security in Mobile Health Apps: A Review and Recommendations,” Journal of Medical Systems 39, no. 1 (2015: 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-014-0181-3.

668

Andrew Hilts, Christopher Parsons, and Jeffrey Knockel, “Every Step You Fake: A Comparative Analysis of Fitness Tracker Privacy and Security,” Open Effect, 2016, https://openeffect.ca/fitness-trackers.

669

Sarah R. Blenner et al., “Privacy Policies of Android Diabetes Apps and Sharing of Health Information,” JAMA 315, no. 10 (2016): 1051–1052, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.19426 (выделено мной. – Ш. З.).

670

Erin Marine, “Biometric Privacy Laws: Illinois and the Fight Against Intrusive Tech,” Fordham Law School, March 29, 2018, https://news.law.fordham.edu/jcfl/2018/03/20/biometric-privacy-laws-illinois-and-the-fight-against-intrusive-tech.

671

Jared Bennett, “Saving Face: Facebook Wants Access Without Limits,” Center for Public Integrity, July 31, 2017, https://www.publicintegrity.org/2017/07/31/21027/saving-face-facebook-wants-access-without-limits.

672

Allan Holmes and Jared Bennett, “Why Mark Zuckerberg’s Senate Hearing Could Mean Little for Facebook’s Privacy Reform,” Center for Public Integrity, April 10, 2018, https://www.publicintegrity.org/2018/04/10/21665/why-mark-zuckerbergs-senate-hearing-could-mean-little-facebooks-privacy-reform.

673

Bennett, “Saving Face”.

674

Yaniv Taigman et al., “DeepFace: Closing the Gap to Human-Level Performance in Face Verification,” Facebook Research, April 14, 2018, https://research.fb.com/publications/deepface-closing-the-gap-to-human-level-performance-in-face-verification.

675

Aviva Rutkin, “Facebook Can Recognise You in Photos Even If You’re Not Looking,” New Scientist, April 14, 2018, https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn27761-facebook-can-recognise-you-in-photos-even-if-youre-not-looking.

676

Bennett, “Saving Face,” 13; April Glaser, “Facebook Is Using an ‘NRA Approach’ to Defend Its Creepy Facial Recognition Programs,” Slate, August 4, 2017, http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2017/08/04/facebook_is_fighting_biometric_facial_recognition_privacy_laws.html; Kartikay Mehrotra, “Tech Companies Are Pushing Back Against Biometric Privacy Laws,” Bloomberg.com, July 20, 2017, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-20/tech-companies-are-pushing-back-against-biometric-privacy-laws; Ally Marotti, “Proposed Changes to Illinois’ Biometric Law Concern Privacy Advocates,” Chicago Tribune, April 13, 2018, http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-illinois-biometrics-bills-20180409-story.html.

677

Kashmir Hill, “You’re Being Secretly Tracked with Facial Recognition, Even in Church,” Splinter, April 14, 2018, https://splinternews.com/youre-being-secretly-tracked-with-facial-recognition-e-1793848585; Robinson Meyer, “Who Owns Your Face?” Atlantic, July 2, 2015.

678

“Privacy Best Practice Recommendations for Commercial Facial Recognition Use,” NTIA, https://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/privacy_best_practices_recommendations_for_commercial_use_of_facial_recogntion.pdf.

679

Alvaro Bedoya et al., “Statement on NTIA Privacy Best Practice Recommendations for Commercial Facial Recognition Use,” Consumer Federation of America, April 14, 2018, https://consumerfed.org/press_release/statement-ntia-privacy-best-practice-recommendations-commercial-facial-recognition-use.

680

Satya Nadella et al., “Satya Nadella: Microsoft Ignite 2016,” September 26, 2016, https://news.microsoft.com/speeches/satya-nadella-microsoft-ignite-2016.

681

Hal R. Varian, “Beyond Big Data,” Business Economics 49, no. 1 (2014): 28–29.

682

Neil McKendrick, “The Consumer Revolution of Eighteenth-Century England,” in Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England, ed. John Brewer and J. H. Plumb (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982), 11.

683

Nathaniel Forster, An Enquiry into the Causes of the Present High Price of Provisions (London: J. Fletcher, 1767), 41.

684

Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, ed. Edwin Cannan (New York: Modern Library, 1994; Адам Смит, Исследование о природе и причинах богатства народов (Москва: Эксмо, 2007).

685

Lee Rainie and Janna Anderson, “The Future of Privacy: Above-and-Beyond Responses: Part 1,” Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech, December 18, 2014, http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/12/18/above-and-beyond-responses-part-1-2/.

686

Tom Simonite, “Google’s Answer to Siri Thinks Ahead,” MIT Technology Review, September 28, 2012, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/429345/googles-answer-to-siri-thinks-ahead; Dieter Bohn, “Google Now: Behind the Predictive Future of Search,” Verge, October 29, 2012, http://www.theverge.com/2012/10/29/3569684/google-now-android-4-2-knowledge-graph-neural-networks.

687

Introducing Google Now, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pPqliPzHYyc; Simonite, “Google’s Answer to Siri”.

688

Bohn, “Google Now”.

689

Drew Olanoff and Josh Constine, “Facebook Is Adding a Personal Assistant Called ‘M’ to Your Messenger App,” TechCrunch, August 26, 2015, http://social.techcrunch.com/2015/08/26/facebook-is-adding-a-personal-assistant-called-m-to-your-messenger-app; Amir Efrati, “Facebook Preps ‘Moneypenny’ Assistant,” Information, July 13, 2015, https://www.theinformation.com/coming-soon-to-facebook-messenger-moneypenny-assistant.

690

Jessi Hempel, “Facebook Launches M, Its Bold Answer to Siri and Cortana,” Wired, August 2015, https://www.wired.com/2015/08/facebook-launches-m-new-kind-virtual-assistant.

691

Andrew Orlowski, “Facebook Scales Back AI Flagship after Chatbots Hit 70 % F-AI–Lure Rate,” Register, February 22, 2017, https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/02/22/facebook_ai_fail/.

692

Cory Weinberg, “How Messenger and ‘M’ Are Shifting Gears,” Information, February 22, 2017, https://www.theinformation.com/how-messenger-and-m-are-shifting-gears.

693

К примеру, в меморандуме Федерального резервного банка Канзас-сити за 2004 г. «распознавание голоса» рассматривается как серьезная угроза показателям занятости в будущем: «Достижения в области технологий распознавания голоса, экспертных систем и искусственного интеллекта могут привести к тому, что компьютеры будут справляться со многими задачами в области обслуживания клиентов и возможно даже с рутинными рентгеновскими обследованиями». См: C. Alan Garner, “Offshoring in the Service Sector: Economic Impact and Policy Issues,” Economic Review 89, no. 3 (2004): 5–37. Ту же тему поднимает часто цитируемое исследование технологической безработицы Фрея и Осборна 2013 г.: «Больше того, компания под названием Smart Action теперь предлагает решения для компьютеризации телефонных звонков с использованием технологии ML и усовершенствованного распознавания речи, что означает шаг вперед в сравнении с традиционными системами интерактивного голосового ответа, обеспечивая экономию затрат от 60 до 80 % по сравнению с аутсорсинговым колл-центром, основанным на человеческом труде». См.: Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael Osborne, “The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 114 (2013): 254–280. См. также контрольное исследование: Philipp Brandes, Roger Wattenhofer, and Stefan Schmid, “Which Tasks of a Job Are Susceptible to Computerization?” Bulletin of EATCS 3, no. 120 (2016), http://bulletin.eatcs.org/index.php/beatcs/article/view/467.

694

“Dave Limp, Exec Behind Amazon’s Alexa: Full Transcript of Interview,” Fortune, July 14, 2016, http://fortune.com/2016/07/14/amazon-alexa-david-limp-transcript.

695

См.: Matthew Lynley, “Google Unveils Google Assistant, a Virtual Assistant That’s a Big Upgrade to Google Now,” TechCrunch, May 18, 2016, http://social.techcrunch.com/2016/05/18/google-unveils-google-assistant-a-big-upgrade-to-google-now. См. также: Minda Smiley, “Google I/O Conference: Three Takeaways for Marketers,” Drum, May 19, 2016, http://www.thedrum.com/news/2016/05/19/google-io-conference-three-takeaways-marketers. Речь Пичаи см. в: Sundar Pichai, “Google I/O 2016 Keynote,” Singju Post, May 20, 2016, http://singjupost.com/google-io-2016-keynote-full-transcript.

696

Pichai, “Google I/O 2016 Keynote”.

697

Ibid.

698

Jing Cao and Dina Bass, “Why Google, Microsoft and Amazon Love the Sound of Your Voice,” Bloomberg Businessweek, December 13, 2016, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-12-13/why-google-microsoft-and-amazon-love-the-sound-of-your-voice.

699

A. J. Dellinger, “I Took a Job Listening to Your Siri Conversations,” Daily Dot, March 2, 2015, https://www.dailydot.com/debug/siri-google-now-cortana-conversations.

700

“Global Smart Appliances Market 2016–2020,” Technavio, April 10, 2017, https://www.technavio.com/report/global-home-kitchen-and-large-appliances-global-smart-appliances-market-2016-2020; Adi Narayan, “Samsung Wants to Put Your Home on a Remote,” BusinessWeek: Technology, December 11, 2014.

701

Alex Hern, “Samsung Rejects Concern over ‘Orwellian’ Privacy Policy,” Guardian, February 9, 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/feb/09/samsung-rejects-concern-over-orwellian-privacy-policy.

702

Hern, “Samsung Rejects Concern”.

703

Electronic Privacy Information Center, “EPIC – Samsung ‘SmartTV’ Complaint,” EPIC.org, May 9, 2017, https://epic.org/privacy/internet/ftc/samsung/.

704

“EPIC – Samsung ‘SmartTV’ Complaint,” EPIC.org, May 9, 2017, https://epic.org/privacy/internet/ftc/samsung; “Samsung Privacy Policy,” Samsung, February 10, 2015, http://www.samsung.com/us/common/privacy.html; “Nuance Communications, Inc. Privacy Policy General Information,” Nuance, December 2015, https://www.nuance.com/about-us/company-policies/privacy-policies.html.

705

Committee on Privacy and Consumer Protection, “Connected Televisions,” Pub. L. No. 1116, § 35, 22948.20–2298.25, 2015, https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB1116.

706

Megan Wollerton, “Voice Control Comes to the Forefront of the Smart Home,” CNET, December 1, 2014, https://www.cnet.com/news/voice-control-roundup; David Katzmaier, “Think Smart TV Is Dumb? Samsung Aims to Change Your Mind by Controlling Your Gear,” CNET, April 14, 2016, https://www.cnet.com/news/think-smart-tv-is-dumb-samsung-aims-to-change-your-mind-by-controlling-your-gear; David Pierce, “Soon, You’ll Be Able to Control Every Corner of Your Smart Home with a Single Universal Remote,” Wired, January 7, 2016, https://www.wired.com/2016/01/smart-home-universal-remote.

707

“VIZIO to Pay $2.2 Million to FTC, State of New Jersey to Settle Charges It Collected Viewing Histories on 11 Million Smart Televisions Without Users’ Consent,” Federal Trade Commission, February 6, 2017, https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2017/02/vizio-pay-22-million-ftc-state-new-jersey-settle-charges-it; Nick Visser, “Vizio to Pay Millions After Secretly Spying on Customers, Selling Viewer Data,” Huffington Post, February 7, 2017, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/vizio-settlement_us_589962dee4b0c1284f27e534.

708

Lesley Fair, “What Vizio Was Doing Behind the TV Screen,” Federal Trade Commission, February 6, 2017, https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/blogs/business-blog/ 2017/02/what-vizio-was-doing-behind-tv-screen.

709

Maureen K. Ohlhausen, “Concurring Statement of Acting Chairman Maureen K. Ohlhausen – In the Matter of Vizio, Inc. – Matter No. 1623024,” Federal Trade Commission, February 6, 2017, https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/public_statements/1070773/vizio_concurring_statement_of_chairman_ohlhausen_2-6-17.pdf.

710

EPIC.org, “Federal Trade Commission – In the Matter of Genesis Toys and Nuance Communications – Complaint and Request for Investigation, Injunction and Other Relief,” December 6, 2016, https://epic.org/privacy/kids/EPIC–IPR-FTC-Genesis-Complaint.pdf; Kate Cox, “These Toys Don’t Just Listen to Your Kid; They Send What They Hear to a Defense Contractor,” Consumerist, December 6, 2016, https://consumerist.com/2016/12/06/these-toys-dont-just-listen-to-your-kid-they-send-what-they-hear-to-a-defense-contractor.

711

“Federal Trade Commission – In the Matter of Genesis Toys”.

712

“Federal Trade Commission – In the Matter of Genesis Toys”. См. также Jiri Havelka and Raimo Bakis, Systems and methods for facilitating communication using an interactive communication system, US20170013124 A1, filed July 6,2015, and issued January 12, 2017, http://www.google.com/patents/US20170013124.

713

James Vlahos, “Barbie Wants to Get to Know Your Child,” New York Times, September 16, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/20/magazine/barbie-wants-to-get-to-know-your-child.html?action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=photo-spot-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news; Evie Nagy, “After the Fracas Over Hello Barbie, ToyTalk Responds to Its Critics,” Fast Company, May 23, 2015, https://www.fastcompany.com/3045676/after-the-fracas-over-hello-barbie-toytalk-responds-to-its-critics; Mike Krieger, “Big Barbie Is Watching You: Meet the WiFi-Connected Doll That Talks to Your Kids& Records Them,” Zero Hedge, January 7, 2013, http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2015-02-23/big-barbie-watching-you-meet-wifi-connected-doll-talks-your-kids-records-them; Issie Lapowsky, “Pixar Vets Reinvent Speech Recognition So It Works for Kids,” Wired, September 25, 2014, https://www.wired.com/2014/09/toytalk; Tim Moynihan, “Barbie Has a New Super-Dope Dreamhouse That’s Voice-Activated and Connected to the Internet,” Wired, September 15, 2016, https://www.wired.com/2016/09/barbies-new-smart-home-crushing-hard; Irina D. Manta and David S. Olson, “Hello Barbie: First They Will Monitor You, Then They Will Discriminate Against You. Perfectly,” Alabama Law Review 135, no. 67 (2015), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2578815. См. также: “ToyTalk | Legal | Hello Barbie/Barbie Hello Dreamhouse Privacy Policy,” ToyTalk, March 30, 2017, https://www.toytalk.com/hellobarbie/privacy.

714

Moynihan, “Barbie Has a New Super-Dope Dreamhouse”.

715

Paul Ziobro and Joann S. Lublin, “Mattel Finds Its New CEO at Google,” Wall Street Journal, January 18, 2017.

716

James Vincent, “German Watchdog Tells Parents to Destroy Wi-Fi—Connected Doll Over Surveillance Fears,” Verge, February 17, 2017, http://www.theverge.com/2017/2/17/14647280/talking-doll-hack-cayla-german-government-ban; Thomas Claburn, “Smash Up Your Kid’s Bluetooth-Connected Cayla ‘Surveillance’ Doll, Germany Urges Parents,” Register, February 17, 2017, https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/02/17/cayla_doll_banned_in_germany; Hayley Tsukayama, “Mattel Has Canceled Plans for a Kid-Focused AI Device That Drew Privacy Concerns,” Washington Post, October 4, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2017/10/04/mattel-has-an-ai-device-to-soothe-babies-experts-are-begging-them-not-to-sell-it.

717

Frank Pasquale, “Will Amazon Take Over the World?” Boston Review, July 20, 2017, https://bostonreview.net/class-inequality/frank-pasquale-will-amazon-take-over-world; Lina M. Khan, “Amazon’s Antitrust Paradox,” April 16, 2018, https://www.yalelawjournal.org/note/amazons-antitrust-paradox.

718

Kevin McLaughlin et al., “Bezos Ordered Alexa App Push,” Information, November 16, 2016, https://www.theinformation.com/bezos-ordered-alexa-app-push; “The Real Reasons That Amazon’s Alexa May Become the Go-To AI for the Home,” Fast Company, April 8, 2016, https://www.fastcompany.com/3058721/app-economy/the-real-reasons-that-amazons-alexa-may-become-the-go-to-ai-for-the-home; “Amazon Lex – Build Conversation Bots,” Amazon Web Services, February 24, 2017, https//aws.amazon.com/lex.

719

“Dave Limp, Exec Behind Amazon’s Alexa”.

720

Aaron Tilley and Priya Anand, “Apple Loses Ground to Amazon in Smart Home Deals with Builders,” Information, April 16, 2018, https://www.theinformation.com/articles/apple-loses-ground-to-amazon-in-smart-home-deals-with-builders.

721

Sapna Maheshwari, “Hey, Alexa, What Can You Hear? And What Will You Do with It?” New York Times, March 31, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/31/business/media/amazon-google-privacy-digital-assistants.html.

722

Alex Hern, “Amazon to Release Alexa-Powered Smart glasses, Reports Say,” Guardian, September 20, 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/sep/20/amazon-alexa-smartglasses-google-glass-snapchat-spectacles-voice-assistant; Scott Gillum, “Why Amazon Is the New Google for Buying,” MediaInsider, September 14, 2017, https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/307348/why-amazon-is-the-new-google-for-buying.html; Mike Shields, “Amazon Looms Quietly in Digital Ad Landscape,” Wall Street Journal, October 6, 2016, http://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-looms-quietly-in-digital-ad-landscape-1475782113.

723

Keith Naughton and Spencer Soper, “Alexa, Take the Wheel: Ford Models to Put Amazon in Driver Seat,” Bloomberg.com, January 5, 2017, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-05/steering-wheel-shopping-arrives-as-alexa-hitches-ride-with-ford; Ryan Knutson and Laura Stevens, “Amazon and Google Consider Turning Smart Speakers into Home Phones,” Wall Street Journal, February 15, 2017, https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-google-dial-up-plans-to-turn-smart-speakers-into-home-phones-1487154781;Kevin McLaughlin, “AWS Takes Aim at Call Center Industry,” Information, February 28, 2017, https://www.theinformation.com/aws-takes-aim-at-call-center-industry.

724

Lucas Matney, “Siri-Creator Shows Off First Public Demo of Viv, ‘The Intelligent Interface for Everything,’” TechCrunch, http://social.techcrunch.com/2016/05/09/siri-creator-shows-off-first-public-demo-of-viv-the-intelligent-interface-for-everything.

725

Shoshana Zuboff, In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power (New York: Basic, 1988), 381.

726

Ibid., 362–386.

727

Ibid., 383.

728

«Мамаша Белл» (Ma Bell) – устаревшее прозвище группы компаний, связанных с The Bell Telephone Company, долгое время монополизировавших рынок телефонной связи в США. – Прим. пер.

729

С 1980-х гг. пятифакторная модель стала стандартом, потому что легко поддается количественному анализу. Модель основана на таксономии личностных черт в пяти измерениях: экстраверсия (общительность и энергичность, поиск стимуляции в компании других), доброжелательность (теплота, сострадание и готовность помочь), добросовестность (склонность проявлять самодисциплину, организованность и целеустремленность), невротизм (подверженность негативным эмоциям) и открытость к опыту (склонность к интеллектуальному любопытству, творческому подходу и открытости к новым чувствам).

730

Jennifer Golbeck, Cristina Robles, and Karen Turner, “Predicting Personality with Social Media,” in CHI ’11 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA ’11 (New York: ACM, 2011), 253–262.

731

Jennifer Golbeck, Cristina Robles, Michon Edmondson, and Karen Turner, “Predicting Personality from Twitter,” in 2011 IEEE Third International Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust and 2011 IEEE Third International Conference on Social Computing (PASSAT-SocialCom 2011), ed. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and Computer Society (Boston: IEEE, 2011).

732

Golbeck, Robles, and Turner, “Predicting Personality with Social Media”.

733

Daniele Quercia et al., “Our Twitter Profiles, Our Selves: Predicting Personality with Twitter,” IEEE, 2011, 180–185.

