Примечания книги Энергия крахмала. Ешьте вкусно, заботьтесь о здоровье и худейте навсегда. Автор книги Джон Макдугалл, Мэри Макдугалл

1

А-тип личности – система признаков, характеризующих индивида, среди которых ведущими являются тенденция к конкурированию, нетерпеливость, раздражительность. Авторы типологии – американские ученые Рэй Розенман и Мейер Фридман. Считается, что представители данного типа наиболее подвержены заболеваниям сердечно-сосудистой системы. Здесь и далее примечания редактора и переводчика.

2

Великая депрессия – мировой экономический кризис, начавшийся в 1929-м и закончившийся в 1939 году, наиболее остро проявлялся с 1929 по 1933 год. Наиболее остро кризис ощущался в Канаде, США, Франции, Великобритании и Германии.

3

Ангиография – метод контрастного рентгенологического исследования кровеносных сосудов, который помогает выявить их повреждения и пороки.

4

ДДТ, или дихлордифенилтрихлорметилметан, – химический препарат для уничтожения вредных насекомых, особенно эффективен для борьбы с саранчой.

5

Мост Золотые Ворота – висячий мост над одноименным проливом, соединяющий Сан-Франциско и южную часть округа Марин. Его общая длина – 2737 метров. Это один из самых известных мостов в мире.

6

Диета весонаблюдателей (Weight Watchers) – система питания, созданная в 1963 году американской домохозяйкой Джин Недич, в настоящее время популярная и доступная каждому. Основной постулат этой диеты – меньше есть и больше двигаться. Для ясности (сколько именно есть и как именно двигаться) продуктам и физическим упражнениям присваиваются определенные баллы.

7

Программа похудения Дженни Крейг включает в себя уже приготовленные и готовые к доставке блюда, персональное консультирование по телефону, а также видео с упражнениями. Привлекает внимание своей легкостью (ничего не надо готовить) и доступностью.

8

Маниок – южноамериканский кустарник, из корней которого получают питательную муку. По вкусу напоминает привычный нам картофель.

9

Кетоз – избыточное накопление кетоновых тел в тканях организма, которое обычно образуется в результате нарушения метаболизма жиров вследствие высокого уровня потребления белковой пищи.

10

По мнению авторов диеты, Харви и Мэрилин Даймонд, выбор продуктов определяется периодами, на которые поделен день. Так, в «фазе выделения» (с четырех утра и до обеда) можно есть только фрукты и пить свежевыжатый сок, а во второй фазе – «фазе приема пищи» (с обеда до восьми вечера) – что-то более существенное: салат, тушеные овощи, бобовые, хлеб, немного мяса или рыбы. Молоко и молочные продукты запрещены.

11

Диета Южного пляжа была разработана кардиологом Артуром Агатстоном и кардиологом Мэри Алмон в 1999 году. Принцип действия диеты основан на отказе от быстрых углеводов (резко повышающих уровень сахара в крови) и замене их медленными, а также на замене продуктов, содержащих насыщенные жиры, на продукты, содержащие ненасыщенные жиры (омега-3-жирные кислоты).

12

Он же субсалицилат висмута – лекарственный препарат от расстройства желудка.

13

Апноэ – расстройство, для которого характерно прекращение дыхательной функции во время сна на десять секунд и более.

14

Колит – воспаление слизистой оболочки толстой кишки.

15

Прионы – особый класс чисто белковых инфекционных агентов, вызывающих тяжелые заболевания центральной нервной системы у человека и ряда высших животных.

16

Эмфизема легких – заболевание дыхательных путей, характеризующееся повышенной воздушностью легочной ткани.

17

The Kind Diet.

18

A Race for Life: Diet and Exercise Program for Superfitness and Reversing the Aging Process.

19

Полное наименование программы – Special Supplement Food Programm for Women, Infants and Children. Эта программа бесплатно обеспечивает специальным усиленным питанием беременных женщин, кормящих матерей и маленьких детей из семей с невысоким уровнем дохода. Этим категориям выдаются купоны для приобретения на местных фермерских рынках свежих фруктов и овощей, а также иных продуктов.

20

ConAgraFoods – американская продовольственная компания, размещенная в Небраске. Компания выпускает и продает продукты под различными товарными знаками, которые доступны в супермаркетах, учреждениях общественного питания и ресторанах.

21

В конце октября 2015 года в Китае официально разрешили рожать второго ребенка.