734

С 2010 г. Центр психометрических исследований стал «сетью стратегических исследований» в рамках Кембриджского университета, имеющей исследовательские альянсы с представителями различных дисциплин университета. Поскольку все более заметные результаты работы этой группы втянулись в орбиту операций надзорного капитализм, стоит отметить, что Центр получил приглашение перейти под эгиду университетской бизнес-школы. Приглашение со стороны бизнес-школы было напрямую связано с коммерческими перспективами Центра и, прежде всего, с перспективами в области глубинного излишка и прогнозирования личности, поскольку их можно применить к прогнозным нуждам надзорного капитализма. Так, объявляя об интеграции центра в кампус и исследовательскую программу бизнес-школы, ее директор отметил: «Сегодня цифровые следы, которые мы оставляем за собой, позволяют машинам воспринимать всю нашу онлайн-деятельность как „тест“. Наши лайки в Facebook, слова, которые мы используем в твитах и электронных письмах, загружаемые нами картинки – все это дает „элементы“, по которым машина может понять, кто мы, что нами движет и мотивирует нас и чем мы отличаемся друг от друга. Психометрия находится на переднем крае разработок в области интеллектуального окружения и интернета вещей, питая подключенную к интернету среду, чувствительную к нашим нуждам и реагирующую на них». Директор по развитию бизнес-школы поделился еще более конкретными замечаниями относительно непосредственной коммерческой ценности данных, некогда создававшихся исключительно ради возможностей личной обратной связи: «Опыт Центра в оценке, измерении и прогнозировании расширит возможности бизнес-школы Кембриджского университета в плане освоения новых рубежей создания стоимости для нашей глобальной клиентской сети. Мы будем <…> оказывать поддержку мирового уровня в решении некоторых из самых захватывающих задач современного бизнеса…» См.: “Psychometrics Centre Moves to Cambridge Judge Business School – the Psychometrics Centre,” University of Cambridge, July 19, 2016, http://www.psychometrics.cam.ac.uk/news/Move_to_JBS; “Dr David Stillwell, Deputy Director – the Psychometrics Centre,” March 9, 2017, http://www.psychometrics.cam.ac.uk/about-us/directory/david-stillwell.

735

Bobbie Johnson, “Privacy No Longer a Social Norm, Says Facebook Founder,” Guardian, January 10, 2010, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/jan/11/facebook-privacy.

736

Yoram Bachrach et al., “Personality and Patterns of Facebook Usage,” Microsoft Research, January 1, 2012, https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/personality-and-patterns-of-facebook-usage.

737

Michal Kosinski, David Stillwell, and Thore Graepel, “Private Traits and Attributes Are Predictable from Digital Records of Human Behavior,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110, no. 15 (2013): 5802–5805.

738

G. Park et al., “Automatic Personality Assessment Through Social Media Language,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 108, no. 6 (2015): 934–952.

739

Michal Kosinski et al., “Mining Big Data to Extract Patterns and Predict Real-Life Outcomes,” Stanford Graduate School of Business 21, no. 4 (2016): 1; Michal Kosinski, “Dr Michal Kosinski,” February 28, 2018, http://www.michalkosinski.com.

740

Park et al., “Automatic Personality Assessment”. См. также: Peter J. Rentfrow et al., “Divided We Stand: Three Psychological Regions of the United States and Their Political, Economic, Social, and Health Correlates,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 105, no. 6 (2013): 996–1012; Dejan Markovikj, Sonja Gievska, Michal Kosinski, and David Stillwell, “Mining Facebook Data for Predictive Personality Modeling,” Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, 2013, https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/sites/gsb/files/conf-presentations/miningfacebook.pdf; H. Andrew Schwartz et al., “Predicting Individual Well-Being Through the Language of Social Media,” in Biocomputing 2016: Proceedings of the Pacific Symposium, 2016, 516–527; H. Andrew Schwartz et al., “Extracting Human Temporal Orientation from Facebook Language,” Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, 2015, http://www.academia.edu/15692796/Extracting_Human_Temporal_Orientation_from_Facebook_Language; David M. Greenberg et al., “The Song Is You: Preferences for Musical Attribute Dimensions Reflect Personality, ”Social Psychological and Personality Science 7, no. 6 (2016): 597–605; Michal Kosinski, David Stillwell, and Thore Graepel, “Private Traits and Attributes Are Predictable from Digital Records of Human Behavior,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110, no. 15 (2013): 5802–5805.

741

Wu Youyou, Michal Kosinski, and David Stillwell, “Computer-Based Personality Judgments Are More Accurate Than Those Made by Humans,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 4 (2015): 1036–1040.

742

Tsung-Yi Chen, Meng-Che Tsai, and Yuh-Min Chen, “A User’s Personality Prediction Approach by Mining Network Interaction Behaviors on Facebook,” Online Information Review 40, no. 7 (2016): 913–937.

743

Sam Biddle, “Facebook Uses Artificial Intelligence to Predict Your Future Actions for Advertisers, Says Confidential Document,” Intercept, April 13, 2018, https://theintercept.com/2018/04/13/facebook-advertising-data-artificial-intelligence-ai.

744

Пятифакторная модель популярна отчасти потому, что легко поддается оценке с помощью простых протоколов. Личностные черты, которые он описывает, имеют очевидную валидность: соответствуют здравому смыслу и легко наблюдаемы. Например, человек хорошо организованный, вероятно, получит высокий результат по шкале добросовестности. Тот, кто любит находиться в окружении группы друзей, скорее всего, получит высокие баллы за экстраверсию и так далее. Точно так же Косински и его соавторы указывают на тесную связь между «лайками» в Facebook и пятью факторами из модели: «Участники с высокой открытостью к опыту обычно „лайкают“ Сальвадора Дали, медитацию или TED talks…». Эти корреляции очевидны и поэтому их легко оценивать, программировать и масштабировать. Люди не могут конкурировать в плане масштаба, зато превосходят машины по охвату. Косински и его коллеги знают об этом, допуская, что человеческое восприятие «гибко» и «способно улавливать многие подсознательные сигналы, недоступные машинам». См.: Youyou, Kosinski, and Stillwell, “Computer-Based Personality Judgments Are More Accurate”.

745

CaPPr, Interview with Michal Kosinski on Personality and Facebook Likes, May 20, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJGuWKqwYRk.

746

Leqi Liu et al., “Analyzing Personality Through Social Media Profile Picture Choice,” Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, 2016, https://sites.sas.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/danielpr/files/persimages16icwsm.pdf; Sharath Chandra Guntuku et al., “Do Others Perceive You as You Want Them To? Modeling Personality Based on Selfies,” in Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Affect & Sentiment in Multimedia, ASM ’15 (New York: ACM, 2015), 21–26; Bruce Ferwerda, Markus Schedl, and Marko Tkalcic, “Using Instagram Picture Features to Predict Users’ Personality,” in MultiMedia Modeling (Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2016), 850–61, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27671-7_71; Golbeck, Robles, and Turner, “Predicting Personality with Social Media”; Chen, Tsai, and Chen, “A User’s Personality Prediction Approach”; Schwartz et al., “Predicting Individual Well-Being”.

747

CaPPr, Interview with Michal Kosinski.

748

“IBM Cloud Makes Hybrid a Reality for the Enterprise,” IBM, February 23, 2015, https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/46136.wss.

749

“IBM Watson Personality Insights,” IBM Watson Developer Cloud, October 14, 2017, https://personality-insights-livedemo.mybluemix.net; “IBM Personality Insights – Needs,” IBM Watson Developer Cloud, October 14, 2017, https://console.bluemix.net/docs/services/personality-insights/needs.html#needs; “IBM Personality Insights – Values,” IBM Watson Developer Cloud, October 14, 2017, https://console.bluemix.net/docs/services/personality-insights/values.html#values.

750

“IBM Personality Insights – Use Cases,” IBM Cloud Docs, November 8, 2017, https://console.bluemix.net/docs/services/personality-insights/usecases.html#usecases.

751

См.: Vibha Sinha, “Personality of Your Agent Matters – an Empirical Study on Twitter Conversations – Watson Dev,” Watson, November 3, 2016, https://developer.ibm.com/watson/blog/2016/11/03/personality-of-your-agent-matters-an-empirical-study-on-twitter-conversations. В исследовании, проведенном с участием брокера данных Acxiom, две эти гигантские корпорации решили определить, позволяют ли личностные находки IBM более точно прогнозировать предпочтения в потреблении, чем более стандартная демографическая информация, собранная брокерами данных. Результаты были положительными. После изучения 133 потребительских предпочтений около 785 000 человек в США, добавление личностных данных улучшило точность прогноза для 115 предпочтений (86,5 %). Прогнозирование на основе одних только личностных данных оказалось более точным, чем прогнозы по демографическим данным, для 23 из этих предпочтений. Исследователи отмечают с определенным энтузиазмом, что в 61 % случаев «личностные находки» Ватсона могут точно предсказать определенные категории предпочтений, такие как «кемпинг/пеший туризм», «без получения каких-либо данных от пользователя». Они признают, что доход человека также является мощным предиктором потребления, но жалуются, что информация о доходах «очень щепетильна» и «трудна для сбора» по сравнению с личностными данными, которые «можно извлечь непосредственно из профиля человека в социальных сетях». См.: IBM-Acxiom, “Improving Consumer Consumption Preference Prediction Accuracy with Personality Insights,” March 2016, https://www.ibm.com/watson/developercloud/doc/personality-insights/applied.shtml.

752

IBM-Acxiom, “Improving Consumer Consumption Preference Prediction Accuracy”.

753

“Social Media Analytics,” Xerox Research Center Europe, April 3, 2017, http://www.xrce.xerox.com/Our-Research/Natural-Language-Processing/Social-Media-Analytics; Amy Webb, “8 Tech Trends to Watch in 2016,” Harvard Business Review, December 8, 2015, https://hbr.org/2015/12/8-tech-trends-to-watch-in-2016; Christina Crowell, “Machines That Talk to Us May Soon Sense Our Feelings, Too,” Scientific American, June 24, 2016, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/machines-that-talk-to-us-may-soon-sense-our-feelings-too; R. G. Conlee, “How Automation and Analytics Are Changing Customer Care,” Conduent Blog, July 18, 2016, https://www.blogs.conduent.com/2016/07/18/how-automation-and-analytics-are-changing-customer-care;Ryan Knutson, “Call Centers May Know a Surprising Amount About You,” Wall Street Journal, January 6, 2017, http://www.wsj.com/articles/that-anonymous-voice-at-the-call-center-they-may-know-a-lot-about-you-1483698608.

754

Nicholas Confessore and Danny Hakim, “Bold Promises Fade to Doubts for a Trump-Linked Data Firm,” New York Times, March 6, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/06/us/politics/cambridge-analytica.html; Mary-Ann Russon, “Political Revolution: How Big Data Won the US Presidency for Donald Trump,” International Business Times UK, January 20, 2017, http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/political-revolution-how-big-data-won-us-presidency-donald-trump-1602269; Grassegger and Krogerus, “The Data That Turned the World Upside Down”; Carole Cadwalladr, “Revealed: How US Billionaire Helped to Back Brexit,” Guardian, February 25, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/feb/26/us-billionaire-mercer-helped-back-brexit; Paul-Olivier Dehaye, “The (Dis)Information Mercenaries Now Controlling Trump’s Databases,” Medium, January 3, 2017, https://medium.com/personaldata-io/the-dis-information-mercenaries-now-controlling-trumps-databases-4f6a20d4f3e7; Harry Davies, “Ted Cruz Using Firm That Harvested Data on Millions of Unwitting Facebook Users,” Guardian, December 11, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/dec/11/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data.

755

Concordia, The Power of Big Data and Psychographics, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8Dd5aVXLCc.

756

См.: “Speak the Customer’s Language with Behavioral Microtargeting,” Dealer Marketing, December 1, 2016, http://www.dealermarketing.com/speak-the-customers-language-with-behavioral-microtargeting.

757

Sam Biddle, “Facebook Uses Artificial Intelligence to Predict Your Future Actions for Advertisers, Says Confidential Document,” Intercept, April 13, 2018, https://theintercept.com/2018/04/13/facebook-advertising-data-artificial-intelligence-ai/.

758

“Introducing FB Flow: Facebook’s AI Backbone,” Jeffrey Dunn, Facebook Code, May 9, 2016, https://code.facebook.com/posts/1072626246134461/introducing-fblearner-flow-facebook-s-ai-backbone.

759

Andy Kroll, “Cloak and Data: The Real Story Behind Cambridge Analytica’s Rise and Fall,” Mother Jones, March 24, 2018, https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2018/03/cloak-and-data-cambridge-analytica-robert-mercer.

760

Carole Cadwalladr, “‘I Made Steve Bannon’s Psychological Warfare Tool’: Meet the Data War Whistleblower,” Guardian, March 18, 2018, http://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/17/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump; Kroll, “Cloak and Data”.

761

Matthew Rosenberg, Nicholas Confessore, and Carole Cadwalladr, “How Trump Consultants Exploited the Facebook Data of Millions,” New York Times, March 17, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/17/us/politics/cambridge-analytica-trump-campaign.html; Emma Graham-Harrison and Carole Cadwalladr, “Revealed: 50 Million Facebook Profiles Harvested for Cambridge Analytica in Major Data Breach,” Guardian, March 17, 2018, http://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/17/cambridge-analytica-facebook-influence-us-election; Julia Carrie Wong and Paul Lewis, “Facebook Gave Data About 57bn Friendships to Academic,” Guardian, March 22, 2018, http://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/22/facebook-gave-data-about-57bn-friendships-to-academic-aleksandr-kogan; Olivia Solon, “Facebook Says Cambridge Analytica May Have Gained 37m More Users’ Data,” Guardian, April 4, 2018, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/apr/04/facebook-cambridge-analytica-user-data-latest-more-than-thought.

762

Paul Lewis and Julia Carrie Wong, “Facebook Employs Psychologist Whose Firm Sold Data to Cambridge Analytica,” Guardian, March 18, 2018, http://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/18/facebook-cambridge-analytica-joseph-chancellor-gsr.

763

Kroll, “Cloak and Data”.

764

Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius et al., “Online Political Microtargeting: Promises and Threats for Democracy” (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, February 9, 2018), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract= 3128787.

765

См.: Cadwalladr, “‘I Made Steve Bannon’s Psychological Warfare Tool’”.

766

Charlotte McEleny, “European Commission Issues €3.6m Grant for Tech That Measures Content ‘Likeability,’” CampaignLive.co.uk, April 20, 2015, http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/european-commission-issues-€36m-grant-tech-measures-content-likeability/1343366.

767

“2016 Innovation Radar Prize Winners,” Digital Single Market, September 26,2016, https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/2016-innovation-radar-prize-winners.

768

“Affective Computing Market – Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast 2015–2023,” Transparency Market Research, 2017, http://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/affective-computing-market.html.

769

Patrick Mannion, “ Facial-Recognition Sensors Adapt to Track Emotions, Mood, and Stress,” EDN, March 3, 2016, http://www.edn.com/electronics-blogs/sensor-ee-perception/4441565/Facial-recognition-sensors-adapt-to-track-emotions—mood—and-stress; “Marketers, Welcome to the World of Emotional Analytics,” MarTech Today, January 12, 2016, https://martechtoday.com/marketers-welcome-to-the-world-of-emotional-analytics-159152; Ben Virdee-Chapman, “5 Companies Using Facial Recognition to Change the World,” Kairos, May 26, 2016, https://www.kairos.com/blog/5-companies-using-facial-recognition-to-change-the-world; “Affectiva Announces New Facial Coding Solution for Qualitative Research,” Affectiva, May 7, 2014, https://web-beta.archive.org/web/20160625173829/http://www.affectiva.com/news/affectiva-announces-new-facial-coding-solution-for-qualitative-research; Ahmad Jalal, Shaharyar Kamal, and Daijin Kim, “Human Depth Sensors-Based Activity Recognition Using Spatiotemporal Features and Hidden Markov Model for Smart Environments,” Journal of Computer Networks and Communications (2016), https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8087545; M. Kakarla and G. R. M. Reddy, “A Real Time Facial Emotion Recognition Using Depth Sensor and Interfacing with Second Life Based Virtual 3D Avatar,” in International Conference on Recent Advances and Innovations in Engineering (ICRAIE-2014), 2014, 1–7.

770

“Sewa Project: Automatic Sentiment Analysis in the Wild,” SEWA, April 25, 2017, https://sewaproject.eu/description.

771

Mihkel Jäätma, “Realeyes – Emotion Measurement,” Realeyes Data Services, 2016, https://www.realeyesit.com/Media/Default/Whitepaper/Realeyes_Whitepaper.pdf.

772

Mihkel Jäätma, “Realeyes – Emotion Measurement”.

773

Alex Browne, “Realeyes – Play Your Audience Emotions to Stay on Top of the Game,” Realeyes, February 21, 2017, https://www.realeyesit.com/blog/play-your-audience-emotions.

774

“Realeyes – Emotions,” Realeyes, April 2, 2017, https://www.realeyesit.com/emotions.

775

“See What Industrial Advisors Think About SEWA,” SEWA, April 24, 2017, https://sewaproject.eu/qa#ElissaMoses.

776

Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920–1940 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).

777

Среди ранних ключевых работ: Paul Ekman and Wallace V. Friesen, “The Repertoire of Nonverbal Behavior: Categories, Origins, Usage and Coding,” Semiotica 1, no. 1 (1969): 49–98; Paul Ekman and Wallace V. Friesen, “Constants Across Cultures in the Face and Emotion,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 17, no. 2 (1971): 124–129; P. Ekman and W. V. Friesen, “Nonverbal Leakage and Clues to Deception,” Psychiatry 32, no. 1 (1969): 88–106; Paul Ekman, E. Richard Sorenson, and Wallace V. Friesen, “Pan-Cultural Elements in Facial Displays of Emotion,” Science 164, no. 3875 (1969): 86–88; Paul Ekman, Wallace V. Friesen, and Silvan S. Tomkins, “Facial Affect Scoring Technique: A First Validity Study,” Semiotica 3, no. 1 (1971): 37–58.

778

Ekman and Friesen, “Nonverbal Leakage”.

779

Ekman and Friesen, “The Repertoire of Nonverbal Behavior”.

780

Paul Ekman, “An Argument for Basic Emotions,” Cognition and Emotion 6, nos. 3–4 (1992): 169–200.

781

Экман и его коллеги опубликовали статью, описывающую их собственный подход к «автоматизированному измерению выражений лица» в 1997 г., в один год с выходом книги Розалин Пикард «Аффективные вычисления»: Rosalind W. Picard, Affective Computing (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000).

782

Rosalind W. Picard, Affective Computing, Chapter 3.

783

Picard, Affective Computing, 244.

784

Ibid., 123–124, 136–137.

785

Barak Reuven Naveh, Techniques for emotion detection and content delivery, US20150242679 A1, filed February 25, 2014, and issued August 27, 2015, http://www.google.com/patents/US20150242679.

786

Naveh, Techniques for emotion detection and content delivery, paragraph 32.

787

“Affective Computing Market by Technology (Touch-Based and Touchless), Software (Speech Recognition, Gesture Recognition, Facial Feature Extraction, Analytics Software, & Enterprise Software), Hardware, Vertical, and Region – Forecast to 2021,” Markets and Markets, March 2017, http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/affective-computing-market-130730395.html.

788

Raffi Khatchadourian, “We Know How You Feel,” New Yorker, January 19, 2015, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/01/19/know-feel.

789

Khatchadourian, “We Know How You Feel”.

790

Ibid.

791

“Affectiva,” Crunchbase, October 22, 2017, https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/affectiva.

792

Lora Kolodny, “Affectiva Raises $14 Million to Bring Apps, Robots Emotional Intelligence,” TechCrunch, May 25, 2016, http://social.techcrunch.com/2016/05/25/affectiva-raises-14-million-to-bring-apps-robots-emotional-intelligence; Rana el Kaliouby, “Emotion Technology Year in Review: Affectiva in 2016,” Affectiva, December 29, 2016, http://blog.affectiva.com/emotion-technology-year-in-review-affectiva-in-2016.

793

Matthew Hutson, “Our Bots, Ourselves,” Atlantic, March 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/03/our-bots-ourselves/513839.

794

Patrick Levy-Rosenthal, “Emoshape Announces Production of the Emotions Processing Unit II,” Emoshape | Emotions Synthesis, January 18, 2016, http://emoshape.com/emoshape-announces-production-of-the-emotions-processing-unit-ii.

795

Tom Foster, “Ready or Not, Companies Will Soon Be Tracking Your Emotions,” Inc.com, June 21, 2016, https://www.inc.com/magazine/201607/tom-foster/lightwave-monitor-customer-emotions.html; “Emotion as a Service,” Affectiva, March 30, 2017, http://www.affectiva.com/product/emotion-as-a-service;“Affectiva Announces Availability of Emotion as a Service, a New Data Solution, and Version 2.0 of Its Emotion-Sensing SDK,” PR Newswire, September 8, 2015, http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/affectiva-announces-availability-of-emotion-as-a-service-a-new-data-solution-and-version-20-of-its-emotion-sensing-sdk-300139001.html.

796

См.: Khatchadourian, “We Know How You Feel”.

797

Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness, trans. Hazel E. Barnes (New York: Washington Square, 1993), 573; Жан-Поль Сартр, Бытие и ничто: Опыт феноменологической онтологии (Москва: Республика, 2000), с. 454–455 (перевод изменен. – Прим. пер.).

798

Jean-Paul Sartre, Situations (New York: George Braziller, 1965), 333.

799

“Kairos for Market Researchers,” Kairos, March 9, 2017, https://www.kairos.com/human-analytics/market-researchers.

800

Picard, Affective Computing, 119, 123, 244, 123–124, 136–137. См. также Главу 4.

801

Rosalind Picard, “Towards Machines That Deny Their Maker – Lecture with Rosalind Picard,” VBG, April 22, 2016, http://www.vbg.net/ueber-uns/agenda/termin/3075.html.

802

Joseph Weizenbaum, “Not Without Us,” ETC: A Review of General Semantics 44, no. 1 (1987): 44–45.