22

ЮНИСЕФ (United Nations Children’s Fund, UNICEF) – международная организация, действующая под эгидой ООН, основная цель которой – оказание помощи нуждающимся детям.

23

Physiological Economy in Nutrition.

24

Азотистый баланс – соответствие между количеством азота, поглощенного органом и выделенного из него; необходим для устойчивого развития человека.

25

Банту – название более чем 400 этнических групп, населяющих территорию Африки южнее Сахары. В настоящее время их общая численность насчитывает 200 миллионов человек.

26

TOPS (Take off Pounds Sensibly – «Худейте разумно») – организация, члены которой объединены общей целью – сбросить вес, причем способ похудения не имеет значения. Для участия в TOPS не обязательно строго следовать предлагаемым планам питания, достаточно соблюдать общие рекомендации, данные вашим доктором. Согласно одному из планов TOPS, который называется «Система замещения», вся еда делится на шесть категорий – крахмалы, мясо, фрукты, овощи, молоко и жиры, и продукты в одной и той же категории можно взаимозаменять, главное, чтобы в их состав входило одинаковое количество белков, жиров и углеводов. Второй план – «Правило тарелки»: в соответствии с этим планом половину вашей обычной тарелки всегда должны занимать овощи.

27

Мастэктомия – хирургическая операция по удалению молочной железы.

28

Инсулиноподобный фактор роста-1 (ИФР-1, англ. IGF-1) – белок, по структуре и функциям напоминающий инсулин. Считается, что он играет активную роль в процессах старения организма.

29

E. coli (Escherichia coli, или кишечная палочка) – бактерия, имеющая форму палочки с закругленными концами, открытая в 1885 году немецким микробиологом Теодором Эшерихом и названная в его честь.

30

Сейтан – растительный заменитель мяса, производится из пшеничной клейковины и воды.

31

Кокрановское сотрудничество (Cochrane Collaboration) – международная организация, изучающая эффективность медицинских средств путем проведения рандомизированных контролируемых исследований.

32

Район Великих озер – крупный регион в Северной Америке, который охватывает территорию канадской провинции Онтарио на севере и восемь штатов США на юге.

33

Зоб – увеличение щитовидной железы, не связанное с воспалением или злокачественной опухолью.

34

Фибромиалгия – состояние организма, вызванное постоянной болью в мышцах, которое сопровождается усталостью во всем теле. Может быть последствием физических и эмоциональных травм, а также вирусных инфекций.

35

Статины – препараты для снижения уровня холестерина.

36

Тритикале – гибрид ржи и пшеницы, новый вид злака, дающий более высокие урожаи.

37

Тортильяс – тонкая лепешка из пшеничной или кукурузной муки, широко распространенная в Мексике.

38

Кранберри, или римская фасоль, – светлая фасоль с полосками клюквенного цвета.

39

Таро – популярное пищевое растение Африки, Юго-Восточной Азии и других тропических регионов.

40

Ямс – это растение, которое, подобно картофелю, образует подземные клубни. Внешне очень похож на батат, однако последний является корнеплодом, как, например, морковь.

41

Мисо – продукт традиционной японской кухни, чаще всего в виде густой пасты. Мисо производится путем ферментации соевых бобов, риса, ячменя, пшеницы или смеси из них.

42

Антациды – препараты, предназначенные для лечения кислотозависимых заболеваний желудочно-кишечного тракта. Наиболее известный в прошлом антацид – пищевая сода.

43

Убитые тепловой обработкой, но не разрушенные дрожжи с высоким содержанием белка и витаминов (особенно группы B). Не путать с обычными дрожжами, которые используются в выпечке! Пищевые дрожжи продаются в виде хлопьев или порошка в магазинах здорового питания и очень популярны у веганов, поскольку их можно использовать как заменитель сыра.

44

Здесь и далее имеется в виду чашка объемом 240 мл.

45

Можно заменить на тыквенное пюре.

46

Черная патока.

47

Белая цельнозерновая мука (white whole-wheat powder) – стремительно набирающий популярность в США вид муки. Добавка такой муки к обычной белой практически не заметна.

48

Мауи – один из самых посещаемых гавайских островов.

49

Самый знаменитый сорт греческих оливок, которые выращиваются близ города Каламата. Это черно-фиолетовые миндалевидные оливки с тонкой кожицей и упругой мякотью.

50

Айоли – чесночный соус из Южной Франции.