803

Пер. А. Ситницкого.

804

Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein, Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness, rev. ed. (New York: Penguin, 2009), 6; Ричард Талер и Касс Санстейн, Nudge. Архитектура выбора (Москва: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2017), 16.

805

Elizabeth J. Lyons et al., “Behavior Change Techniques Implemented in Electronic Lifestyle Activity Monitors: A Systematic Content Analysis,” Journal of Medical Internet Research 16, no. 8 (2014), e192. Экономическая теория и практика модификации поведения предполагают неизбежное присутствие интернета с его изобилием цифровых инструментов. Группа британских исследователей опросила пятьдесят пять экспертов по поведению, чтобы составить «иерархически структурированную таксономию методов, используемых в вмешательствах по изменению поведения, которую приняли бы все». В ходе этого опроса было выявлено девяносто три различных метода изменения поведения, которые были сгруппированы в шестнадцать методологических блоков: «запланированные последствия», «вознаграждение и угроза», «повторение и подмена», «антецеденты», «ассоциации», «обратная связь и мониторинг», «целеполагание и планирование», «социальная поддержка», «сравнение поведения», «объяснение естественных последствий», «представления о себе», «сравнение результатов», «формирование знаний», «регулирование», «идентичность» и «скрытое научение».

Исследователи предупреждают, что изменение поведения – «быстро меняющаяся область». В качестве иллюстрации они отмечают, что первая такая таксономия, опубликованная всего за четыре года до того, включала в себя лишь двадцать два метода изменения поведения, многие из которых были ориентированы на индивида и требовали взаимодействия лицом к лицу и выстраивания отношений. Напротив, новейшие методики нацелены на «вмешательства на уровне групп и обществ», что говорит о переходе операций по изменению поведения к использованию новых возможностей (контекстуальный контроль, автоматизированные цифровые «подталкивания», массовое оперантное обусловливание) открываемых сетевым инструментарием, на который полагается экономия за счет действия. См. Susan Michie et al., “The Behavior Change Technique Taxonomy (v1) of 93 Hierarchically Clustered Techniques: Building an International Consensus for the Reporting of Behavior Change Interventions,” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 46, no. 1 (2013): 81–95.

806

Hal R. Varian, “Beyond Big Data,” Business Economics 49, no. 1 (2014): 6.

807

Varian, “Beyond Big Data,” 7.

808

Robert M. Bond et al., “A 61-Million-Person Experiment in Social Influence and Political Mobilization,” Nature 489, no. 7415 (2012): 295–298.

809

Bond et al., “A 61-Million-Person Experiment”.

810

Andrew Ledvina, “10 Ways Facebook Is Actually the Devil,” AndrewLedvina.com, July 4, 2017, http://andrewledvina.com/code/2014/07/04/10-ways-facebook-is-the-devil.html.

811

Jonathan Zittrain, “Facebook Could Decide an Election Without Anyone Ever Finding Out,” New Republic, June 1, 2014, http://www.newrepublic.com/article/117878/information-fiduciary-solution-facebook-digital-gerrymandering; Jonathan Zittrain, “Engineering an Election,” Harvard Law Review 127 (June 20, 2014): 335; Reed Albergotti, “Facebook Experiments Had Few Limits,” Wall Street Journal, July 2, 2014, http://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-experiments-had-few-limits-1404344378; Charles Arthur, “If Facebook Can Tweak Our Emotions and Make Us Vote, What Else Can It Do?” Guardian, June 30, 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jun/30/if-facebook-can-tweak-our-emotions-and-make-us-vote-what-else-can-it-do; Sam Byford, “Facebook Offers Explanation for Controversial News Feed Psychology Experiment,” Verge, June 29, 2014, https://www.theverge.com/2014/6/29/5855710/facebook-responds-to-psychology-research-controversy; Chris Chambers, “Facebook Fiasco: Was Cornell’s Study of ‘Emotional Contagion’ an Ethics Breach?” Guardian, July 1, 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2014/jul/01/facebook-cornell-study-emotional-contagion-ethics-breach.

812

Adam D. I. Kramer, Jamie E. Guillory, and Jeffrey T. Hancock, “Experimental Evidence of Massive-Scale Emotional Contagion Through Social Networks,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 24 (2014): 8788–8790.

813

Kramer, Guillory, and Hancock, “Experimental Evidence of Massive-Scale Emotional Contagion”.

814

Matthew R. Jordan, Dorsa Amir, and Paul Bloom, “Are Empathy and Concern Psychologically Distinct?” Emotion 16, no. 8 (2016): 1107–1116; Marianne Sonnby-Borgström, “Automatic Mimicry Reactions as Related to Differences in Emotional Empathy,” Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 43, no. 5 (2002): 433–443; Rami Tolmacz, “Concern and Empathy: Two Concepts or One?” American Journal of Psychoanalysis 68, no. 3 (2008): 257–275; Ian E. Wickramasekera and Janet P. Szlyk, “Could Empathy Be a Predictor of Hypnotic Ability?” International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 51, no. 4 (2003): 390–399; E. B. Tone and E. C. Tully, “Empathy as a ‘Risky Strength’: A Multilevel Examination of Empathy and Risk for Internalizing Disorders,” Development and Psychopathology 26, no. 4 (2014): 1547–1565; Ulf Dimberg and Monika Thunberg, “Empathy, Emotional Contagion, and Rapid Facial Reactions to Angry and Happy Facial Expressions: Empathy and Rapid Facial Reactions,” PsyCh Journal 1, no. 2 (2012): 118–127; Tania Singer and Claus Lamm, “The Social Neuroscience of Empathy,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1156 (April 1, 2009): 81–96; Douglas F. Watt, “Social Bonds and the Nature of Empathy,” Journal of Consciousness Studies 12, nos. 8–9 (2005): 185–209.

815

Jocelyn Shu et al., “The Role of Empathy in Experiencing Vicarious Anxiety,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 146, no. 8 (2017): 1164–1188; Tone and Tully, “Empathy as a ‘Risky Strength’”.

816

Chambers, “Facebook Fiasco”; Adrienne LaFrance, “Even the Editor of Facebook’s Mood Study Thought It Was Creepy,” Atlantic, June 28, 2014, https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/even-the-editor-of-facebooks-mood-study-thought-it-was-creepy/373649.

817

La France, “Even the Editor”.

818

Vindu Goel, “Facebook Tinkers with Users’ Emotions in News Feed Experiment, Stirring Outcry,” New York Times, June 29, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/30/technology/facebook-tinkers-with-users-emotions-in-news-feed-experiment-stirring-outcry.html.

819

Albergotti, “Facebook Experiments Had Few Limits”; Chambers, “Facebook Fiasco”.

820

Inder M. Verma, “Editorial Expression of Concern and Correction Regarding ‘Experimental Evidence of Massive-Scale Emotional Contagion Through Social Networks,’” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 29 (2014): 8788–8790.

821

James Grimmelmann, “Law and Ethics of Experiments on Social Media Users,” Colorado Technology Law Journal 13 (January 1, 2015): 255.

822

Michelle N. Meyer et al., “Misjudgements Will Drive Social Trials Under-ground,” Nature 511 (July 11, 2014): 265; Michelle Meyer, “Two Cheers for Corporate Experimentation,” Colorado Technology Law Journal 13 (May 7, 2015): 273.

823

Darren Davidson, “Facebook Targets ‘Insecure’ to Sell Ads,” Australian, May 1, 2017.

824

Antonio Garcia Martinez, Chaos Monkeys: Obscene Fortune and Random Failure in Silicon Valley (New York: Harper Collins, 2016); Антонио Гарсиа Мартинес, Обезьяны в бизнесе. Как запускать проекты по лучшим стратегиям Кремниевой долины (Москва: Эксмо, 2020).

825

Antonio Garcia-Martinez, “I’m an Ex-Facebook Exec: Don’t Believe What They Tell You About Ads,” Guardian, May 2, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/02/facebook-executive-advertising-data-comment.

826

Dylan D. Wagner and Todd F. Heatherton, “ Self-Regulation and Its Failure: The Seven Deadly Threats to Self-Regulation,” in APA Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2015), 805–42, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2e62/15047e3a296184c3698f3553255ffabd46c7.pdf (выделено мной. – Ш. З.); William M. Kelley, Dylan D. Wagner, and Todd F. Heatherton, “In Search of a Human Self-Regulation System,” Annual Review of Neuroscience 38, no. 1 (2015): 389–411, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-014243.

827

David Modic and Ross J. Anderson, “We Will Make You Like Our Research: The Development of a Susceptibility-to-Persuasion Scale” (SSRN scholarly paper, Social Science Research Network, April 28, 2014), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2446971. См. также Mahesh Gopinath and Prashanth U. Nyer, “The Influence of Public Commitment on the Attitude Change Process: The Effects of Attitude Certainty, PFC and SNI” (SSRN scholarly paper, Social Science Research Network, August 29, 2007), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1010562.

828

См.: Dyani Sabin, “The Secret History of ‘Pokémon Go’ as Told by the Game’s Creator,” Inverse, February 28, 2017, https://www.inverse.com/article/28485-pokemon-go-secret-history-google-maps-ingress-john-hanke-updates.

829

Tim Bradshaw, “The Man Who Put ‘Pokémon Go’ on the Map,” Financial Times, July 27, 2016, https://www.ft.com/content/7209d7ca-49d3-11e6-8d68-72e9211e86ab.

830

Sebastian Weber and John Hanke, “Reality as a Virtual Playground,” Making Games, January 22, 2015, http://www.makinggames.biz/feature/reality-as-a-virtual-playground,7286.html.

831

“John Hanke at SXSW 2017: We’ll Announce Some New Products at the Next Event!” Pokemon GO Hub, March 10, 2017, http://web.archive.org/web/20170330220737/https://pokemongohub.net/john-hanke-sxsw-2017-well-announce-new-products-next-event.

832

Sabin, “The Secret History of ‘Pokémon Go’”.

833

Weber and Hanke, “Reality as a Virtual Playground”.

834

См.: Hal Hodson, “Why Google’s Ingress Game Is a Data Gold Mine,” New Scientist, September 28, 2012, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21628936-200-why-googles-ingress-game-is-a-data-gold-mine.

835

Sabin, “The Secret History of ‘Pokémon Go’”.

836

Ryan Wynia, “Behavior Design Bootcamp with Stanford’s Dr. BJ Fogg,” Technori, October 19, 2012, http://technori.com/2012/10/2612-behavior-design-bootcamp; Ryan Wynia, “BJ Fogg’s Behavior Design Bootcamp: Day 2,” Technori, October 22, 2012, http://technori.com/2012/10/2613-behavior-de sign-bootcamp-day-2. Стэнфордский исследователь Б. Дж. Фогг в книге 2003 г. под названием «Технологии убеждения» (Persuasive Technology) признавал, что разработчики компьютерных игр стремятся изменять поведение людей, прибегая к обусловливанию в стиле Скиннера, и заключал, что «хорошо устроенная игра и эффективное оперантное обусловливание идут рука об руку»: B. J. Fogg, Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do (San Francisco, USA: Morgan Kaufmann, 2002), 51.

837

Kevin Werbach, “(Re)Defining Gamification: A Process Approach,” in Persuasive Technology, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, International Conference on Persuasive Technology (Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2014), 266–272; Kevin Werbach and Dan Hunter, For the Win: How Game Thinking Can Revolutionize Your Business (Philadelphia: Wharton Digital Press, 2012).

838

Michael Sailer et al., “How Gamification Motivates: An Experimental Study of the Effects of Specific Game Design Elements on Psychological Need Satisfaction,” Computers in Human Behavior 69 (April 2017): 371–380; J. Hamari, J. Koivisto, and H. Sarsa, “Does Gamification Work? – a Literature Review of Empirical Studies on Gamification,” in 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2014, 3025–3034; Carina Soledad González and Alberto Mora Carreño, “Methodological Proposal for Gamification in the Computer Engineering Teaching,” 2014 International Symposium on Computers in Education (SIIE), 1–34; Dick Schoech et al., “Gamification for Behavior Change: Lessons from Developing a Social, Multiuser, Web-Tablet Based Prevention Game for Youths,” Journal of Technology in Human Services 31, no. 3 (2013): 197–217.

839

Yu-kai Chou, “A Comprehensive List of 90+ Gamification Cases with ROI Stats,” Yu-Kai Chou: Gamification & Behavioral Design, January 23, 2017, http://yukaichou.com/gamification-examples/gamification-stats-figures.

840

Ian Bogost, “Persuasive Games: Exploitationware,” Gamasutra, May 3, 2011, http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/134735/persuasive_games_exploitationware.php; Adam Alter, Irresistible: The Rise of Addictive Technology and the Business of Keeping Us Hooked (New York: Penguin, 2017).

841

Jessica Conditt, “The Pokémon Go Plus Bracelet Is Great for Grinding,” Engadget, September 17, 2016, https://www.engadget.com/2016/09/17/pokemon-go-plus-hands-on; Sarah E. Needleman, “‘Pokémon Go’ Wants to Take Monster Battles to the Street,” Wall Street Journal, September 10, 2015, https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/09/10/pokemon-go-wants-to-take-monster-battles-to-the-street; Patience Haggin, “Alphabet Spinout Scores Funding for Augmented Reality Pokémon Game,” Wall Street Journal, February 26, 2016, https://blogs.wsj.com/venturecapital/2016/02/26/alphabet-spinout-scores-funding-for-augmented-reality-pokemon-game.

842

Joseph Schwartz, “5 Charts That Show Pokémon GO’s Growth in the US,” Similarweb Blog, July 10, 2016, https://www.similarweb.com/blog/pokemon-go.

843

Nick Wingfield and Mike Isaac, “Pokémon Go Brings Augmented Reality to a Mass Audience,” New York Times, July 11, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/12/technology/pokemon-go-brings-augmented-reality-to-a-mass-audience.html.

844

Polly Mosendz and Luke Kawa, “Pokémon Go Brings Real Money to Random Bars and Pizzerias,” Bloomberg.com, July 11, 2016, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-11/pok-mon-go-brings-real-money-to-random-bars-and-pizzerias; Abigail Gepner, Jazmin Rosa, and Sophia Rosenbaum, “There’s a Pokémon in My Restaurant, and Business Is Booming,” New York Post, July 12, 2016, http://nypost.com/2016/07/12/pokemania-runs-wild-through-city-causing-crime-accidents; Jake Whittenberg, “Pokemon GO Saves Struggling Wash. Ice Cream Shop,” KSDK, August 9, 2016, http://www.ksdk.com/news/pokemon-go-saves-struggling-business/292596081.

845

Wingfield and Isaac, “Pokémon Go Brings Augmented Reality”.

846

Sabin, “The Secret History of ‘Pokémon Go’”.

847

Tim Bradshaw and Leo Lewis, “Advertisers Set for a Piece of ‘Pokémon Go’ Action,” Financial Times, July 13, 2016; Jacky Wong, “Pokémon Mania Makes Mint for Bank of Kyoto,” Wall Street Journal, July 12, 2016, https://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/ 2016/07/12/pokemon-mania-makes-mint-for-bank-of-kyoto.

848

См.: Bradshaw and Lewis, “Advertisers Set for a Piece” (выделено мной. – Ш. З.).

849

Jon Russell, “Pokémon Go Will Launch in Japan Tomorrow with Game’s First Sponsored Location,” TechCrunch, July 19, 2016, http://social.techcrunch.com/ 2016/07/19/pokemon-go-is-finally-launching-in-japan-tomorrow; Takashi Mochizuki, “McDonald’s Unit to Sponsor ‘Pokémon Go’ in Japan,” Wall Street Journal, July 19, 2016, http://www.wsj.com/articles/mcdonalds-unit-to-sponsor-pokemon-go-in-japan-1468936459; Stephen Wilmot, “An Alternative Way to Monetize Pokémon Go,” Wall Street Journal, July 29, 2016, https://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2016/07/29/an-alternative-way-to-monetize-pokemon-go; “Pokémon Go Frappuccino at Starbucks,” Starbucks Newsroom, December 8, 2016, https://news.starbucks.com/news/starbucks-pokemon-go; Megan Farokhmanesh, “Pokémon Go Is Adding 10.5K Gym and Pokéstop Locations at Sprint Stores,” Verge, December 7, 2016, http://www.theverge.com/2016/12/7/13868086/pokemon-go-sprint-store-new-gyms-pokestops; Mike Ayers, “Pokémon Tracks Get a Pokémon Go Bump on Spotify,” Wall Street Journal, July 12, 2016, https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2016/07/12/pokemon-tracks-get-a-pokemon-go-bump-on-spotify; Josie Cox, “Insurer Offers Pokémon Go Protection (But It’s Really Just Coverage for Your Phone),” Wall Street Journal (blog), July 22, 2016, https://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2016/07/22/insurer-offers-pokemon-go-protection-but-its-really-just-coverage-for-your-phone; Ben Fritz, “Disney Looks to Tech Behind Pokemon Go,” Wall Street Journal, August 5, 2016.

850

См.: Adam Sherrill, “Niantic Believes Pokémon GO Has ‘Only Just Scratched the Surface’ of AR Gameplay Mechanics,” Gamnesia, May 5, 2017, https://www.gamnesia.com/news/niantic-believes-pokemon-go-has-only-just-scratched-the-surface-of-ar.

851

Joseph Bernstein, “You Should Probably Check Your Pokémon Go Privacy Settings,” BuzzFeed, July 11, 2016, https://www.buzzfeed.com/josephbernstein/heres-all-the-data-pokemon-go-is-collecting-from-your-phone.

852

Natasha Lomas, “Pokémon Go Wants to Catch (Almost) All Your App Permissions,” TechCrunch, July 16, 2016, http://social.techcrunch.com/2016/07/11/pokemon-go-wants-to-catch-almost-all-your-permissions.

853

Marc Rotenberg, Claire Gartland, and Natashi Amlani, “EPIC Letter to FTC Chair Edith Ramirez,” July 22, 2016, 4, https://epic.org/privacy/ftc/FTC-letter-Pokemon-GO-07-22-2016.pdf.

854

Al Franken, “Letter to John Hanke, CEO of Niantic, Inc. from U.S. Senator Al Franken,” July 12, 2016, http://www.businessinsider.com/us-senator-al-franken-writes-to-pokmon-go-developers-niantic-privacy-full-letter2016-7.

855

Courtney Greene Power, “Letter to U.S. Senator Al Franken from General Counsel for Niantic, Inc. Courtney Greene Power,” August 26, 2016.

856

Rebecca Lemov, World as Laboratory: Experiments with Mice, Mazes, and Men (New York: Hill and Wang, 2005), 189.

857

H. Keith Melton and Robert Wallace, The Official CIA Manual of Trickery and Deception (New York: William Morrow, 2010), 4; Кит Мелтон и Роберт Уоллес, Секретная инструкция ЦРУ по технике обманных трюков и введению в заблуждение (Москва: Альпина нон-фикшн, 2011), 25.

858

Lemov, World as Laboratory, 189; Ellen Herman, The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 129.

859

Melton and Wallace, The Official CIA Manual of Trickery and Deception; Мелтон и Уоллес, Секретная инструкция ЦРУ по технике обманных трюков и введению в заблуждение.

860

“Church Committee: Book I – Foreign and Military Intelligence,” Mary Ferrell Foundation, 1975, 390, https://www.maryferrell.org/php/showlist.php?docset= 1014.

861

Lemov, World as Laboratory, 200.

862

Alexandra Rutherford, “The Social Control of Behavior Control: Behavior Modification, Individual Rights, and Research Ethics in America, 1971–1979,” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 42, no. 3 (2006): 206.

863

Noam Chomsky, “The Case Against B. F. Skinner,” New York Review of Books, December 30, 1971.

864

John L. McClellan et al., “Individual Rights and the Federal Role in Behavior Modification; A Study Prepared by the Staff of the Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-Third Congress, Second Session,” November 1974, iii—iv, https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED103726.

865

McClellan et al., “Individual Rights,” IV, 21.

866

Ibid., 13–14.

867

P. London, “Behavior Technology and Social Control – Turning the Tables,” APA Monitor (April 1974): 2 (выделено мной. – Ш. З.); Rutherford, “The Social Control of Behavior Control”.

868

Rutherford, “The Social Control of Behavior Control,” 213.

869

“The Belmont Report – Office of the Secretary – Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research – the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research,” Regulations & Policy, Office for Human Research Protections, US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, January 28, 2010, https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/belmont-report/index.html; Rutherford, “The Social Control of Behavior Control,” 215.

870

См.: Rutherford, “The Social Control of Behavior Control,” 217.

871

Daniel W. Bjork, B. F. Skinner: A Life (New York: Basic, 1993), 220.

872

“Anthropotelemetry: Dr. Schwitzgebel’s Machine,” Harvard Law Review 80, no. 2 (1966): 403–421 (выделено мной. – Ш. З.).

873

Перевод Ш. Крола.

874

Hannah Arendt, The Life of the Mind, vol. 2, Willing (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978), 13–14; Ханна Арендт, Жизнь ума (Санкт-Петербург: Наука, 2013), 242–243.