51

Рап – вариант бутерброда, когда ингредиенты заворачиваются в тонкую лепешку или лаваш.

52

Специальная мука тонкого помола, более светлая, чем обычная кукурузная.

53

Адобо – соус рассольно-маринадного типа с острым красным перцем, чесноком, натуральными фруктовыми уксусами и солью.

54

«Неряха Джо» (Sloppy Joe) – популярный американский сэндвич, который традиционно готовится с поджаренным говяжьим фаршем.

55

Фалафель – блюдо, представляющее собой обжаренные шарики из измельченного нута.

56

Традиционное мексиканское блюдо, состоит из кукурузной или пшеничной лепешки, наполненной разнообразными начинками.

57

Водяной орех, или чилим, – водное растение с плодами, напоминающими орехи. В России в давние времена водяные орехи активно употреблялись в пищу. Сейчас их используют для лечения почек, а также в качестве общеукрепляющего, тонизирующего и желчегонного средства; кроме того, они обладают антивирусными свойствами.

58

Хойсин – китайский соус, имеющий красноватый цвет и пряный вкус, изготавливается из соевых бобов с добавлением сахара, уксуса, кунжутного масла, красного риса и специй.

59

Чипотле – приправа, представляющая собой копченый перец халапеньо.

60

В оригинале говорится о соке V8 производства компании Campbell Soup Co, в состав которого входят помидоры, морковь, сельдерей, свекла, петрушка, кочанный салат, кресс-салат и шпинат.

61

Горох мангетот – нечто среднее между стручковым и посевным горохом, его стручки имеют ярко-зеленый цвет, горошины хрустящие и сладковатые.

62

Текс-мекс (англ. tex-mex) – местная разновидность американской кухни на юго-западе США, в которой пищевые продукты, доступные в США, соединяются с мексиканскими кулинарными традициями.

63

В оригинальном рецепте предлагается использовать замороженную фасоль лима, но в России ее не продают.

64

Лингуине – длинные тонкие макаронные изделия типа спагетти, только плоские.

65

Мирин – японское сладкое рисовое вино, используемое в кулинарии.

66

Перуанская фасоль – фасоль желтоватого цвета, напоминающая по вкусу и текстуре фасоль пинто.

67

Маринара (итал. «моряцкий соус») – итальянский соус, который делают из помидоров, чеснока, пряных трав (базилика) и лука.

68

Кондитерская мука (pastry flour) – специальная мука, предназначенная для выпечки кондитерских изделий. Такая мука делается из внутренней части эндосперма и отличается низким содержанием клейковины.

1

Weiss E, Wetterstrom W, Nadel D, Bar-Yosef O. The broad spectrum revisited: evidence from plant remains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004 Jun 29; 101(26): 9551–55.

2

Deacon HJ. Planting an idea: An archeology of stone age gatherers in South Africa. S Afr Archaeol Bull 48: 86–93, 1993.

3

Revedin A, Aranguren B, Becattini R, Longo L, Marconi E, Lippi MM, Skakun N, Sinitsyn A, Spiridonova E, Svoboda J. Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010 Nov 2; 107 (44): 18815–19.

4

Mercader J. Mozambican grass seed consumption during the Middle Stone Age. Science. 2009 Dec 18; 326 (5960): 1680–83.

5

Henry AG, Brooks AS, Piperno DR. Microfossils in calculus demonstrate consumption of plants and cooked foods in Neanderthal diets (Shanidar III, Iraq; Spy I and II, Belgium). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011 Jan 11; 108 (2): 486–91.

6

Eades M, Eades M. Protein Power: The High-Protein/Low Carbohydrate Way to Lose Weight, Feel Fit, and Boost Your Health – in Just Weeks! (New York: Bantam, 1996).

7

Allam AH, Thompson RC, Wann LS, et al. Atherosclerosis in ancient Egyptian mummies: the Horus study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011 Apr; 4 (4): 315–27.

8

David AR, Kershaw A, Heagerty A. Atherosclerosis and diet in ancient Egypt. Lancet. 2010 Feb 27; 375 (9716): 718–19.

9

Guardians.net/hawass/hatshepsut/search_for_hatshepsut.htm

10

Gerloni A, Cavalli F, Costantinides F, Costantinides F, et al. Dental status of three Egyptian mummies: radiological investigation by multislice computerized tomography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009 Jun; 107 (6): e58–64.

11

Kuksis A, Child P, Myher JJ, et al. Bile acids of a 3200-year-old Egyptian mummy. Can J Biochem. 1978 Dec; 56 (12):1141–48.