875

Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 244; Ханна Арендт, Vita Activa, или О деятельной жизни (Москва: Ад Маргинем Пресс, 2017), 307.

876

См. также обсуждение в: John R. Searle, Making the Social World: The Structure of Human Civilization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 133.

877

Searle, Making the Social World, 133, 136.

878

Searle, Making the Social World, 194–195. Алан Дершовиц, профессор Гарвардской школы права, предлагает прагматическую теорию прав человека, которую тоже можно связать с моим анализом. Он утверждает, что «права – это те фундаментальные предпочтения, которые, как нас научил опыт и история – особенно опыт и история крайней несправедливости – настолько важны, что следует убедить граждан в том, что они должны быть надежно закреплены и не подвержены легким изменениям со стороны меняющегося большинства». Права тем самым вырастают из несправедливостей. Это подход «снизу вверх», потому что обычно существует гораздо более широкий консенсус по поводу того, в чем состоит ужасающая несправедливость, чем есть согласие об условиях идеальной справедливости. Alan M. Dershowitz, Rights from Wrongs: A Secular Theory of the Origins of Rights (New York: Basic, 2004), 81–96.

879

Sir Henry Maine, Ancient Law (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. Inc., 1861); Генри Мэйн, Древнее право: Его связь с древней историей общества и его отношение к новейшим идеям (Москва: Красанд, 2012).

880

Liam B. Murphy, “The Practice of Promise and Contract” (working paper, New York University Public Law and Legal Theory, 2014), 2069; Avery W. Katz, “Contract Authority – Who Needs It?” University of Chicago Law Review 81, no. 4 (2014): 27; Robin Bradley Kar, “Contract as Empowerment,” University of Chicago Law Review 83, no. 2 (2016): 1.

881

Hal Varian, “Beyond Big Data,” Business and Economics 49, no. 1 (January 2014). Поведенческие экономисты называют эту совершенную информацию «неограниченной рациональностью» или «неограниченными познавательными способностями». См.: Oliver E. Williamson, The Economic Institutions of Capitalism (New York: Free Press, 1998), 30; Оливер Уильямсон, Экономические институты капитализма (Санкт-Петербург: Лениздат; CEV Press, 1996), 72.

882

Впечатляющее исследование этой проблемы в ее связи с «договорами по клику» и другими формами типовых договоров, cм. в: Robin Kar and Margaret Radin, “Pseudo-contract & Shared Meaning Analysis” (Legal Studies Research Paper, University of Illinois College of Law, November 16, 2017), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3083129.

883

Вебер утверждал, что «децентрализация законотворчества», выраженная в «заключении частных контрактов», не обязательно ведет к «снижению уровня принуждения». Он предостерегал, что правовой порядок, предусматривающий «так много „свобод“, предоставляющий и гарантирующий „полномочия“ и содержащий так мало предписывающих и запрещающих норм, может <…> вести не только к значительному качественному и количественному усилению принуждения в целом, но и к усилению авторитарного характера принуждающей власти». Именно так в начале XX века работодатели в промышленности пользовались своим правом на свободу договора для привлечения детского труда, устанавливали двенадцатичасовой рабочий день и навязывали опасные условия труда, и именно так мы оказались в плену у нелегитимных и вызывающих «договоров по клику», авторы которых нашли подобное же убежище в притязаниях на свободу договора. Cм.: Max Weber, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, vol. 2 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), 668–681; Макс Вебер, Хозяйство и общество: очерки понимающей социологии. Т. 3. Право (Москва: Издательский дом Высшей школы экономики, 2018), 120.

884

Hal R. Varian, “Economic Scene; If There Was a New Economy, Why Wasn’t There a New Economics?” New York Times, January 17, 2002, http://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/17/business/economic-scene-if-there-was-a-new-economy-why-wasn-t-there-a-new-economics.html.

885

Williamson, The Economic Institutions of Capitalism; Уильямсон, Экономические институты капитализма.

886

Oliver E. Williamson, “The Theory of the Firm as Governance Structure: From Choice to Contract,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 16, no. 3 (2002): 174.

887

Williamson, The Economic Institutions of Capitalism, 30–31, 52; Уильямсон, Экономические институты капитализма, 72, 104, 126. Евгений Морозов, с присущей ему остротой взгляда, указал на эту связь в провидческой статье 2014 г. о корнях аналитики «больших данных» в амбициях социалистических плановиков. Evgeny Morozov, “The Planning Machine,” The New Yorker, October 6, 2014, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/10/13/planning-machine.

888

“Repo Man Helps Pay Off Bill for Elderly Couple’s Car,” ABC News, November 23, 2016, http://abcnews.go.com/US/repo-man-helps-pays-off-bill-elderly-couples/story?id=43738753; Sarah Larimer, “A Repo Man Didn’t Want to Seize an Elderly Couple’s Car, So He Helped Pay It Off for Them Instead,” Washington Post, November 24, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/inspired-life/wp/2016/11/24/a-repo-man-didnt-want-to-seize-an-elderly-couples-car-so-he-helped-pay-it-off-for-them-instead/?utm_term =.5ab21c4510ab.

889

Timothy D. Smith, Jeffrey T. Laitman, and Kunwar P. Bhatnagar, “The Shrinking Anthropoid Nose, the Human Vomeronasal Organ, and the Language of Anatomical Reduction,” Anatomical Record 297, no. 11 (2014): 2196–2204.

890

Chris Jay Hoofnagle and Jennifer King, “Research Report: What Californians Understand About Privacy Offline” (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, May 15, 2008), http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1133075.

891

Joseph Turow et al., “Americans Reject Tailored Advertising and Three Activities That Enable It,” Annenberg School for Communication, September 29, 2009, http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1478214; Joseph Turow, Michael Hennessy, and Nora Draper, “The Tradeoff Fallacy: How Marketers Are Misrepresenting American Consumers and Opening Them Up to Exploitation,” Annenberg School for Communication, June 2015, https://www.asc.upenn.edu/news-events/publications/tradeoff-fallacy-how-marketers-are-misrepresenting-american-consumers-and; Lee Rainie, “Americans’ Complicated Feelings About Social Media in an Era of Privacy Concerns,” Pew Research Center, March 27, 2018, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/03/27/americans-complicated-feelings-about-social-media-in-an-era-of-privacy-concerns.

892

Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, The Futurist Manifesto (Paris, France: Le Figaro, 1909); Называть вещи своими именами: Программные выступления мастеров западноевропейской литературы XX века (Москва: Прогресс, 1986), 158–162; F. T. Marinetti and R. W. Flint, Marinetti: Selected Writings (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1972); Harlan K. Ullman and James P. Wade, Shock and Awe: Achieving Rapid Dominance (Forgotten Books, 2008).

893

Greg Mitchell, The Tunnels: Escapes Under the Berlin Wall and the Historic Films the JFK White House Tried to Kill (New York: Crown, 2016); Kristen Greishaber, “Secret Tunnels That Brought Freedom from Berlin’s Wall,” Independent, October 18, 2009, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/secret-tunnels-that-brought-freedom-from-berlins-wall-1804765.html.

894

Mary Elise Sarotte, The Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall (New York: Basic, 2014), 181; Мэри Элиз Саротт, Коллапс: случайное падение Берлинской стены (Москва: Individuum, 2019).

895

Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time, 2nd ed. (Boston: Beacon, 2001), 137; Карл Поланьи, Великая трансформация: политические и экономические истоки нашего времени (Санкт-Петербург: Алетейя, 2002), 148.

896

Ellen Meiksins Wood, The Origin of Capitalism: A Longer View (London: Verso, 2002).

897

Перевод Ш. Крола.

898

Peter S. Menell, “2014: Brand Totalitarianism” (UC Berkeley Public Law Research Paper, University of California, September 4, 2013), http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2318492; “Move Over, Big Brother,” Economist, December 2, 2004, http://www.economist.com/node/3422918; Wojciech Borowicz, “Privacy in the Internet of Things Era,” Next Web, October 18, 2014, http://thenextweb.com/dd/2014/10/18/privacy-internet-things-era-will-nsa-know-whats-fridge; Tom Sorell and Heather Draper, “Telecare, Surveillance, and the Welfare State,” American Journal of Bioethics 12, no. 9 (2012): 36–44, https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2012.699137; Christina DesMarais, “This Smartphone Tracking Tech Will Give You the Creeps,” PCWorld, May 22, 2012, http://www.pcworld.com/article/255802/new_ways_to_track_you_via_your_mobile_devices_big_brother_or_good_business_.html; Rhys Blakely, “‘We Thought Google Was the Future but It’s Becoming Big Brother,’” Times, September 19, 2014, http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/technology/internet/article4271776.ece; CPDP Conferences, Technological Totalitarianism, Politics and Democracy, 2016, http://www.internet-history.info/media-library/mediaitem/2389-technological-totalitarianism-politics-and-democracy.html; Julian Assange, “The Banality of ‘Don’t Be Evil,’” New York Times, June 1, 2013, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/02/opinion/sunday/the-banality-of-googles-dont-be-evil.html; Julian Assange, “Julian Assange on Living in a Surveillance Society,” New York Times, December 4, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/04/opinion/julian-assange-on-living-in-a-surveillance-society.html; Michael Hirsh, “We Are All Big Brother Now,” Politico, July 23, 2015, https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/07/big-brother-technology-trial-120477.html; “Apple CEO Tim Cook: Apple Pay Is Number One,” CBS News, October 28, 2014, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/apple-ceo-tim-cook-apple-pay-is-number-one; Mathias Döpfner, “An Open Letter to Eric Schmidt: Why We Fear Google,” FAZ.net, April 17, 2014, http://www.faz.net/1.2900860; Sigmar Gabriel, “Sigmar Gabriel: Political Consequences of the Google Debate,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, May 20, 2014, http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/debatten/the-digital-debate/sigmar-gabriel-consequences-of-the-google-debate-12948701-p6.html; Cory Doctorow, “Unchecked Surveillance Technology Is Leading Us Towards Totalitarianism,” International Business Times, May 5, 2017, http://www.ibtimes.com/unchecked-surveillance-technology-leading-us-towards-totalitarianism-opinion-2535230; Martin Schulz, “Transcript of Keynote Speech at Cpdp2016 on Technological, Totalitarianism, Politics and Democracy,” Scribd, 2016, https://www.scribd.com/document/305093114/Keynote-Speech-at-Cpdp2016-on-Technological-Totalitarianism-Politics-and-Democracy.

899

Как только в 1922 г. Муссолини пришел к власти, он сделал Джентиле членом своего кабинета министров в должности министра образования, назвав Джентиле своим «учителем». См.: A. James Gregor, Giovanni Gentile: Philosopher of Fascism (New Brunswick, NJ: Routledge, 2004), 60.

900

Gregor, Giovanni Gentile, 30.

901

Gregor, Giovanni Gentile, 62–63.

902

Benito Mussolini, The Doctrine of Fascism (Hawaii: Haole Church Library, 2015), 4; Бенито Муссолини, Третий путь. Без демократов и коммунистов (Москва: Алгоритм, 2012), 228, 231–233.

903

Frank Westerman, Engineers of the Soul: The Grandiose Propaganda of Stalin’s Russia, trans. Sam Garrett (New York: Overlook, 2012), 32–34 (выделено мной. – Ш. З.); Robert Conquest, Stalin: Breaker of Nations (New York: Penguin, 1992); Корнелий Зелинский, “Одна встреча у М. Горького (Запись из дневника)”, Вопросы литературы, 1991, № 5, 144–170.

904

Westerman, Engineers of the Soul, 22–29.

905

Waldemar Gurian, “Totalitarianism as Political Religion,” in Totalitarianism, ed. Carl J. Friedrich (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1964), 120. По иронии судьбы многие ученые пришли к выводу, что на деле Италия так никогда и не стала по-настоящему тоталитарным государством, ссылаясь на преемственность институтов, таких как католическая церковь, и отсутствие массовых убийств. Некоторые утверждают, что теория и практика были полнее разработаны в Германии и еще обширнее – и на более длительный период – в Советском Союзе, хотя советские элиты не признавали этот термин, не желая, чтобы их ставили на одну доску с фашизмом.

906

Claude Lefort, “The Concept of Totalitarianism,” Democratiya 9 (2007): 183–184.

907

О Дюранти как об апологете советского строя, см.: Westerman, Engineers of the Soul, 188; Robert Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 468.

908

Conquest, The Great Terror, 485.

909

Ibid., 447.

910

Ibid., 405.

911

Conquest, Stalin, 222, 228.

912

Ibid., 229.

913

Walter Duranty, “What’s Going On in Russia?” Look, August 15, 1939, 21.

914

В 1932 г. Дюранти получил Пулитцеровскую премию за репортажи 1931 г. из Москвы, опубликованные газетой New York Times. Впоследствии материалы Дюранти оспаривались антисталинистскими группами, которые видели в Дюранти инструмент сталинской пропаганды. Пулитцеровский комитет в течение шести месяцев расследовал обвинения и в конце концов решил не отзывать награду. Годы спустя New York Times придет к выводу, что работы Дюранти были одними из худших репортажей в истории этой газеты. Ничто из этого не помешало журналу Look и другим периодическим изданиям продолжать полагаться на рассказы Дюранти о жизни в Советском Союзе, что, несомненно, в значительной степени объясняет, почему общественное признание уникальных особенностей тоталитарной власти оказалось столь запоздалым.

915

Conquest, The Great Terror, 467–468.

916

Ibid., 486.

917

Carl J. Friedrich, “The Problem of Totalitarianism – an Introduction,” in Totalitarianism, ed. Carl J. Friedrich (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1964), 1.

918

Friedrich, “The Problem of Totalitarianism,” 1–2. Фридрих родился и получил образование в Германии и с 1946 по 1949 г. работал советником американского военного губернатора Германии.

919

Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Schocken, 2004), 387.

920

Arendt, The Origins, 431; Ханна Арендт, Истоки тоталитаризма (Москва: ЦентрКом, 1996), 432.

921

Ibid., xxvii; Там же, 30–31.

922

Ibid., 429; Там же, 430.

923

Carl J. Friedrich, ed., Totalitarianism (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1954); Carl J. Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956); Theodor Adorno, “Education After Auschwitz,” in Theodor Adorno, Critical Models: Interventions and Catchwords (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966); Theodor W. Adorno, “The Schema of Mass Culture,” in Theodor Adorno, Culture Industry: Selected Essays on Mass Culture (New York: Routledge, 1991); Theodor Adorno, “On the Question: ‘What Is German?’” New German Critique no. 36 (Autumn, 1985): 121–131; Gurian, “Totalitarianism as Political Religion”; Raymond Aron, Democracy and Totalitarianism, Nature of Human Society Series (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968); Раймон Арон, Демократия и тоталитаризм (Москва: Текст, 1993).

924

См. монументальное исследование Рауля Хильберга об уничтожении европейских евреев, которое раскрывает всю сложность нацистской системы массовой мобилизации, включавшей в себя системы транспорта и производства, военные операции, министерские иерархии, организацию секретности и вербовку друзей и соседей для устрашения и убийства их друзей и соседей: Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985). См. также: Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (New York: Vintage, 1997); Jan T. Gross, Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland (New York: Penguin, 2002); Christopher R. Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York: Harper Perennial, 1998); Norman M. Naimark, Stalin’s Genocides (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012). Что касается России, то в книге Солженицына о системе концентрационных лагерей показано, что для «подпитки» бесперебойного потока террора требовался целый корпус партийных функционеров и обычных граждан. См.: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago (New York: Harper & Row, 1973); Александр Солженицын, Собрание сочинений в 30 т. Т. 4–6: Архипелаг ГУЛАГ: Опыт художественного исследования (Москва: Время, 2010).

925

Richard Shorten, Modernism and Totalitarianism – Rethinking the Intellectual Sources of Nazism and Stalinism, 1945 to the Present (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), 50.

926

Shorten, Modernism, Chapter 1.

927

Claude Lefort, The Political Forms of Modern Society: Bureaucracy, Democracy, Totalitarianism, ed. John B. Thompson (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986), 297–298.

928

Hannah Arendt, Essays in Understanding (New York: Schocken, 1994), 343; Арендт X. Опыты понимания, 1930–1954. Становление, изгнание и тоталитаризм (Москва: Издательство Института Гайдара, 2018), 562–563.

929

“Behavior: Skinner’s Utopia: Panacea, or Path to Hell?” Time, September 20, 1971, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909994,00.html.

930

B. F. Skinner, “Current Trends in Experimental Psychology,” in Cumulative Record, 319, www.bfskinner.org (выделено мной. – Ш. З.).

931

См.: Ludy T. Benjamin Jr. and Elizabeth Nielsen-Gammon, “B. F. Skinner and Psychotechnology: The Case of the Heir Conditioner,” Review of General Psychology 3, no. 3 (1999): 155–167.

932

B. F. Skinner, About Behaviorism (New York: Vintage, 1976), 1–9.

933

John B. Watson, “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It,” Psychological Review 20 (1913): 158–77.

934

Lefort, The Political Forms of Modern Society; “Max Planck,” Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography (Detroit, MI: Scribner’s, 2008), http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/physics-biographies/max-planck.

935

Max Planck, “Scientific Autobiography,” in Max Planck, Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers (New York: Philosophical Library, 1949), 13; Макс Планк, «Научная автобиография», в: Макс Планк, Избранные труды (Москва: Наука, 1975), 649. Как пишет биограф Макса Планка, «Планк вспоминал: „С юности меня вдохновило на занятие наукой осознание того <…> факта, что законы нашего мышления совпадают с закономерностями, имеющими место в процессе получения впечатлений от внешнего мира, и что, следовательно, человек может судить об этих закономерностях при помощи чистого мышления“. Другими словами, он сознательно решил стать физиком-теоретиком в то время, когда теоретическая физика еще не была признана самостоятельной дисциплиной» (“Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck,” Nobel-winners.com, December 16, 2017, http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/max_karl_ernst_ludwig_planck.html).

936

Эрвин Эспер рассматривает факторы, которые привели к изоляции Мейера в американской психологии и, как следствие, лишили многие его труды того признания, которым они должны были пользоваться. См. особенно Erwin A. Esper, “Max Meyer in America,” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 3, no. 2 (1967): 107–131.

937

Esper, “Max Meyer”.

938

Skinner, About Behaviorism, 14.

939

О решающем значении Мейера для возникновения радикального бихевиоризма Скиннер говорил не раз. См., например, его спор 1967 г. с философом Брандом Бланшардом, когда он заявил следующее: «Особая проблема возникает из-за неизбежного факта, что небольшая часть вселенной заключена внутри каждого из нас. Она качественно не отличается от остальной части вселенной, но поскольку наш контакт с ней столь тесен и в некоторых отношениях исключителен, она получает особое внимание. Считается, что она познается особым образом, что содержит непосредственно данное, что она – первое, что узнает человек, и, по мнению некоторых, единственное, что он действительно может знать. Философы, следуя за Декартом, начинают свой анализ сознания с нее. Наверно, почти каждый начинает с нее объяснения своего собственного поведения. Однако есть и другая возможная отправная точка – поведение того, что Макс Мейер называл Другим. По мере того как научный анализ становится все более эффективным, мы больше не объясняем это поведение с точки зрения внутренних событий. Мир внутри Другого теряет свой привилегированный статус». См.: Brand Blanshard, “The Problem of Consciousness: A Debate with B. F. Skinner,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 27, no. 3 (1967): 317–337.

940

Max Meyer, “The Present Status of the Problem of the Relation Between Mind and Body,” Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods 9, no. 14 (1912): 371.

941

Esper, “Max Meyer,” 114. По мысли Мейера, это сведение к «организму» глубоко гуманистично, поскольку оно подчеркивает общность между людьми и другими видами. Все мы спим и бодрствуем, едим и пьем, танцуем, смеемся, плачем, размножаемся и умираем.

942

Max Friedrich Meyer, Psychology of the Other-One (Missouri Book Company, 1921), 10, 17.

943

Max Friedrich Meyer, Psychology of the Other-One (Missouri Book Company, 1921), 146. См.: Max Planck, “Phantom Problems in Science,” in Max Planck, Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers (New York: Philosophical Library, 1949), 52–79, 75. В 1946 г. давние взгляды Планка на единство науки и научного мышления были обобщены в его статье о «фантомных проблемах» в науке, включая «проблему сознания и тела» и «проблему свободной воли». Планк рассматривал споры о сознании и теле, как и все фантомные проблемы в философии и науке, как неспособность занять определенное «положение наблюдателя» и последовательно его придерживаться. Он утверждал, что «внутренняя», или «психологическая», точка зрения и «внешняя», или «физиологическая», слишком часто смешиваются: «То, что вы чувствуете, думаете, хотите, только вы можете знать из первых рук. Другие люди могут прийти к этому только косвенно, исходя из ваших слов, поведения, действий и манер. Когда подобные физические проявления полностью отсутствуют, у них нет совершенно никаких оснований, которые позволили бы им знать ваше мимолетное психическое состояние». Таким образом, внешняя точка зрения – единственно приемлемая «в качестве основы нашего научного наблюдения за волевыми процессами». Установление этой «внешней точки зрения» в качестве основы для научного исследования человеческого поведения имеет решающее значение для нашего рассказа, и из статьи Планка следует, что эти его идеи оказали влияние на Мейера (и даже что Планк, возможно, читал работу Мейера 1921 г.). В любом случае, сходство между аргументацией Планка и Мейером очевидно.

944

Meyer, Psychology of the Other-One, 147.

945

Ibid., 402, 406.

946

Ibid., 411–12, 420.

947

Ibid., 402.

948

Ibid., 404.

949

B. F. Skinner, The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis (Acton, MA: Copley, 1991), 3.

950

Ibid., 4–6.

951

B. F. Skinner, Science and Human Behavior (New York: Free Press, 1965), 228–229; Б. Ф. Скиннер, Наука и человеческое поведение (Новосибирск: Новосибирский государственный университет, 2017), 264.

952

B. F. Skinner, Beyond Freedom & Dignity (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2002), 163; Б. Ф. Скиннер, По ту сторону свободы и достоинства (Москва: Оперант, 2015), 136.

953

Ibid., 19–20; Там же, 26.

954

Ibid., 21, 44, 58; Там же, 26, 44, 55 (перевод исправлен. – Прим. пер.).

955

Skinner, Science and Human Behavior, 20; Скиннер, Наука и человеческое поведение, 27.

956

Skinner, Beyond Freedom & Dignity, 4–5; Скиннер, По ту сторону свободы и достоинства, 14 (перевод исправлен. – Прим. пер.).

957

Ibid., 5–6; Там же, 15 (выделено мной. – Ш. З.).

958

Ibid., 59; Там же, 55.

959

“Gambling Is a Feature of Capitalism – Not a Bug,” Prospect, April 2017, http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/gambling-is-a-feature-of-capitalism-not-a-bug; Natasha Dow Schüll, Addiction by Design: Machine Gambling in Las Vegas (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014); Howard J. Shaffer, “Internet Gambling & Addiction,” Harvard Medical School: Division on Addictions, Cambridge Health Alliance, January 16, 2004; Michael Kaplan, “How Vegas Security Drives Surveillance Tech Everywhere,” Popular Mechanics, January 1, 2010, http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/how-to/computer-security/4341499; Adam Tanner, What Stays in Vegas: The World of Personal Data – Lifeblood of Big Business – and the End of Privacy as We Know It (New York: PublicAffairs, 2014); Chris Nodder, Evil by Design: Interaction Design to Lead Us into Temptation (Indianapolis: Wiley, 2013); Julian Morgans, “Your Addiction to Social Media Is No Accident,” Vice, May 18, 2017, https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/vv5jkb/the-secret-ways-social-media-is-built-for-addiction; “Reasons for Playing Slot Machines Rather Than Table Games in the U.S.,” Statista, 2017, https://www.statista.com/statistics/188761/reasons-for-playing-slot-machines-more-than-table-games-in-the-us.

960

Skinner, Science and Human Behavior, 105–106; Скиннер, Наука и человеческое поведение, 123 (выделено мной. – Ш. З.). Хороший анализ технологий поведения, применяемых в казино, см. в: Tanner, What Stays in Vegas.

961

Ibid., 105–106; Там же, 124.

962

Ibid., 21; Там же, 28.

963

Ibid., 282; Там же, 326 (перевод изменен. – Прим. пер.).

964

Ibid., 282; Там же, 326.

965

Возможно, некоторые удивятся, но своему другу Этнони Паэуллу Джордж Оруэлл охарактеризовал «1984» как «утопию, написанную в виде романа». См.: Robert McCrum, “1984: The Masterpiece That Killed George Orwell,” Guardian, May 9, 2009, http://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/may/10/1984-george-orwell. Б. Ф. Скиннер назвал «Второй Уолден» «романом об утопической общине». B. F. Skinner, Walden Two (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2005), vi.

966

См. предисловие Скиннера ко «Второму Уолдену» издания 1976 г.: B. F. Skinner, Walden Two (New York: Macmillan, 1976).

967

Это видеоинтервью Мамфорда вошло в документальный фильм BBC, созданный в 1968 г.: Towards Tomorrow: A Utopia, https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/ p0295vz8.

968

George Orwell, 1984 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017), 548, 551; Джордж Оруэлл, «1984» и эссе разных лет (Москва: Прогресс, 1989), 173–174.

969

Ibid., 637–638; Там же, 199 (перевод изменен. – Прим. пер.).

970

Skinner, Walden Two, 275–276.

971

Ibid., 137, 149.

972

Перевод А. Ситницкого.

973

B. F. Skinner, Walden Two (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2005), 242–243.

974

B. F. Skinner, “To Know the Future,” Behavior Analyst 13, no. 2 (1990): 104.

975

Ibid., 106.

976

Hannah Arendt, Essays in Understanding (New York: Schocken, 1994), 319; Ханна Арендт, Опыты понимания, 1930–1954. Становление, изгнание и тоталитаризм (Москва: Издательство Института Гайдара, 2018), 530.

977

Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 322; Ханна Арендт, Vita Activa, или О деятельной жизни (Москва: Ад Маргинем Пресс, 2017), 397–398.

978

Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Schocken, 2004), 620.

979

“Trust,” Our World in Data, August 3, 2017, https://ourworldindata.org/trust.

980

“Public Trust in Government: 1958–2017,” Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, May 3, 2017, http://www.people-press.org/2017/05/03/public-trust-in-government-1958-2017.

981

Peter P. Swire, “Privacy and Information Sharing in the War on Terrorism,” Villanova Law Review 51, no. 4 (2006): 951. См. также: Kristen E. Eichensehr, “Public-Private Cybersecurity,” Texas Law Review 95, no. 3 (2017), https://texaslawreview.org/public-private-cybersecurity.

982

Joseph Menn, “Facebook, Twitter, Google Quietly Step Up Fight Against Terrorist Propaganda,” Sydney Morning Herald, December 7, 2015, http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/facebook-twitter-google-quietly-step-up-fight-against-terrorist-propaganda-20151206-glgvj2.html.

983

Menn, “Facebook, Twitter, Google”. См. также: Jim Kerstetter, “Daily Report: Tech Companies Pressured on Terrorist Content,” Bits Blog, December 8, 2015, https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/12/08/daily-report-tech-companies-pressured-on-terrorist-content; Mark Hosenbell and Patricia Zengerle, “Social Media Terrorist Activity Bill Returning to Senate,” Reuters, December 7, 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-congress-socialmedia-idUSKBN0TQ 2E520151207.

984

Dave Lee, “‘Spell-Check for Hate’ Needed, Says Google’s Schmidt,” BBC News, December 7, 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-35035087.

985

Danny Yadron, “Agenda for White House Summit with Silicon Valley,” Guardian, January 7, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jan/07/white-house-summit-silicon-valley-tech-summit-agenda-terrorism; Danny Yadron, “Revealed: White House Seeks to Enlist Silicon Valley to ‘Disrupt Radicalization’,” Guardian, January 8, 2016, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jan/07/white-house-social-media-terrorism-meeting-facebook-apple-youtube.

986

Kashmir Hill, “The Government Wants Silicon Valley to Build Terrorist-Spotting Algorithms. But Is It Possible?” Fusion, January 14, 2016, http://fusion.net/story/255180/terrorist-spotting-algorithm.

987

Stefan Wagstyl, “Germany to Tighten Security in Wake of Berlin Terror Attack,” Financial Times, January 11, 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/bf7972f4-d759-11e6-944b-e7eb37a6aa8e.

988

John Mannes, “Facebook, Microsoft, YouTube and Twitter Form Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism,” TechCrunch, June 26, 2017, http://social.techcrunch.com/2017/06/26/facebook-microsoft-youtube-and-twitter-form-global-internet-forum-to-counter-terrorism; “Partnering to Help Curb the Spread of Terrorist Content Online,” Google, December 5, 2016, http://www.blog.google:443/topics/google-europe/partnering-help-curb-spread-terrorist-content-online.

989

“Five Country Ministerial 2017: Joint Communiqué,” June 28, 2017, https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/fv-cntry-mnstrl-2017/index-en.aspx.

990

“European Council Conclusions on Security and Defence, 22/06/2017,” June 22, 2017, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2017/06/22/euco-security-defence.

991

“G20 Leaders’ Statement on Countering Terrorism – European Commission Press Release,” July 7, 2017, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_STATEMENT-17-1955_en.htm; Jamie Bartlett, “Terrorism Adds the Backdrop to the Fight for Internet Control,” Financial Times, June 6, 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/e47782fa-4ac0-11e7-919a-1e14ce4af89b.

992

Spencer Ackerman and Sam Thielman, “US Intelligence Chief: We Might Use the Internet of Things to Spy on You,” Guardian, February 9, 2016, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/feb/09/internet-of-things-smart-home-devices-government-surveillance-james-clapper.

993

Matt Olsen, Bruce Schneier, and Jonathan Zittrain, “Don’t Panic: Making Progress on the ‘Going Dark’ Debate,” Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard, February 1, 2016, 13.

994

Haley Sweetland Edwards, “Alexa Takes the Stand,” Time, May 15, 2017; Tom Dotan and Reed Albergotti, “Amazon Echo and the Hot Tub Murder,” Information, December 27, 2016, https://www.theinformation.com/amazon-echo-and-the-hot-tub-murder.

995

Parmy Olson, “Fitbit Data Now Being Used in the Courtroom,” Forbes, November 16, 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2014/11/16/fitbit-data-court-room-personal-injury-claim; Kate Crawford, “When Fitbit Is the Expert Witness,” Atlantic, November 19, 2014, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/11/when-fitbit-is-the-expert-witness/382936; Ms. Smith, “Cops Use Pacemaker Data to Charge Man with Arson, Insurance Fraud,” CSO, January 30, 2017, http://www.csonline.com/article/3162740/security/cops-use-pacemaker-data-as-evidence-to-charge-homeowner-with-arson-insurance-fraud.html.

996

Jonah Engel Bromwich, Mike Isaac, and Daniel Victor, “Police Use Surveillance Tool to Scan Social Media, A.C.L.U. Says,” New York Times, October 11, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/12/technology/aclu-facebook-twitter-instagram-geofeedia.html.

997

Jennifer Levitz and Zusha Elinson, “Boston Plan to Track Web Draws Fire,” Wall Street Journal, December 5, 2016.

998

Lee Fang, “The CIA Is Investing in Firms That Mine Your Tweets and Instagram Photos,” Intercept, April 14, 2016, https://theintercept.com/2016/04/14/in-undisclosed-cia-investments-social-media-mining-looms-large.

999

Ashley Vance and Brad Stone, “Palantir, the War on Terror’s Secret Weapon,” Bloomberg.com, September 22, 2011, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/ 2011-11-22/palantir-the-war-on-terrors-secret-weapon; Ali Winston, “Palantir Has Secretly Been Using New Orleans to Test Its Predictive Policing Technology,” Verge, February 27, 2018.

1000

Rogier Creemers, “China’s Chilling Plan to Use Social Credit Ratings to Keep Score on Its Citizens,” CNN.com, October 27, 2015, https://www.cnn.com/2015/10/27/ opinions/china-social-credit-score-creemers/index.html.

1001

Mara Hvistendahl, “Inside China’s Vast New Experiment in Social Ranking,” Wired, December 14, 2017, https://www.wired.com/story/age-of-social-credit.

1002

Hvistendahl, “Inside China’s Vast New Experiment”.

1003

Amy Hawkins, “Chinese Citizens Want the Government to Rank Them,” Foreign Policy, May 24, 2017, https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/05/24/chinese-citizens-want-the-government-to-rank-them.

1004

Zhixin Feng et al., “Social Trust, Interpersonal Trust and Self-Rated Health in China: A Multi-level Study,” International Journal for Equity in Health 15 (2016), https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-016-0469-7.

1005

Arthur Kleinman et al., Deep China: The Moral Life of the Person (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011); Mette Halskov Hansen, iChina: The Rise of the Individual in Modern Chinese Society, ed. Rune Svarverud (Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, 2010); Yunxiang Yan, The Individualization of Chinese Society (Oxford: Bloomsbury Academic, 2009).

1006

Hawkins, “Chinese Citizens Want the Government to Rank Them”.

1007

Hvistendahl, “Inside China’s Vast New Experiment”.

1008

Ibid.

1009

Masha Borak, “China’s Social Credit System: AI-Driven Panopticon or Fragmented Foundation for a Sincerity Culture?” TechNode, August 23, 2017, https://technode.com/2017/08/23/chinas-social-credit-system-ai-driven-panopticon-or-fragmented-foundation-for-a-sincerity-culture.

1010

“China Invents the Digital Totalitarian State,” Economist, December 17, 2016, http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21711902-worrying-implications-its-social-credit-project-china-invents-digital-totalitarian.

1011

Shi Xiaofeng and Cao Yin, “Court Blacklist Prevents Millions from Flying, Taking High-Speed Trains,” Chinadaily.com, February 14, 2017, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017-02/14/content_28195359.htm.

1012

“China Moving Toward Fully Developed Credit Systems,” Global Times, June 6, 2017, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1052634.shtml.

1013

Hvistendahl, “Inside China’s Vast New Experiment”.

1014

Yaxing Yao, Davide Lo Re, and Yang Wang, “Folk Models of Online Behavioral Advertising,” in Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, CSCW ’17 (New York: ACM, 2017), 1957–1969.

1015

“China Invents the Digital Totalitarian State”.

1016

Christopher Lunt, United States Patent: 9100400 – Authorization and authentication based on an individual’s social network, issued August 4, 2015, http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u= %2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=9100400.PN.&OS=PN/9100400&RS=PN/9100400. Ключевой абзац в патенте гласит: «В четвертом варианте реализации изобретения поставщик услуг является кредитором. Когда физическое лицо обращается за кредитом, кредитор проверяет кредитные рейтинги членов социальной сети этого лица, связанных с ним через авторизованные узлы. Если средний кредитный рейтинг этих членов по крайней мере не ниже минимального кредитного рейтинга, кредитор продолжает обрабатывать заявку на кредит. В противном случае заявка на кредит отклоняется».

1017

Christer Holloman, “Your Facebook Updates Now Determine Your Credit Score,” Guardian, August 28, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/media-net work/media-network-blog/2014/aug/28/social-media-facebook-credit-score-banks; Telis Demos and Deepa Seetharaman, “Facebook Isn’t So Good at Judging Your Credit After All,” Wall Street Journal, February 24, 2016, http://www.wsj.com/articles/lenders-drop-plans-to-judge-you-by-your-facebook-friends-1456309801; Yanhao Wei et al., “Credit Scoring with Social Network Data” (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, July 1, 2014), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2475265; Daniel Bjorkegren and Darrell Grissen, “Behavior Revealed in Mobile Phone Usage Predicts Loan Repayment” (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, July 13, 2015), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2611775.

1018

Creemers, “China’s Chilling Plan”.

1019

См.: Dan Strumpf and Wenxin Fan, “Who Wants to Supply China’s Surveillance State? The West,” Wall Street Journal, November 1, 2017, https://www.wsj.com/articles/who-wants-to-supply-chinas-surveillance-state-the-west-1509540111.

1020

Carl J. Friedrich, “The Problem of Totalitarianism – an Introduction,” in Totalitarianism, ed. Carl J. Friedrich (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1964), 1–2.

1021

Перевод Ш. Крола.

1022

Mark Weiser, “The Computer for the 21st Century,” Scientific American, July 1999, 89.

1023

Satya Nadella, “Build 2017,” Build Conference 2017, Seattle, May 10, 2017, https://ncmedia.azureedge.net/ncmedia/2017/05/Build-2017-Satya-Nadella-transcript.pdf.

1024

Eric Schmidt, “Alphabet’s Eric Schmidt: We Should Embrace Machine Learning – Not Fear It,” Newsweek, January 10, 2017, http://www.newsweek.com/ 2017/01/20/google-eric-schmidt-embrace-machine-learning-not-fear-it-540369.html.

1025

Richard Waters, “FT Interview with Google Co-founder and CEO Larry Page,” Financial Times, October 31, 2014, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/3173f19e-5fbc-11e4-8c27-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3JjXPNno5.

1026

Marcus Wohlsen, “Larry Page Lays Out His Plan for Your Future,” Wired, March 2014, https://www.wired.com/2014/03/larry-page-using-google-build-future-well-living.

1027

Waters, “FT Interview with Google Co-founder”; Vinod Khosla, “Fireside Chat with Google Co-founders, Larry Page and Sergey Brin,” Khosla Ventures, July 3, 2014, http://www.khoslaventures.com/fireside-chat-with-google-co-founders-larry-page-and-sergey-brin.

1028

Miguel Helft, “Fortune Exclusive: Larry Page on Google,” Fortune, December 11, 2012, http://fortune.com/2012/12/11/fortune-exclusive-larry-page-on-google.

1029

Khosla, “Fireside Chat”.

1030

Larry Page, “2013 Google I/O Keynote,” Google I/O, May 15, 2013, http://www.pcworld.com/article/2038841/hello-larry-googles-page-on-negativity-laws-and-competitors.html.

1031

“Facebook’s (FB) CEO Mark Zuckerberg on Q4 2014 Results – Earnings Call Transcript,” Seeking Alpha, January 29, 2015, https://seekingalpha.com/article/2860966-facebooks-fb-ceo-mark-zuckerberg-on-q4-2014-results-earnings-call-transcript.

1032

См.: Ashlee Vance, “Facebook: The Making of 1 Billion Users,” Bloomberg.com, October 4, 2012, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-10-04/facebook-the-making-of-1-billion-users.

1033

“Facebook’s (FB) CEO Mark Zuckerberg on Q4 2014 Results”.

1034

“Facebook (FB) Mark Elliot Zuckerberg on Q1 2016 Results – Earnings Call Transcript,” Seeking Alpha, April 28, 2016, https://seekingalpha.com/article/3968783-facebook-fb-mark-elliot-zuckerberg-q1-2016-results-earnings-call-transcript.

1035

Mark Zuckerberg, “Building Global Community,” Facebook, February 16, 2017, https://www.facebook.com/notes/mark-zuckerberg/building-global-community/ 10154544292806634.

1036

Mark Zuckerberg, “Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg’s Keynote at F8 2017 Conference (Full Transcript),” April 19, 2017, https://singjupost.com/facebook-ceo-mark-zuckerbergs-keynote-at-f8-2017-conference-full-transcript.

1037

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, “The Sorcerer’s Apprentice,” German Stories at Virginia Commonwealth University, 1797, http://germanstories.vcu.edu/goethe/zauber_e4.html; Иоганн Вольфганг Гете, Собрание сочинений в 10 т. Т. 1 (Москва: Художественная литература, 1975), 296–297 (пер. Б. Пастернака).

1038

Frank E. Manuel and Fritzie P. Manuel, Utopian Thought in the Western World (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1979), 20.

1039

Manuel and Manuel, Utopian Thought, 23 (выделено мной – Ш. З.).

1040

Todd Bishop and Nat Levy, “With $256 Billion, Apple Has More Cash Than Amazon, Microsoft and Google Combined,” GeekWire, May 2, 2017, https://www.geekwire.com/2017/256-billion-apple-cash-amazon-microsoft-google-combined.

1041

Manuel and Manuel, Utopian Thought in the Western World, 9.

1042

Zuckerberg, “Building Global Community”.

1043

“Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg’s Keynote at F8 2017 Conference”.

1044

Nadella, “Build 2017”.

1045

Satya Nadella, Chen Qiufan, and Ken Liu, “The Partnership of the Future,” Slate, June 28, 2016, http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2016/06/microsoft_ceo_satya_nadella_humans_and_a_i_can_work_together _to_solve_society.html.

1046

Nadella, “Build 2017”.

1047

Ibid.

1048

Ibid. (выделено мной. – Ш. З.).

1049

Ibid. (выделено мной. – Ш. З.).

1050

Ibid.

1051

Elad Yom-Tov et al., User behavior monitoring on a computerized device, US9427185 B2, filed June 20, 2013, and issued August 30, 2016, http://www.google.com/ patents/US9427185.

1052

B. F. Skinner, Walden Two (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2005), 195–196.

1053

Eric Schmidt and Sebastian Thrun, “Let’s Stop Freaking Out About Artificial Intelligence,” Fortune, June 28, 2016, http://fortune.com/2016/06/28/artificial-intelligence-potential.

1054

Schmidt and Thrun, “Let’s Stop Freaking Out”.

1055

Перевод Ш. Крола.

1056

Alex Pentland, “Alex Pentland Homepage – Honest Signals, Reality Mining, and Sensible Organizations,” February 2, 2016, http://web.media.mit.edu/~sandy; “Alex Pentland – Bio,” World Economic Forum, February 28, 2018, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/authors/alex-pentland; Edge Video, “The Human Strategy: A Conversation with Alex ‘Sandy’ Pentland,” October 30, 2017, https://www.edge.org/conversation/alex_sandy_pentland-the-human-strategy.