12

Boano R, Fulcheri E, Martina MC, et al. Neural tube defect in a 4000-year-old Egyptian infant mummy: a case of meningocele from the museum of anthropology and ethnography of Turin (Italy). Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2009 Nov; 13 (6): 481–87.

13

Kuksis A, Child P, Myher JJ, et al. Bile acids of a 3200-year-old Egyptian mummy. Can J Biochem. 1978 Dec; 56 (12):1141–48.

14

Macko SA, Engel MH, Andrusevich V, et al. Documenting the diet in ancient human populations through stable isotope analysis of hair. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1999 Jan 29; 354 (1379): 65–75.

15

Durant W. The Story of Civilization Vol III: Caesar and Christ. (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1944).

16

Curry A. The gladiator’s diet. Archeolog y 2008 Nov/Dec 61. www.archaeology.org/0811/abstracts/gladiator.html.

17

Perry GH, Dominy NJ, Claw KG, Lee AS, et al. Diet and the evolution of human amylase gene copy number variation. Nat Genet. 2007 Oct; 39 (10): 1256–60.

18

Perry GH, Dominy NJ, Claw KG, Lee AS, et al. Diet and the evolution of human amylase gene copy number variation. Nat Genet. 2007 Oct; 39 (10): 1256–60.

19

News.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6983330.stm.

20

Flatt JP. Carbohydrate balance and body-weight regulation. Proc Nutr Soc. 1996 Mar; 55 (1B): 449–65.

21

Zerodisease.com/archive/Dietary_Goals_For_The_United_States.pdf.

22

Chopra M, Galbraith S, Darnton-Hill I. A global response to a global problem: the epidemic of overnutrition. Bull World Health Organ. 2003 Jan 23; 80: 952–58.

23

Hossain P, Kawar B, El Nahas M. Obesity and diabetes in the developing world – a growing challenge. N Engl J Med. 2007 Jan 18; 356 (3): 213–15.

24

www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.htm.

25

Bujnowski D, Xun P, Daviglus ML, et al. Longitudinal association between animal and vegetable protein intake and obesity among men in the United States: the Chicago Western Electric Study. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011 Aug; 111 (8): 1150–55.e1.

26

Webcenters.netscape.compuserve.com/homerealestate/package.jsp?name=fte/thinnestpeople/thinnestpeople.

27

Rolls BJ. The role of energy density in the overconsumption of fat. J Nutr. 2000 Feb; 130 (2S Suppl): 268S–271S.

28

Blundell JE, Lawton CL, Cotton JR, Macdiarmid JI. Control of human appetite: implications for the intake of dietary fat. Annu Rev Nutr. 1996; 16: 285–319.

29

Rolls BJ, Kim-Harris S, Fischman MW, et al. Satiety after preloads with different amounts of fat and carbohydrate: implications for obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 Oct; 60 (4): 476–87.

30

Hellerstein MK. De novo lipogenesis in humans: metabolic and regulatory aspects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999 Apr; 53 Suppl 1: S53–65.

31

Acheson KJ, Schutz Y, Bessard T, et al. Glycogen storage capacity and de novo lipogenesis during massive carbohydrate overfeeding in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988 Aug; 48 (2): 240–47.

32

Minehira K, Bettschart V, Vidal H, et al. Effect of carbohydrate overfeeding on whole body and adipose tissue metabolism in humans. Obes Res. 2003 Sep; 11 (9): 1096–1103.

33

McDevitt RM, Bott SJ, Harding M, et al. De novo lipogenesis during controlled overfeeding with sucrose or glucose in lean and obese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Dec; 74 (6): 737–46.

34

Dirlewanger M, di Vetta V, Guenat E, et al. Effects of short-term carbohydrate or fat overfeeding on energy expenditure and plasma leptin concentrations in healthy female subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Nov; 24 (11): 1413–18.

35

McDevitt RM, Bott SJ, Harding M, et al. De novo lipogenesis during controlled overfeeding with sucrose or glucose in lean and obese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Dec; 74 (6): 737–46.

36

Danforth E Jr. Diet and obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985 May; 41 (5 Suppl): 1132–45.

37

Hellerstein MK. No common energy currency: de novo lipogenesis as the road less traveled. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Dec; 74 (6): 707–8.

38

Tappy L. Metabolic consequences of overfeeding in humans. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2004 Nov; 7 (6): 623–8.