1057

Talks at Google, Sandy Pentland: “Social Physics: How Good Ideas Spread,” YouTube.com, March 7, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMB10ttu-Ow.

1058

Maria Konnikova, “Meet the Godfather of Wearables,” Verge, May 6, 2014, http://www.theverge.com/2014/5/6/5661318/the-wizard-alex-pentland-father-of-the-wearable-computer.

1059

“Alex Pentland,” Wikipedia, July 22, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Pentland&oldid=791778066; Konnikova, “Meet the Godfather”; Dave Feinleib, “3 Big Data Insights from the Grandfather of Google Glass,” Forbes, October 17, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/davefeinleib/2012/10/17/3-big-data-insights-from-the-grandfather-of-google-glass.

1060

Термин «социальная физика» берет свое начало в позитивистской философии Огюста Конта, предшественника Планка в его программном видении научного подхода к изучению общества, который сравнился бы в точности с естественными науками. В 1830-х гг. Конт писал следующее: «Теперь, когда человеческий дух создал небесную физику, физику земную <…> физику органическую <…> ему остается только закончить систему наблюдательных наук созданием социальной физики». См.: Auguste Comte, Introduction to Positive Philosophy, ed. Frederick Ferré (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1988), 13; Огюст Конт, Курс позитивной философии, т. 1 (Санкт-Петербург: Книжный магазин Товарищества «Посредник», 1899), II. Спустя почти двести лет теория Пентленда и его исследования в области социальной физики сделали его героем статей в таких изданиях, как New York Times, Harvard Business Review и New Yorker, а также видным докладчиком на международной арене – от ООН и Всемирного экономического форума до корпораций и международных конференций. В Microsoft и Google его величали «верховным гением» «революции больших данных», чьи «новаторские эксперименты» и «замечательные открытия» сделали его работу «основой целой новой научной области». После выхода его книги «Социальная физика» Пентленд был представлен на популярной конференции Digital-Life-Design в 2014 г. известным аналитиком социальных сетей Клэем Ширки, который высказал мнение, что Лаборатория человеческой динамики Пентленда «за последние десять лет сделала для объяснения человеческого поведения в группах больше, чем любой другой институт в мире».

1061

Konnikova, “Meet the Godfather”.

1062

Ibid.

1063

Tanzeem Choudhury and Alex Pentland, “The Sociometer: A Wearable Device for Understanding Human Networks” (white paper, Computer Supported Cooperative Work – Workshop on Ad Hoc Communications and Collaboration in Ubiquitous Computing Environments), November 2, 2002.

1064

Choudhury and Pentland, “The Sociometer”.

1065

Nathan Eagle and Alex Pentland, “Reality Mining: Sensing Complex Social Systems,” Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 10, no. 4 (2006): 255.

1066

Alex Pentland, “‘Reality Mining’ the Organization,” MIT Technology Review, March 31, 2004, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/402609/reality-mining-the-organization.

1067

Eagle and Pentland, “Reality Mining”.

1068

Kate Greene, “TR10: Reality Mining,” MIT Technology Review, February 19, 2008, http://www2.technologyreview.com/news/409598/tr10-reality-mining; Alex Pentland, Social Physics: How Good Ideas Spread – the Lessons from a New Science (Brunswick, NJ: Scribe, 2014), 217–218; Алекс Пентленд, Социальная физика. Как распространяются хорошие идеи: уроки новой науки (Москва: АСТ, 2018), 266–267.

1069

Pentland, Social Physics, 2–3; Пентленд, Социальная физика, 8.

1070

Greene, “TR10”.

1071

Alex Pentland, “The Data-Driven Society,” Scientific American 309 (October 2013): 78–83, https://doi.org/doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1013-78.

1072

Pentland, “‘Reality Mining’ the Organization”.

1073

Nathan Eagle and Alex Pentland, Combined short range radio network and cellular telephone network for interpersonal communications, MIT ID: 10705T, US US7877082B2, filed May 6, 2004, and issued September 19, 2014, https://patents.google.com/patent/US20150006207A1/en.

1074

См.: Ryan Singel, “When Cell Phones Become Oracles,” Wired, July 25, 2005, https://www.wired.com/2005/07/when-cell-phones-become-oracles.

1075

Pentland, “‘Reality Mining’ the Organization”.

1076

D. O. Olguin et al., “Sensible Organizations: Technology and Methodology for Automatically Measuring Organizational Behavior,” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics) 39, no. 1 (2009): 43–55,

1077

Taylor Soper, “MIT Spinoff Tenacity Raises $1.5M to Improve Workplace Productivity with ‘Social Physics,’” GeekWire, February 10, 2016, https://www.geekwire.com/ 2016/tenacity-raises-1-5m; Ron Miller, “Endor Emerges from MIT Research with Unique Predictive Analytics Tech,” TechCrunch, March 8, 2017, http://social.techcrunch.com/2017/03/08/endor-emerges-from-mit-research-with-unique-predictive-analytics-tech; Rob Matheson, “Watch Your Tone,” MIT News, January 20, 2016, http://news.mit.edu/2016/startup-cogito-voice-analytics-call-centers-ptsd-0120.

1078

Ben Waber, People Analytics: How Social Sensing Technology Will Transform Business and What It Tells Us About the Future of Work (Upper Saddle River, NJ: FT Press, 2013).

1079

Ron Miller, “New Firm Combines Wearables and Data to Improve Decision Making,” TechCrunch, February 24, 2015, http://social.techcrunch.com/2015/02/24/new-firm-combines-wearables-and-data-to-improve-decision-making.

1080

Miller, “New Firm”; Alexandra Bosanac, “How ‘People Analytics’ Is Transforming Human Resources,” Canadian Business, October 26, 2015, http://www.canadianbusiness.com/innovation/how-people-analytics-is-transforming-human-resources.

1081

Pentland, “The Data-Driven Society”.

1082

“Alex Pentland Homepage”; Endor.com, December 23, 2017; “Endor – Careers,” http://www.endor.com/careers; “Endor – Social Physics,” http://www.endor.com/ social-physics.

1083

“Yellow Pages Acquires Sense Networks,” Yellow Pages, January 6, 2014, http://corporate.yp.com/yp-acquires-sense-networks.

1084

Alison E. Berman, “MIT’s Sandy Pentland: Big Data Can Be a Profoundly Humanizing Force in Industry,” Singularity Hub, May 16, 2016, https://singularityhub.com/2016/05/16/mits-sandy-pentland-big-data-can-be-a-profoundly-humanizing-force-in-industry.

1085

Berman, “MIT’s Sandy Pentland”.

1086

Alex Pentland, “Society’s Nervous System: Building Effective Government, Energy, and Public Health Systems,” MIT Open Access Articles, October 2011, http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/66256.

1087

Pentland, “Society’s Nervous System,” 3.

1088

Ibid., 6.

1089

Ibid., 2–4.

1090

Ibid., 3.

1091

Ibid., 10.

1092

Ibid., 8 (выделено мной. – Ш. З.).

1093

Pentland, “Society’s Nervous System”.

1094

Pentland, Social Physics, 10–11; Пентленд, Социальная физика, 25.

1095

Ibid., 12; Там же, 28 (выделено мной. – Ш. З.).

1096

Ibid., 245; Там же, 295.

1097

Ibid., 7; Там же, 31 (выделено мной. – Ш. З.; перевод изменен. – Прим. пер.)

1098

B. F. Skinner, Beyond Freedom & Dignity (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2002), 175; Скиннер, По ту сторону свободы и достоинства, 146.

1099

B. F. Skinner, Walden Two (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2005), 241.

1100

Ibid., 162.

1101

Ibid., 239.

1102

Pentland, Social Physics, 19; Пентленд, Социальная физика, 35.

1103

Ibid., 143, 18; Там же, 178, 35–36.

1104

Ibid., 153; Там же, 191.

1105

Skinner, Walden Two, 275.

1106

Ibid., 252.

1107

Ibid., 255–256.

1108

Ibid., 218–219.

1109

Pentland, Social Physics, 191; Пентленд, Социальная физика, 235–236.

1110

Ibid., 2–3; Там же, 15.

1111

Ibid., 6–7; Там же, 20.

1112

Ibid., 172;Там же, 212.

1113

Ibid., 38; Там же, 56–57.

1114

Skinner, Walden Two, 92–93 (выделено мной. – Ш. З.).

1115

Pentland, Social Physics, 69; Пентленд, Социальная физика, 93–94.

1116

Ibid., 184; Там же, 222.

1117

Ibid., 152; Там же, 95.

1118

Ibid., 190; Там же, 234.

1119

Ibid., 46; Там же, 65.

1120

Alex Pentland, “The Death of Individuality: What Really Governs Your Actions?” New Scientist 222, no. 2963 (2014): 30–31.

1121

Skinner, Beyond Freedom & Dignity, 155–156; Скиннер, По ту сторону свободы и достоинства, 130–131.

1122

Pentland, Social Physics, 191, 203–204; Пентленд, Социальная физика, 236, 249–250.

1123

Pentland, “The Death of Individuality”.

1124

Skinner, Beyond Freedom & Dignity, 200, 205; Скиннер, По ту сторону свободы и достоинства, 165–166.

1125

Ibid., 211; Там же, 173–174.

1126

Talks at Google, Sandy Pentland: “Social Physics: How Good Ideas Spread”.

1127

Noam Chomsky, “The Case Against B. F. Skinner,” New York Review of Books, December 30, 1971.

1128

Pentland, Social Physics, 189; Пентленд, Социальная физика, 232–233.

1129

Ibid., 190; Там же, 234.

1130

Alex Pentland, “Reality Mining of Mobile Communications: Toward a New Deal on Data,” in Global Information Technology Report, World Economic Forum & INSEAD (World Economic Forum, 2009), 75–80.

1131

Harvard Business Review Staff, “With Big Data Comes Big Responsibility,” Harvard Business Review, November 1, 2014, https://hbr.org/2014/11/with-big-data-comes-big-responsibility.

1132

“Who Should We Trust to Manage Our Data?” World Economic Forum, accessed August 9, 2018, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/10/who-should-we-trust-manage-our-data/.

1133

Primavera De Filippi and Benjamin Loveluck, “The Invisible Politics of Bitcoin: Governance Crisis of a Decentralized Infrastructure,” Internet Policy Review 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2016).

1134

Staff, “With Big Data Comes Big Responsibility”.

1135

Перевод Ш. Крола.

1136

“The World UNPLUGGED,” The World UNPLUGGED, https://theworldunplugged.wordpress.com.

1137

Интересный анализ см. в: Katherine Losse, The Boy Kings: A Journey into the Heart of the Social Network (New York: Free Press, 2012).

1138

“Confusion,” The World UNPLUGGED, February 26, 2011, https://theworldunplugged.wordpress.com/emotion/confusion.

1139

“College Students Spend 12 Hours/Day with Media, Gadgets,” Marketing Charts, November 30, 2009, https://www.marketingcharts.com/television-11195.

1140

Andrew Perrin and Jingjing Jiang, “About a Quarter of U.S. Adults Say They Are ‘Almost Constantly’ Online,” Pew Research Center, March 14, 2018, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/03/14/about-a-quarter-of-americans-report-going-online-almost-constantly; Monica Anderson and Jingjing Jiang, “Teens, Social Media & Technology 2018,” Pew Research Center, May 31, 2018, http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/05/31/teens-social-media-technology-2018/.

1141

Jason Dorsey, “Gen Z – Tech Disruption: 2016 National Study on Technology and the Generation After Millennials,” Center for Generational Kinetics, 2016, http://3pur2814p18t46fuop22hvvu.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Research-White-Paper-Gen-Z-Tech-Disruption-c-2016-Center-for-Generational-Kinetics.pdf.

1142

Sarah Marsh, “Girls Suffer Under Pressure of Online ‘Perfection,’ Poll Finds,” Guardian, August 22, 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/aug/23/girls-suffer-under-pressure-of-online-perfection-poll-finds.

1143

Одно из первых и плодотворных теоретических осмыслений интернета как зоны объективации личности: Julie E. Cohen, “Examined Lives: Informational Privacy and the Subject as Object” (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, August 15, 2000), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=233597.

1144

Sarah Marsh and Guardian readers, “Girls and Social Media: ‘You Are Expected to Live Up to an Impossible Standard,’” Guardian, August 22, 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/aug/23/girls-and-social-media-you-are-expected-to-live-up-to-an-impossible-standard.

1145

См.: Marsh, “Girls and Social Media”.

1146

“Millennials Check Their Phones More Than 157 Times per Day,” New York, May 31, 2016, https://socialmediaweek.org/newyork/2016/05/31/millennials-check-phones-157-times-per-day (выделено мной).

1147

Natasha Dow Schüll, Addiction by Design: Machine Gambling in Las Vegas (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014), 166–67.

1148

Schüll, Addiction by Design, 160.

1149

Natasha Dow Schüll, “Beware: ‘Machine Zone’ Ahead,” Washington Post, July 6, 2008, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/04/AR2008070402134.html (выделено мной).

1150

См.: Schüll, Addiction by Design, 174.

1151

Alex Hern, “‘Never Get High on Your Own Supply’ – Why Social Media Bosses Don’t Use Social Media,” Guardian, January 23, 2018, http://www.theguardian.com/media/2018/jan/23/never-get-high-on-your-own-supply-why-social-media-bosses-dont-use-social-media.

1152

Jessica Contrera, “This Is What It’s Like to Grow Up in the Age of Likes, Lols and Longing,” Washington Post, May 25, 2016, http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/style/2016/05/25/13-right-now-this-is-what-its-like-to-grow-up-in-the-age-of-likes-lols-and-longing.

1153

Granville Stanley Hall, Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion and Education (Memphis, TN: General Books, 2013), 1:3.

1154

Hall, Adolescence, 1:84.

1155

Erik H. Erikson, Identity and the Life Cycle (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), 126–127. См. также: Erik H. Erikson, Identity: Youth and Crisis (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), esp. 128–135; Эрик Эриксон, Идентичность: юность и кризис (Москва: Флинта; МПСИ; Прогресс, 2006), особенно с. 139–146.

1156

Введение в это понятие см. в: Jeffrey Jensen Arnett, Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road from the Late Teens Through the Twenties (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).

1157

См., например, Laurence Steinberg and Richard M. Lerner, “The Scientific Study of Adolescence: A Brief History,” Journal of Early Adolescence 24, no. 1 (2004): 45–54; Arnett, Emerging Adulthood; Daniel Lapsley and Ryan D. Woodbury, “Social Cognitive Development in Emerging Adulthood,” in The Oxford Handbook of Emerging Adulthood (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015); Wim Meeus, “Adolescent Psychosocial Development: A Review of Longitudinal Models and Research,” Developmental Psychology 52, no. 12 (2016): 1969–1993; Jeffrey Jensen Arnett et al., Debating Emerging Adulthood: Stage or Process? (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).

1158

Dan P. McAdams, “Life Authorship in Emerging Adulthood,” in The Oxford Handbook of Emerging Adulthood (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 438.

1159

Lapsley and Woodbury, “Social Cognitive Development,” 152.

1160

Lapsley and Woodbury, 155. Академические дискуссии о балансе между индивидуацией и привязанностью часто выходят на вопросы культуры. Насколько универсальны эти представления о развития? На мой взгляд, в следующем отрывке из обзора Лапсли и Вудбери этот вопрос рассматривается достаточно здраво и сбалансировано: «Как именно индивидуация проявляется в разных этнических и расовых группах, в разных культурных условиях, внутри стран или в кросснациональных выборках, – все это вопрос эмпирического исследования. Но конфликт между автономией и единением, на наш взгляд, является одной из базовых дихотомий человеческого существования (Bakan, 1966). Конкретное соотношение вполне может меняться от культуры к культуре. Некоторые общества могут ставить на первое место единение, но это не значит, что автономия не играет никакой роли. Другие общества могут отдавать предпочтение автономии, но стремление к привязанности, общению и связи всегда присутствует. Более того, проявления автономии/единения будут различаться на разных этапах жизни одного и того же человека, в зависимости от его относительного социального статуса, приоритетов развития или жизненных обстоятельств. Каким бы ни был компромисс между автономией и единением, ранняя взрослость – это тот период развития, в течение которого решается этот трудный вопрос, что имеет важные последствия для дальнейшей адаптации во взрослой жизни». Ссылка в этом отрывке – на David Bakan, The Duality of Human Existence: Isolation and Communion in Western Man (Boston: Beacon, 1966).

1161

Robert Kegan, The Evolving Self: Problem and Process in Human Development (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982), 96.

1162

Erikson, Identity: Youth and Crisis, 130; Эриксон, Идентичность: юность и кризис, 141.

1163

Kegan, The Evolving Self, 19.

1164

Lapsley and Woodbury, “Social Cognitive Development,” 152.

1165

danah boyd, It’s Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014), 8; дэна бойд, Все сложно: жизнь подростков в социальных сетях (Москва: Издательский дом ВШЭ, 2020), 30.

1166

Chris Nodder, Evil by Design: Interaction Design to Lead Us into Temptation (Indianapolis: Wiley, 2013), xv.

1167

Lapsley and Woodbury, “Social Cognitive Development,” 152.

1168

Nodder, Evil by Design, 5.

1169

“What’s the History of the Awesome Button (That Eventually Became the Like Button) on Facebook?” Quora, September 19, 2017, https://www.quora.com/Whats-the-history-of-the-Awesome-Button-that-eventually-became-the-Like-button-on-Facebook.

1170

См.: John Paul Titlow, “How Instagram Learns from Your Likes to Keep You Hooked,” Fast Company, July 7, 2017, https://www.fastcompany.com/4043 4598/how-instagram-learns-from-your-likes-to-keep-you-hooked.

1171

Adam Alter, Irresistible: The Rise of Addictive Technology and the Business of Keeping Us Hooked (New York: Penguin, 2017), 128.

1172

Josh Constine, “How Facebook News Feed Works,” TechCrunch, September 6, 2016, http://social.techcrunch.com/2016/09/06/ultimate-guide-to-the-news-feed.

1173

Michael Arrington, “Facebook Users Revolt, Facebook Replies,” TechCrunch, http://social.techcrunch.com/2006/09/06/facebook-users-revolt-facebook-replies.

1174

Victor Luckerson, “Here’s How Your Facebook News Feed Actually Works,” Time, July 9, 2015, http://time.com/collection-post/3950525/facebook-news-feed-algorithm.

1175

См.: Constine, “How Facebook News Feed Works”. Цит. по: Will Oremus, “Who Controls Your Facebook Feed,” Slate, January 3, 2016, http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/cover_story/2016/01/how_facebook_s_news_feed_algorithm_works.html.

1176

Constine, “How Facebook News Feed Works”.

1177

См.: Luckerson, “Here’s How Your Facebook News Feed Actually Works”.

1178

См.: Oremus, “Who Controls Your Facebook Feed”.

1179

Alessandro Acquisti, Laura Brandimarte, and George Loewenstein, “Privacy and Human Behavior in the Age of Information,” Science 347, no. 6221 (2015): 509–514.

1180

Jerry Suls and Ladd Wheeler, “Social Comparison Theory,” in Theories of Social Psychology, ed. Paul A. M. Van Lange, Arie W. Kruglanski, and E. Tory Higgins, vol. 2 (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2012), 460–482.

1181

David R. Mettee and John Riskind, “Size of Defeat and Liking for Superior and Similar Ability Competitors,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 10, no. 4 (1974): 333–351; См. также T. Mussweiler and K. Rütter, “What Friends Are For! The Use of Routine Standards in Social Comparison,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85, no. 3 (2003): 467–481.

1182

Suls and Wheeler, “Social Comparison Theory”.

1183

K. Hennigan and L. Heath, “Impact of the Introduction of Television on Crime in the United States: Empirical Findings and Theoretical Implications,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42, no. 3 (1982): 461–477; Hyeseung Yang and Mary Beth Oliver, “Exploring the Effects of Television Viewing on Perceived Life Quality: A Combined Perspective of Material Value and Upward Social Comparison,” Mass Communication and Society 13, no. 2 (2010): 118–138.

1184

Amanda L. Forest and Joanne V. Wood, “When Social Networking Is Not Working,” Psychological Science 23, no. 3 (2012): 295–302; Lin Qiu et al., “Putting Their Best Foot Forward: Emotional Disclosure on Facebook,” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 15, no. 10 (2012): 569–572.

1185

Jiangmeng Liu et al., “Do Our Facebook Friends Make Us Feel Worse? A Study of Social Comparison and Emotion,” Human Communication Research 42, no. 4 (2016): 619–640.

1186

Andrew K. Przybylski et al., “Motivational, Emotional, and Behavioral Correlates of Fear of Missing Out,” Computers in Human Behavior 29, no. 4 (2013): 1841–1848.

1187

Qin-Xue Liu et al., “Need Satisfaction and Adolescent Pathological Internet Use: Comparison of Satisfaction Perceived Online and Offline,” Computers in Human Behavior 55 (February 2016): 695–700; Dorit Alt, “College Students’ Academic Motivation, Media Engagement and Fear of Missing Out,” Computers in Human Behavior 49 (August 2015): 111–19; Roselyn J. Lee-Won, Leo Herzog, and Sung Gwan Park, “Hooked on Facebook: The Role of Social Anxiety and Need for Social Assurance in Problematic Use of Facebook,” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 18, no. 10 (2015): 567–574; Jon D. Elhai et al., “Fear of Missing Out, Need for Touch, Anxiety and Depression Are Related to Problematic Smartphone Use,” Computers in Human Behavior 63 (October 2016): 509–516.

1188

Nina Haferkamp and Nicole C. Krämer, “Social Comparison 2.0: Examining the Effects of Online Profiles on Social-Networking Sites,” Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking 14, no. 5 (2011): 309–314. См. также Helmut Appel, Alexander L. Gerlach, and Jan Crusius, “The Interplay Between Facebook Use, Social Comparison, Envy, and Depression,” Current Opinion in Psychology 9 (June 2016): 44–49.

1189

Ethan Kross et al., “Facebook Use Predicts Declines in Subjective Well-Being in Young Adults,” PLoS ONE 8, no. 8 (2013): e69841, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069841.

1190

Hanna Krasnova et al., “Envy on Facebook: A Hidden Threat to Users’ Life Satisfaction?” Wirtschaftsinformatik Proceedings 2013 92 (January 1, 2013), http://aisel.aisnet.org/wi2013/92; Christina Sagioglou and Tobias Greitemeyer, “Facebook’s Emotional Consequences: Why Facebook Causes a Decrease in Mood and Why People Still Use It,” Computers in Human Behavior 35 (June 2014): 359–363.

1191

Edson C. Tandoc Jr., Patrick Ferruci, and Margaret Duffy, “Facebook Use, Envy, and Depression Among College Students: Is Facebooking Depressing?” Computers in Human Behavior 43 (February 2015): 139–146.

1192

Adriana M. Manago et al., “Facebook Involvement, Objectified Body Consciousness, Body Shame, and Sexual Assertiveness in College Women and Men,” Springer 72, nos. 1–2 (2014): 1–14,

1193

Jan-Erik Lönnqvist and Fenne große Deters, “Facebook Friends, Subjective Well-Being, Social Support, and Personality,” Computers in Human Behavior 55 (February 2016): 113–120; Daniel C. Feiler and Adam M. Kleinbaum, “Popularity, Similarity, and the Network Extraversion Bias,” Psychological Science 26, no. 5 (2015): 593–603.

1194

Brian A. Primack et al., “Social Media Use and Perceived Social Isolation Among Young Adults in the U.S.,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 53, no. 1 (2017): 1–8; Taylor Argo and Lisa Lowery, “The Effects of Social Media on Adolescent Health and Well-Being,” Journal of Adolescent Health 60, no. 2 (2017): S75–76; Elizabeth M Seabrook, Margaret L. Kern, and Nikki S. Rickard, “Social Networking Sites, Depression, and Anxiety: A Systematic Review,” JMIR Mental Health 3, no. 4 (2016): e50, https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.5842.

1195

Holly B. Shakya and Nicholas A. Christakis, “Association of Facebook Use with Compromised Well-Being: A Longitudinal Study,” American Journal of Epidemiology, January 16, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kww189.

1196

В оригинале stool pigeon – подсадной голубь. – Прим. пер.

1197

Bernd Heinrich, The Homing Instinct (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014), 298–299.

1198

Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (New York: Anchor, 1959), 112–132; Ирвинг Гофман, Представление себя другим в повседневной жизни (Москва: КАНОН-пресс-Ц, Кучково поле, 2000), 148–169.

1199

По этому вопросу существует обширная литература, но есть две статьи, которые ссылаются на «эффекты сдерживания» именно в социальных сетях: Sauvik Das and Adam Kramer, “Self-Censorship on Facebook,” in Proceedings of the Seventh International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, 2013; Alice E. Marwick and danah boyd, “I Tweet Honestly, I Tweet Passionately: Twitter Users, Context Collapse, and the Imagined Audience,” New Media & Society 13, no. 1 (2011): 114–133.

1200

Shoshana Zuboff, file note, November 9, 2017, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario.

1201

Ben Marder, Adam Joinson, Avi Shankar, and David Houghton, “The Extended ‘Chilling’ Effect of Facebook: The Cold Reality of Ubiquitous Social Networking,” Computers in Human Behavior 60 (July 1, 2016): 582–592.

1202

Stanley Milgram and Thomas Blass, The Individual in a Social World: Essays and Experiments, 3rd ed. (London: Pinter & Martin, 2010), xxi—xxiii; Стэнли Милграм, Эксперимент в социальной психологии (Санкт-Петербург: Питер, 2000), 14–15.

1203

Милграм, Эксперимент в социальной психологии, 15.

1204

Gaston Bachelard, The Poetics of Space (Boston: Beacon, 1994), 60; Гастон Башляр, Избранное: Поэтика пространства (Москва: РОССПЭН, 2004), 67–68.

1205

Ibid, 7; Там же, 28–29.

1206

Ibid., 91; Там же, 90–91.

1207

Philip Marfleet, “Understanding ‘Sanctuary’: Faith and Traditions of Asylum,” Journal of Refugee Studies 24, no. 3 (2011): 440–455.

1208

John Griffiths Pedley, Sanctuaries and the Sacred in the Ancient Greek World (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 97.

1209

H. Bianchi, Justice as Sanctuary (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2010). См. также: Norman Maclaren Trenholme and Frank Thilly, The Right of Sanctuary in England: A Study in Institutional History, vol. 1 (Columbia: University of Missouri, 1903).

1210

Linda McClain, “Inviolability and Privacy: The Castle, the Sanctuary, and the Body,” Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities 7, no. 1 (1995): 203, http://digitalcommons.law. yale.edu/yjlh/vol7/iss1/9.

1211

Darhl M. Pedersen, “Psychological Functions of Privacy,” Journal of Environmental Psychology 17, no. 2 (1997): 147–156. Ценные работы на связанные с этим темы в рамках правоведения: Daniel J. Solove, “‘I’ve Got Nothing to Hide’ and Other Misunderstandings of Privacy,” San Diego Law Review 44 (July 12, 2007): 745; Julie E. Cohen, “What Privacy Is For” (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, November 5, 2012), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2175406.

1212

Anita L. Allen, Unpopular Privacy: What Must We Hide? (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 4.

1213

Orin S. Kerr, “Searches and Seizures in a Digital World,” Harvard Law Review 119, no. 2 (2005): 531–585; Elizabeth B. Wydra, Brianne J. Gorod, and Brian R. Frazelle, “Timothy Ivory Carpenter v. United States of America – On Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit – Brief of Scholars of the History and Original Meaning of the Fourth Amendment as Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioner,” Supreme Court of the United States, August 14, 2017; David Gray, The Fourth Amendment in an Age of Surveillance (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017); David Gray, “The Fourth Amendment Categorical Imperative,” Michigan Law Review, 2017, http://michiganlawreview.org/the-fourth-amendment-categorical-imperative.

1214

См.: Jennifer Daskal, “The Un-territoriality of Data,” Yale Law Journal 125, no. 2 (2015): 326–398.

1215

Andrew Guthrie Ferguson, “The Internet of Things and the Fourth Amendment of Effects,” California Law Review, August 3, 2015, 879–80, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2577944.

1216

Lisa Van Dongen and Tjerk Timan, “Your Smart Coffee Machine Knows What You Did Last Summer: A Legal Analysis of the Limitations of Traditional Privacy of the Home Under Dutch Law in the Era of Smart Technology” (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, September 1, 2017), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3090340.

1217

Ясное объяснение «согласия», как оно понимается в GDPR, см. в: Sally Annereau, “Understanding Consent Under the GDPR,” Global Data Hub, November 2016, https://globaldatahub.taylorwessing.com/article/understanding-consent-under-the-gdpr.

1218

McCann FitzGerald and Ruairí Madigan, “GDPR and the Internet of Things: 5 Things You Need to Know,” Lexology, May 26, 2016, http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=ba0b0d12-bae3-4e93-b832-85c15620b877.

1219

Daphne Keller, “The Right Tools: Europe’s Intermediary Liability Laws and the 2016 General Data Protection Regulation” (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, March 22, 2017), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2914684; Sandra Wachter, “Normative Challenges of Identification in the Internet of Things: Privacy, Profiling, Discrimination, and the GDPR” (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, December 6, 2017), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3083554; Tal Zarsky, “Incompatible: The GDPR in the Age of Big Data” (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, August 8, 2017), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3022646; Anna Rossi, “Respected or Challenged by Technology? The General Data Protection Regulation and Commercial Profiling on the Internet” (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, July 13, 2016), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2852739; Viktor Mayer-Schönberger and Yann Padova, “Regime Change? Enabling Big Data Through Europe’s New Data Protection Regulation,” Columbia Science & Technology Law Review 315 (2016): 315–335.

1220

Paul-Olivier Dehaye, e-mail message to DCMS Committee, March 6, 2018, http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/digital-culture-media-and-sport-committee/fake-news/written/80117.html.

1221

Paul-Olivier Dehaye, e-mail message to DCMS Committee, March 7, 2018, http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/digital-culture-media-and-sport-committee/fake-news/written/80117.html (выделено мной).

1222

Для лучшего понимания данных и архитектуры Hive, см. аудит Facebook, проведенный в 2011–2012 ирландским комиссаром по защите данных по следам усилий защитника приватности Макса Шремса, который оспорил сбор Facebook персональных данных граждан ЕС: “Facebook Audit,” Data Protection Commission – Ireland, July 3, 2018, https://www.dataprotection.ie/docs/Facbook-Audit/1290.htm.

1223

“How Can I Download a Copy of My Facebook Data?” Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/help/1701730696756992; “What to Look for in Your Facebook Data – and How to Find It,” Wired, April 26, 2018, https://www.wired.com/story/download-facebook-data-how-to-read.

1224

John Paul Titlow, “How Instagram Learns from Your Likes to Keep You Hooked,” Fast Company, July 7, 2017, https://www.fastcompany.com/40434598/how-instagram-learns-from-your-likes-to-keep-you-hooked; Lilian Edwards and Michael Veale, “Slave to the Algorithm? Why a ‘Right to an Explanation’ Is Probably Not the Remedy You Are Looking For” (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, May 23, 2017), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2972855; Michael Veale, Reuben Binns, and Jef Ausloos, “When Data Protection by Design and Data Subject Rights Clash,” International Data Privacy Law, April 26, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1093/idpl/ipy002; Dimitra Kamarinou, Christopher Millard, and Jatinder Singh, “Machine Learning with Personal Data” (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, November 7, 2016), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2865811.

1225

Andrew Tutt, “An FDA for Algorithms,” Administrative Law Review 69, no. 83 (2017), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2747994.

1226

Личное сообщение.

1227

В исторической перспективе эта динамика власти отлично рассматривается в: Robin Mansell, “Bits of Power: Struggling for Control of Information and Communication Networks,” Political Economy of Communication 5, no. 1 (2017), 2–29, especially 16.

1228

Laura Nader, “The Life of the Law – a Moving Story,” Valparaiso University Law Review 36, no. 3 (2002): 658.

1229

Дополнительные сведения о NOYB можно получить на ее весьма информативном сайте: “Noyb.Eu | My Privacy Is None of Your Business,” https://noyb.eu. См. также: Hannah Kuchler, “Max Schrems: The Man Who Took on Facebook – and Won,” Financial Times, April 5, 2018.

1230

2010–2012: Kit Seeborg, “Facebook Q4 2012 Quarterly Earnings,” January 31, 2013, https://www.slideshare.net/kitseeborg/fb-q412-investordeck/4-Daily_Active_Users_DAUsMillions_of; 2013–2014: “Facebook Q4 2014 Results,” investor.fb.com, August 4, 21018, http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/AMDA-NJ5DZ/ 3907746207x0x805520/2D74EDCA-E02A-420B-A262-BC096264BB93/FB_Q414EarningsSlides20150128.pdf, 3; 2015–2017: Deborah Crawford et al., “Facebook, Inc. (FB) – Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2016 Results,” February 1, 2017, https://s21.q4cdn.com/399680738/files/doc _financials/2017/Q4/Q4-2017-Earnings-Presentation.pdf, 2.

1231

United States and Canada: “Facebook: Quarterly Revenue in U.S. and Canada from 1st Quarter 2010 to 2nd Quarter 2018,” Statista, 2018, https://www.statista.com/statistics/223280/facebooks-quarterly-revenue-in-the-us-and-canada-by-segment/#0; Europe: “Facebook: Quarterly Revenue in Europe from 1st Quarter 2010 to 2nd Quarter 2018,” Statista, 2018, https://www.statista.com/statistics/223279/facebooks-quarterly-revenue-in-europe/#0.

1232

“Global Stats,” statcounter.com, http://gs.statcounter.com.

1233

См.: Daisuke Wakabayashi and Adam Satariano, “How Looming Privacy Regulations May Strengthen Facebook and Google,” New York Times, April 24, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/23/technology/privacy-regulation-facebook-google.html.

1234

“Recommendations for Implementing Transparency, Consent and Legitimate Interest Under the GDPR,” Centre for Information Policy Leadership, Hunton and Williams LLP, GDPR Implementation Project, May 19, 2017.

1235

“Exclusive: Facebook to Put 1.5 Billion Users Out of Reach of New EU Privacy Law,” Reuters, April 19, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-privacy-eu-exclusive/exclusive-facebook-to-change-user-terms-limiting-effect-of-eu-privacy-law-idUSKBN1HQ00P.

1236

Elizabeth E. Joh, “Privacy Protests: Surveillance Evasion and Fourth Amendment Suspicion,” Arizona Law Review 55, no. 4 (2013): 997–1029; Jeffrey L. Vagle, “Furtive Encryption: Power, Trust, and the Constitutional Cost of Collective Surveillance,” Indiana Law Journal 90, no. 1 (2015), http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2550934.

1237

“How to Be Invisible: 15 Anti-surveillance Gadgets & Wearables,” WebUrbanist, November 28, 2016, http://weburbanist.com/2016/11/28/how-to-be-invisible-15-anti-surveillance-designs-installations. Другая актуальная статья об этом: “The Role of Hackers in Countering Surveillance and Promoting Democracy,” April 29, 2018, https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/docview/1719239523?pq-origsite=gscholar.

1238

См.: Zach Sokol, “Hide from Surveillance by Wearing a Mask of This Artist’s Face,” Creators, May 7, 2014, https://creators.vice.com/en_us/article/pgqp87/hide-from-surveillance-by-wearing-a-mask-of-this-artists-face.

1239

См.: “Backslash,” Backslash.com, August 4, 2018, http://www.backslash.cc.

1240

Mehrdad Hessar et al., “Enabling On-Body Transmissions with Commodity Devices,” UBICOMP 16, September 12–16, 2016, Heidelberg, Germany.

1241

См.: Adam Harvey, “Stealth Wear – Anti-drone Fasion,” ah projects, December 3, 2012, https://ahprojects.com/projects/stealth-wear.

1242

См.: Benjamin Grosser, “Projects,” Benjamin Grosser, August 3, 2018, https://bengrosser.com/projects.

1243

Cade Metz, “The Unsettling Performance That Showed the World Through AI’s Eyes,” Wired, April 30, 2017, https://www.wired.com/2017/04/unsettling-performance-showed-world-ais-eyes/; Thu-Huong Ha, “Ai Weiwei’s New Show Exposes the Creepy Consequences of Our Obsession with Posing for the Camera,” Quartz, April 29, 2018, https://qz.com/1000684/ai-weiwei-herzog-de-meuron-artwork-hansel-gretel-exposes-the-creepy-consequences-of-our-obsession-with-posing-for-the-camera.

1244

Перевод Ш. Крола.

1245

Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, ed. Edwin Cannan (New York: Modern Library, 1994), 485; Адам Смит, Исследование о природе и причинах богатства народов (Москва: Эксмо, 2007), 443.

1246

Friedrich August von Hayek, The Collected Works of Friedrich August Hayek, ed. William Warren Bartley (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 1:14; Фридрих Август фон Хайек, Пагубная самонадеянность. Ошибки социализма (Москва: Новости, Catallaxy, 1992), 30.

1247

Friedrich Hayek, “The Use of Knowledge in Society,” in Friedrich Hayek, Individualism and Economic Order (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 85–89; Фридрих Август фон Хайек, “Использование знания в обществе”, в: Фридрих Август фон Хайек, Индивидуализм и экономический порядок (Челябинск: Социум, 2011), 103–107.

1248

Hayek, “The Use of Knowledge,” 89; Хайек, “Использование знания в обществе”, 106 (выделено мной. – Ш. З.).

1249

Ashlee Vance, “Facebook: The Making of 1 Billion Users,” Bloomberg.com, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-10-04/facebook-the-making-of-1-billion-users.

1250

Tom Simonite, “What Facebook Knows,” MIT Technology Review, June 13, 2012, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/428150/what-facebook-knows.

1251

См.: Vance, “Facebook: The Making of 1 Billion Users”.

1252

Derek Thompson, “Google’s CEO: ‘The Laws Are Written by Lobbyists,’” Atlantic, October 1, 2010, https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2010/10/googles-ceo-the-laws-are-written-by-lobbyists/63908.

1253

Satya Nadella, “Satya Nadella: Build 2017,” News Center, May 10, 2017, https://news.microsoft.com/speeches/satya-nadella-build-2017.

1254

Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 939–940; Смит, Исследование о природе и причинах богатства народов, 804.

1255

Эти данные взяты из моей собственной подборки данных о рыночной капитализации и занятости General Motors за 1926–2008 гг., Google с 2004 по 2016 г. и Facebook с 2012 по 2016 г. Все цифры рыночной капитализации приведены с учетом инфляции в долларах 2016 г. в соответствии с индексом потребительских цен, взятым из Federal Reserve Economic Data, Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Источники, использованные для составления этих данных, включают IQ Standard & Poor's Capital (рыночная капитализация и численность персонала Google), Wharton Research Data Services – CRSP (рыночная капитализация General Motors), Standard & Poor’s Compustat (численность работников General Motors), Thomas Eikon (рыночная капитализация Facebook), годовые отчеты компании (численность работников General Motors) и SEC Filings (численность сотрудников Facebook).

1256

Opinion Research Corporation, “Is Big Business Essential for the Nation’s Growth and Expansion?” ORC Public Opinion Index (August 1954); Opinion Research Corporation, “Which of These Comes Closest to Your Impression of the Business Setup in This Country?” ORC Public Opinion Index (January 1955); Opinion Research Corporation, “Now Some Questions About Large Companies. Do You Agree or Disagree on Each of These?.. Large Companies Are Essential for the Nation’s Growth and Expansion,” ORC Public Opinion Index (June 1959). Исследование 1951 г. показало, что американская публика хвалит крупный бизнес за создание рабочих мест, эффективное массовое производство, разработку и совершенствование, уплату крупных налогов и поддержку образования. См.: “Poll Finds Public on Industry’s Side,” New York Times, July 15, 1951. Опрос 1966 г., проведенный компанией Harris, выявил, что 44 % американцев приписывают процветание страны работе федерального правительства, а 34 % – деятельности большого бизнеса. В 1968 г., когда зарплата директора была примерно в 24 раза выше зарплаты среднего работника, 64 % американцев сказали, что бизнес управляется лучше, чем когда бы то ни было в прошлом. См.: Louis Harris & Associates, “Which Two or Three Best Describe Most Business Corporation Leaders in the Country?” (April 1966); Louis Harris & Associates, “Compared with What We Have Produced in the Past in This Country, Do You Feel That Our Present Leadership in the Field of Business Is Better, Worse or About the Same as We Have Produced in the Past?” (June 1968). Дополнительную информацию можно найти также в: Louis Galambos, The Public Image of Big Business in America, 1880–1940: A Quantitative Study in Social Change (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975).

1257

См.: Alfred D. Chandler, “The Enduring Logic of Industrial Success,” Harvard Business Review, March 1, 1990, https://hbr.org/1990/03/the-enduring-logic-of-industrial-success; Susan Helper and Rebecca Henderson, “Management Practices, Relational Contracts, and the Decline of General Motors,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 28, no. 1 (2014): 49–72.

1258

David H. Autor et al., “The Fall of the Labor Share and the Rise of Superstar Firms” (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, May 22, 2017), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2971352. См. также: Michael Chui and James Manyika, “Competition at the Digital Edge: ‘Hyperscale’ Businesses,” McKinsey Quarterly, March 2015.