39

Dirlewanger M, di Vetta V, Guenat E, et al. Effects of short-term carbohydrate or fat overfeeding on energy expenditure and plasma leptin concentrations in healthy female subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Nov; 24 (11): 1413–18.

40

Tappy L. Metabolic consequences of overfeeding in humans. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2004 Nov; 7 (6): 623–8.

41

Levine JA. Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT). Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Dec; 16 (4): 679–702.

42

Danforth E Jr. Diet and obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985 May; 41 (5 Suppl): 1132–45.

43

Hellerstein MK. De novo lipogenesis in humans: metabolic and regulatory aspects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999 Apr; 53 Suppl 1: S53–65.

44

Acheson KJ, Schutz Y, Bessard T, et al. Glycogen storage capacity and de novo lipogenesis during massive carbohydrate overfeeding in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988 Aug; 48 (2): 240–47.

45

Minehira K, Bettschart V, Vidal H, et al. Effect of carbohydrate overfeeding on whole body and adipose tissue metabolism in humans. Obes Res. 2003 Sep; 11 (9): 1096–1103.

46

McDevitt RM, Bott SJ, Harding M, et al. De novo lipogenesis during controlled overfeeding with sucrose or glucose in lean and obese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Dec; 74 (6): 737–46.

47

Dirlewanger M, di Vetta V, Guenat E, et al. Effects of short-term carbohydrate or fat overfeeding on energy expenditure and plasma leptin concentrations in healthy female subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Nov; 24 (11): 1413–18.

48

McDevitt RM, Bott SJ, Harding M, et al. De novo lipogenesis during controlled overfeeding with sucrose or glucose in lean and obese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Dec; 74 (6): 737–46.

49

Danforth E Jr. Diet and obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985 May; 41 (5 Suppl): 1132–45.

50

Hellerstein MK. No common energy currency: de novo lipogenesis as the road less traveled. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Dec; 74 (6): 707–8.

51

Tappy L. Metabolic consequences of overfeeding in humans. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2004 Nov; 7 (6): 623–8.

52

Levine JA. Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT). Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Dec; 16 (4): 679–702.

53

Hellerstein MK. De novo lipogenesis in humans: metabolic and regulatory aspects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999 Apr; 53 Suppl 1: S53–65.

54

Hellerstein MK. De novo lipogenesis in humans: metabolic and regulatory aspects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999 Apr; 53 Suppl 1: S53–65.

55

Acheson KJ, Schutz Y, Bessard T, et al. Glycogen storage capacity and de novo lipogenesis during massive carbohydrate overfeeding in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988 Aug; 48 (2): 240–47.

56

Minehira K, Bettschart V, Vidal H, et al. Effect of carbohydrate overfeeding on whole body and adipose tissue metabolism in humans. Obes Res. 2003 Sep; 11 (9): 1096–1103.

57

McDevitt RM, Bott SJ, Harding M, et al. De novo lipogenesis during controlled overfeeding with sucrose or glucose in lean and obese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Dec; 74 (6): 737–46.

58

Dirlewanger M, di Vetta V, Guenat E, et al. Effects of short-term carbohydrate or fat overfeeding on energy expenditure and plasma leptin concentrations in healthy female subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Nov; 24 (11): 1413–18.

59

McDevitt RM, Bott SJ, Harding M, et al. De novo lipogenesis during controlled overfeeding with sucrose or glucose in lean and obese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Dec; 74 (6): 737–46.

60

Danforth E Jr. Diet and obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985 May; 41 (5 Suppl): 1132–45.

61

Hellerstein MK. No common energy currency: de novo lipogenesis as the road less traveled. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Dec; 74 (6): 707–8.

62

Tappy L. Metabolic consequences of overfeeding in humans. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2004 Nov; 7 (6): 623–8.

63

Levine JA. Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT). Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Dec; 16 (4): 679–702.

64

Thomas LH, Jones PR, Winter JA, Smith H. Hydrogenated oils and fats: the presence of chemically-modified fatty acids in human adipose tissue. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981 May; 34 (5): 877–86.

65

London SJ, Sacks FM, Caesar J, et al. Fatty acid composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue and diet in postmenopausal US women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Aug; 54 (2): 340–45.

66

Baylin A, Kabagambe EK, Siles X, Campos H. Adipose tissue biomarkers of fatty acid intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Oct; 76 (4): 750–57.