1259

Ожидается, что к концу 2018 г. в строй вступят еще сто дата-центров. В 2017 г. Microsoft инвестировал 20 миллиардов долларов, а в 2018 г. Facebook объявил о планах инвестировать 20 миллиардов долларов в новый гипермасштабный дата-центр в Атланте. Согласно одному отраслевому отчету, гипермасштабные фирмы также строят мировые сети, особенно подводные кабели, что означает, что «значительная часть мирового интернет-трафика проходит в настоящее время через частные сети, принадлежащие гипермасштабным фирмам или управляемые ими». В 2016 г. Facebook и Google объединились, чтобы построить новый подводный кабель между США и Гонконгом, который называли самым мощным на сегодняшний день трансокеанским маршрутом. См.: João Marges Lima, “Hyperscalers Taking Over the World at an Unprecedented Scale,” Data Economy, April 11, 2017, https://data-economy.com/hyperscalers-taking-world-unprecedented-scale; João Marges Lima, “Facebook, Google Partners in 12,800Km Transpacific Cable Linking US, China,” Data Economy, October 13, 2016, https://data-economy.com/facebook-google-partners-in-12800km-transpacific-cable-linking-us-china; João Marges Lima, “Facebook Could Invest up to $20bn in a Single Hyperscale Data Centre Campus,” Data Economy, January 23, 2018, https://data-economy.com/facebook-invest-20bn-single-hyperscale-data-centre-campus.

1260

T. H. Breen, The Marketplace of Revolution: How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 22.

1261

Breen, The Marketplace of Revolution, 222.

1262

Ibid., XVI–XVII.

1263

Ibid., 235–239.

1264

См.: Ibid., 20.

1265

См.: Ibid., 299.

1266

Ibid., 325.

1267

Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty (New York: Crown Business, 2012; Дарон Аджемоглу и Джеймс А. Робинсон, Почему одни страны богатые, а другие бедные. Происхождение власти, процветания и нищеты (Москва: АСТ, 2015).

1268

Ibid., 313–314; Там же, 348. Историк Джек Голдстоун отмечает, что масштабы британских парламентских реформ ослабили давление в пользу более насильственных изменений, создав более прочную и процветающую демократию. Подобно Аджемоглу и Робинсону, он приходит к выводу, что «упадок нации» обычно связан с социальным устройством, при котором элиты не отождествляют свои интересы с интересами народа, что наводит на мысль об опасности именно такой структурной независимости, которой пользуются надзорные капиталисты. См.: Jack A. Goldstone, Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 481, 487; см. также: Barrington Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon, 1993), 3–39; Баррингтон Мур, Социальные истоки диктатуры и демократии: Роль помещика и крестьянина в создании современного мира (Москва: Издательский дом Высшей школы экономики, 2016) 19–50.

1269

Michel Crozier, Samuel P. Huntington, and Joji Watanuki, “The Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission,” 1975, http://trilateral.org/download/doc/crisis_of_democracy.pdf.

1270

Ryan Mac, Charlie Warzel, and Alex Kantrowitz, “Growth at Any Cost: Top Facebook Executive Defended Data Collection in 2016 Memo – and Warned That Facebook Could Get People Killed,” Buzzfeed, March 29, 2018, https://www.buzzfeed.com/ryanmac/growth-at-any-cost-top-facebook-executive-defended-data?utm_term=.stWyyGQnb#.cnkEEaN0v.

1271

Nicholas Thompson and Fred Vogelstein, “Inside the Two Years That Shook Facebook – and the World,” Wired, February 12, 2018, https://www.wired.com/story/inside-facebook-mark-zuckerberg-2-years-of-hell.

1272

Hunt Allcott and Matthew Gentzkow, “Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 31, no. 2 (2017): 211–36.

1273

“Nielsen/Netratings Reports Topline U.S. Data for July 2007,” Nielsen/Netratings, July 2007.

1274

Consumer Watchdog, “Liars and Loans: How Deceptive Advertisers Use Google,” February 2011; Jay Greene, “Feds Shut Down High-Tech Mortgage Scammers,” CBSNews.com, November 16, 2011.

1275

US Department of Justice, “Google Forfeits $500 Million Generated by Online Ads & Prescription Drug Sales by Canadian Online Pharmacies,” https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/google-forfeits-500-million-generated-online-ads-prescription-drug-sales-canadian-online.

1276

Michela Del Vicario et al., “The Spreading of Misinformation Online,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 3 (2016): 554–59; Solomon Messing and Sean J. Westwood, “How Social Media Introduces Biases in Selecting and Processing News Content,” Pew Research Center, April 8, 2012.

1277

См.: Paul Mozur and Mark Scott, “Fake News in U.S. Election? Elsewhere, That’s Nothing New,” New York Times, November 17, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/18/technology/fake-news-on-facebook-in-foreign-elections-thats-not-new.html.

1278

Catherine Buni, “The Secret Rules of the Internet,” Verge, April 13, 2016, https://www.theverge.com/2016/4/13/11387934/internet-moderator-history-youtube-facebook-reddit-censorship-free-speech.

1279

Madeleine Varner and Julia Angwin, “Facebook Enabled Advertisers to Reach ‘Jew Haters,’” ProPublica, September 14, 2017, https://www.propublica.org/article/ facebook-enabled-advertisers-to-reach-jew-haters.

1280

Интересный анализ можно найти в Buni, “The Secret Rules of the Internet”; Nick Hopkins, “Revealed: Facebook’s Internal Rulebook on Sex, Terrorism and Violence,” Guardian, May 21, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/may/21/revealed-facebook-internal-rulebook-sex-terrorism-violence?utm_source=esp&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=GU+Today+USA+-+Collections+2017&utm_term=227190&subid=17990030&CMP=GT_US_collection; Nick Hopkins, “Facebook Moderators: A Quick Guide to Their Job and Its Challenges,” Guardian, May 21, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/may/21/facebook-moderators-quick-guide-job-challenges; Kate Klonick, “The New Governors: The People, Rules, and Processes Governing Online Speech,” Harvard Law Review 131 (March 20, 2017), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2937985.

1281

Michael Nunez, “Facebook’s Fight Against Fake News Was Undercut by Fear of Conservative Backlash,” Gizmodo, November 14, 2016, http://gizmodo.com/facebooks-fight-against-fake-news-was-undercut-by-fear-1788808204.

1282

Varner and Angwin, “Facebook Enabled Advertisers to Reach ‘Jew Haters’”.

1283

Alex Kantrowitz, “Google Allowed Advertisers to Target ‘Jewish Parasite,’ ‘Black People Ruin Everything,’” BuzzFeed, September 15, 2017, https://www.buzzfeed.com/alexkantrowitz/google-allowed-advertisers-to-target-jewish-parasite-black.

1284

Jack Nicas, “Big Brands Boost Fake News Sites,” Wall Street Journal, December 9, 2016; Olivia Solon, “Google’s Bad Week: YouTube Loses Millions as Advertising Row Reaches US,” Guardian, March 25, 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/25/google-youtube-advertising-extremist-content-att-verizon; Alexi Mostrous, “YouTube Hate Preachers Share Screens with Household Names,” Times, March 17, 2017, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/youtube-hate-preachers-share-screens-with-household-names-kdmpm kkjk; Alexi Mostrous, “Advertising Giant Drops Google in Storm Over Extremist Videos,” Times, March 18, 2017, http://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/advertising-giant-drops-google-in-storm-over-extremist-videos-2klgvv8d5.

1285

Shannon Bond, “Trade Group Warns on Google Ad Backlash ‘Crisis,’” Financial Times, March 24, 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/0936a49e-b521-369e-9d22-c194ed1c0d48; Matthew Garrahan, “AT&T Pulls Some Ads from Google After YouTube Controversy,” Financial Times, March 22, 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/254d330d-f3d1-3ac2-ab8d-761083d6976a; Sapna Maheshwari and Daisuke Wakabayashi, “AT&T and Johnson & Johnson Pull Ads from YouTube,” New York Times, March 22, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/22/business/atampt-and-johnson-amp-johnson-pull-ads-from-youtube-amid-hate-speech-concerns.html; Rob Davies, “Google Braces for Questions as More Big-Name Firms Pull Adverts,” Guardian, March 19, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/19/google-braces-for-questions-as-more-big-name-firms-pull-adverts.

1286

Olivia Solon, “Facebook’s Fake News: Mark Zuckerberg Rejects ‘Crazy Idea’ That It Swayed Voters,” Guardian, November 11, 2016, https://www.the guardian.com/technology/2016/nov/10/facebook-fake-news-us-election-mark-zuckerberg-donald-trump.

1287

Guy Chazan, “Berlin Looks at Fines for Facebook with Fake News Law,” Financial Times, December 16, 2016; Guy Chazan, “Germany Cracks Down on Social Media Over Fake News,” Financial Times, March 14, 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/c10aa4f8-08a5-11e7-97d1-5e720a26771b; Jim Pickard, “Amber Rudd Urges Action from Internet Groups on Extremist Content,” Financial Times, March 26, 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/f652c9bc-120d-11e7-80f4-13e067d5072c; Alexandra Topping, Mark Sweney, and Jamie Grierson, “Google Is ‘Profiting from Hatred’ Say MPs in Row Over Adverts,” Guardian, March 17, 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/17/google-is-profiting-from-hatred-say-mps-in-row-over-adverts; Sabrina Siddiqui, “‘From Heroes to Villains’: Tech Industry Faces Bipartisan Backlash in Washington,” Guardian, September 26, 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/sep/26/tech-industry-washington-google-amazon-apple-facebook; Nancy Scola and Josh Meyer, “Google, Facebook May Have to Reveal Deepest Secrets,” Politico, October 1, 2017, http://politi.co/2yBtppQ; Paul Lewis, “Senator Warns YouTube Algorithm May Be Open to Manipulation by ‘Bad Actors,’” Guardian, February 5, 2018, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/feb/05/senator-warns-youtube-algorithm-may-be-open-to-manipulation-by-bad-actors.

1288

Madhumita Murgia and David Bond, “Google Apologises to Advertisers for Extremist Content on YouTube,” Financial Times, March 20, 2017; Sam Levin, “Mark Zuckerberg: I Regret Ridiculing Fears Over Facebook’s Effect on Election,” Guardian, September 27, 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/sep/27/mark-zuckerberg-facebook-2016-election-fake-news; Robert Booth and Alex Hern, “Facebook Admits Industry Could Do More to Combat Online Extremism,” Guardian, September 20, 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/sep/20/facebook-admits-industry-could-do-more-to-combat-online-extremism; Scott Shane and Mike Isaac, “Facebook to Turn Over Russian-Linked Ads to Congress,” New York Times, September 21, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/21/technology/face book-russian-ads.html; David Cohen, “Mark Zuckerberg Seeks Forgiveness in Yom Kippur Facebook Post,” Adweek, October 2, 2017, http://www.adweek.com/digital/mark-zuckerberg-yom-kippur-facebook-post; “Exclusive Interview with Facebook’s Sheryl Sandberg,” Axios, October 12, 2017, https://www.axios.com/exclusive-interview-facebook-sheryl-sandberg-2495538841.html; Kevin Roose, “Facebook’s Frankenstein Moment,” New York Times, September 21, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/21/technology/facebook-frankenstein-sandberg-ads.html.

1289

David Cohen, “Mark Zuckerberg Seeks Forgiveness in Yom Kippur Facebook Post”.

1290

Roose, “Facebook’s Frankenstein Moment”.

1291

Booth and Hern, “Facebook Admits Industry Could Do More to Combat Online Extremism”.

1292

См.: Murgia and Bond, “Google Apologises to Advertisers”.

1293

Mark Bergen, “Google Is Losing to the ‘Evil Unicorns,’” Bloomberg Businessweek, November 27, 2017.

1294

О небольших коррективах см.: Mike Isaac, “Facebook and Other Tech Companies Seek to Curb Flow of Terrorist Content,” New York Times, December 5, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/05/technology/facebook-and-other-tech-companies-seek-to-curb-flow-of-terrorist-content.html; Daisuke Wakabayashi, “Google Cousin Develops Technology to Flag Toxic Online Comments,” New York Times, February 23, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/23/technology/google-jigsaw-monitor-toxic-online-comments.html; Sapna Maheshwari, “YouTube Revamped Its Ad System. AT&T Still Hasn’t Returned,” New York Times, February 12, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/12/business/media/att-youtube-advertising.html; Madhumita Murgia, “Google Reveals Response to YouTube Ad Backlash,” Financial Times, March 21, 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/46475974-0e30-11e7-b030-76895439 4623; Heather Timmons, “Google Executives Are Floating a Plan to Fight Fake News on Facebook and Twitter,” Quartz, https://qz.com/1195872/google-face book-twitter-fake-news-chrome; Elizabeth Dwoskin and Hamza Shaban, “Facebook Will Now Ask Users to Rank News Organizations They Trust,” Washington Post, January 19, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2018/01/19/facebook-will-now-ask-its-users-to-rank-news-organizations-they-trust; Hamza Shaban, “Mark Zuckerberg Vows to Remove Violent Threats from Facebook,” Washington Post, August 16, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2017/08/16/mark-zuckerberg-vows-to-remove-violent-threats-from-facebook. О шагах по недопущению действенных реформ см.: Hannah Albarazi, “Zuckerberg Votes Against Shareholder Push for Fake News Transparency,” CBS SFBayArea, June 2, 2017, http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2017/06/02/zuckerberg-shareholder-fake-news-transparency; Ethan Baron, “Google Parent Alphabet Gender-Pay Proposal Dead on Arrival,” Mercury News, June 7, 2017.

1295

“Facebook Reports First Quarter 2018 Results”.

1296

Adam Mosseri, “News Feed FYI: Bringing People Closer Together,” Facebook Newsroom, January 11, 2018, https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/01/news-feed-fyi-bringing-people-closer-together.

1297

Sapna Maheshwari, “As Facebook Changes Its Feed, Advertisers См.: Video Ambitions,” New York Times, January 21, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/21/business/media/facebook-video-advertising.html.

1298

Thomas Paine, The Life and Works of Thomas Paine, ed. William M. Van der Weyde (New Rochelle, NY: Thomas Paine Historical Society, 1925), 6:97; Томас Пейн, Избранные сочинения (Москва: Издательство АН СССР, 1959), 218.

1299

Hannah Arendt, Between Past and Future: Eight Exercises in Political Thought (New York: Penguin, 2006), 99; Ханна Арендт, Между прошлым и будущим. Восемь упражнений в политической мысли (Москва: Издательство Института Гайдара, 2014), 146, 149.

1300

Mark Zuckerberg, “Building Global Community,” February 16, 2017, https://www.facebook.com/notes/mark-zuckerberg/building-global-community/ 10154544292806634.

1301

Karissa Bell, “Zuckerberg Removed a Line About Monitoring Private Messages from His Facebook Manifesto,” Mashable, February 16, 2017, http://mashable.com/2017/02/16/mark-zuckerberg-manifesto-ai.

1302

Heather Kelly, “Mark Zuckerberg Explains Why He Just Changed Facebook’s Mission,” CNNMoney, June 22, 2017, http://money.cnn.com/2017/06/22/technology/facebook-zuckerberg-interview/index.html.

1303

Pippa Norris, “Is Western Democracy Backsliding? Diagnosing the Risks,” Harvard Kennedy School, March 2017, https://www.hks.harvard.edu/publications/western-democracy-backsliding-diagnosing-risks; Erik Voeten, “Are People Really Turning Away from Democracy?” (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, December 8, 2016), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2882878; Amy C. Alexander and Christian Welzel, “The Myth of Deconsolidation: Rising Liberalism and the Populist Reaction,” Journal of Democracy, April 28, 2017, https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/sites/default/files/media/Journal%20of%20Democracy%20Web%20Exchange%20-%20Alexander%20and%20Welzel.pdf; Ronald Inglehart, “The Danger of Deconsolidation: How Much Should We Worry?” Journal of Democracy 27, no. 3 (2016), https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/article/danger-deconsolidation-how-much-should-we-worry; Roberto Stefan Foa and Yascha Mounk, “The Signs of Deconsolidation,” Journal of Democracy 28, no. 1 (2017); Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel, “Democracy’s Victory Is Not Preordained. Inglehart and Welzel Reply,” Foreign Affairs 88, no. 4 (2009): 157–159; Roberto Stefan Foa, “The End of the Consolidation Paradigm – a Response to Our Critics,” Journal of Democracy, April 28, 2017.

1304

Bart Bonikowski, “Three Lessons of Contemporary Populism in Europe and the United States,” Brown Journal of World Affairs 23, no. 1 (2016); Bart Bonikowski and Paul DiMaggio, “Varieties of American Popular Nationalism,” American Sociological Review 81, no. 5 (2016): 949–980; Theda Skocpol and Vanessa Williamson, The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), 74–75.

1305

Richard Wike et al., “Globally, Broad Support for Representative and Direct Democracy,” Pew Research Center’s Global Attitudes Project, October 16, 2017, http://www.pewglobal.org/2017/10/16/globally-broad-support-for-representative-and-direct-democracy.

1306

Как выразился исследователь демократии и автор тезиса о «спаде демократии» Ларри Даймонд, «трудно переоценить, насколько важную роль играет жизнеспособность и уверенность в себе американской демократии в глобальной экспансии демократии <…> Апатия и пассивность в Европе и США могут значительно понизить барьеры для новых откатов демократии и укрепления авторитаризма во многих других странах». См.: Larry Diamond, “Facing Up to the Democratic Recession,” Journal of Democracy 26, no. 1 (2015): 141–155.

1307

Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (New York: Picador, 2007); Наоми Кляйн, Доктрина шока: расцвет капитализма катастроф (Москва: Добрая книга, 2009); Erik Olin Wright, Envisioning Real Utopias (London: Verso, 2010); Wendy Brown, Edgework: Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005); Gerald F. Davis, Managed by the Markets: How Finance Re-shaped America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).

1308

Immanuel Wallerstein et al., Does Capitalism Have a Future? (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013); Иммануил Валлерстайн, Рэндалл Коллинз, Майкл Манн, Георгий Дерлугьян и Крейг Калхун, Есть ли будущее у капитализма? Москва: Издательство Института Гайдара, 2015); Erik Olin Wright, Envisioning Real Utopias (London: Verso, 2010); Naomi Klein, This Changes Everything: Capitalism Vs. the Climate (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015); Wendy Brown, Edgework: Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005); Davis, Managed by the Markets; Wolfgang Streeck, “On the Dismal Future of Capitalism,” Socio-Economic Review 14, no. 1 (2016): 164–170; Craig Calhoun, “The Future of Capitalism,” Socio-Economic Review 14, no. 1 (2016): 171–176; Polly Toynbee, “Unfettered Capitalism Eats Itself,” Socio-Economic Review 14, no. 1 (2016): 176–179; Amitai Etzioni, “The Next Industrial Revolution Calls for a Different Economic System,” Socio-Economic Review 14, no. 1 (2016): 179–183.

1309

См., напр.: Nicolas Berggruen and Nathan Gardels, Intelligent Governance for the 21st Century: A Middle Way Between West and East (Cambridge: Polity, 2013).

1310

Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Schocken, 2004), 615; Ханна Арендт, Истоки тоталитаризма (Москва: ЦентрКом, 1996), 620.

1311

Theodor Adorno, “Education after Auschwitz,” in Theodor Adorno, Critical Models: Interventions and Catchwords (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966).

1312

Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2014), 571; Томас Пикетти, Капитал в XXI веке (Москва: Ад Маргинем Пресс, 2015), 585.

1313

Ibid., 573; Там же, 587. Мудрую и элегантную защиту демократии см. также в: Wendy Brown, Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism’s Stealth Revolution (New York: Zone, 2015).

1314

Roger W. Garrison, “Hayek and Friedman,” in Elgar Companion to Hayekian Economics, ed. Norman Barry (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2014).

1315

Фридрих Хайек в интервью Роберту Борку, 4 ноября 1978, Center for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu.

1316

Zygmunt Bauman, Liquid Modernity (Cambridge, MA: Polity, 2000); Зигмунт Бауман, Текучая современность (Санкт-Петербург: Питер, 2008); Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century. Vol. III: The Perspective of the World (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), 620; Фернан Бродель, Материальная цивилизация, экономика и капитализм, XV–XVIII вв. Т. 3. Время мира (Москва: Прогресс, 1992), 640–641.

1317

Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, 614–615; Пикетти, Капитал в XXI веке, 482.

1318

Roberto M. Unger, Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), 8, 41 (выделено мной. – Ш. З.).

1319

Paine, The Life and Works, 6: 172.

1320

Hannah Arendt, “A Reply” [to Eric Voegelin’s review of Origins of Totalitarianism], Review of Politics, 15 (1953): 79.

1321

George Orwell, In Front of Your Nose 1945–1950: The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, vol. 4, ed. Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1968), 173–174; Джордж Оруэлл, Лев и Единорог. Эссе, статьи, рецензии (Москва: Московская школа политических исследований, 2003), 377–382 (перевод исправлен. – Прим. пер.).

1322

Orwell, In Front of Your Nose, 180–181; Оруэлл, Лев и Единорог, 388.

1323

Hannah Arendt, “What Is Freedom?” in Between Past and Future: Eight Exercises in Political Thought (New York: Penguin, 1993), 169; Ханна Арендт, “Что такое свобода?”, в: Ханна Арендт, Между прошлым и будущим. Восемь упражнений в политической мысли (Москва: Издательство Института Гайдара, 2014), 255. Благодарности

1324

Мои жизни, мои сердца (исп.). – Прим. пер.