67

Brevik A, Veierød MB, Drevon CA, Andersen LF. Evaluation of the odd fatty acids 15:0 and 17:0 in serum and adipose tissue as markers of intake of milk and dairy fat. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005 Dec; 59 (12): 1417–22.

68

McDougall J. Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004 Mar; 79 (3): 431.

69

Reif A, Lesch KP. Toward a molecular architecture of personality. Behav Brain Res. 2003 Feb 17; 139 (1–2):1–20.

70

Noblett KL, Coccaro EF. Molecular genetics of personality. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2005 Mar; 7 (1): 73–80.

71

Brenner BM. Dietary protein intake and the progressive nature of kidney disease: the role of hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury in the pathogenesis of progressive glomerular sclerosis in aging, renal ablation, and intrinsic renal disease. N Engl J Med. 1982 Sep 9; 307 (11): 652–59.

72

Meyer TW. Dietary protein intake and progressive glomerular sclerosis: the role of capillary hypertension and hyperperfusion in the progression of renal disease. Ann Intern Med. 1983 May; 98 (5 Pt 2): 832–38.

73

Hansen HP. Effect of dietary protein restriction on prognosis in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2002 Jul; 62 (1): 220–28.

74

Biesenbach G. Effect of mild dietary protein restriction on urinary protein excretion in patients with renal transplant fibrosis. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1996; 146 (4): 75–8.

75

Pedrini MT. The effect of dietary protein restriction on the progression of diabetic and nondiabetic renal diseases: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Apr 1; 124 (7): 627–32.

76

Cupisti A. Vegetarian diet alternated with conventional low-protein diet for patients with chronic renal failure. J Ren Nutr. 2002 Jan; 12 (1): 32–7.

77

Bianchi GP. Vegetable versus animal protein diet in cirrhotic patients with chronic encephalopathy. A randomized cross-over comparison. J Intern Med. 1993 May; 233 (5): 385–92.

78

Hegsted M, Schuette SA, Zemel MB, Linkswiler HM. Urinary calcium and calcium balance in young men as affected by level of protein and phosphorus intake. J Nutr. 1981 Mar; 111 (3): 553–62.

79

Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2008. JAMA. 2010 Jan 20; 303 (3): 235–41.

80

Danforth E Jr. Diet and obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985 May; 41 (5 Suppl): 1132–45.

81

Schrauwen P. High-fat diet, muscular lipotoxicity and insulin resistance. Proc Nutr Soc. 2007 Feb; 66 (1): 33–41.

82

Yecies JL, Manning BD. Chewing the fat on tumor cell metabolism. Cell. 2010 Jan 8; 140 (1): 28–30.

83

Behrman EJ, Gopalan V. Cholesterol and plants. J. Chem. Educ. 2005; 82 (12): 1791.

84

Subramanian S, Chait A. The effect of dietary cholesterol on macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue: implications for systemic inf lammation and atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2009 Feb; 20 (1): 39–44.

85

Morin RJ, Hu B, Peng SK, Sevanian A. Cholesterol oxides and carcinogenesis. J Clin Lab Anal. 1991; 5 (3): 219–25.

86

Cacciapuoti F. Hyper-homocysteinemia: a novel risk factor or a powerful marker for cardiovascular diseases? Pathogenetic and therapeutical uncertainties. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2011 Jul; 32 (1): 82–8.

87

Cellarier E. Methionine dependency and cancer treatment. Cancer Treat Rev. 2003 Dec; 29 (6): 489–99.

88

Levine J. Fecal hydrogen sulfide production in ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998 Jan; 93 (1): 83–7.

89

Remer T. Influence of diet on acid-base balance. Semin Dial. 2000 Jul – Aug; 13 (4): 221–26.

90

Frassetto L. Diet, evolution and aging – the pathophysiologic effects of the post-agricultural inversion of the potassium-to-sodium and base-to-chloride ratios in the human diet. Eur J Nutr. 2001 Oct; 40 (5): 200–13.

91

Remer T. Potential renal acid load of foods and its influence on urine pH. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995 Jul; 95 (7): 791–97.

92

Barzel US. Excess dietary protein can adversely affect bone. J Nutr. 1998 Jun; 128 (6): 1051–53.

93

Jajoo R, Song L, Rasmussen H, et al. Dietary acid-base balance, bone resorption, and calcium excretion. J Am Coll Nutr. 2006 Jun; 25 (3): 224–30.

94

Maurer M. Neutralization of Western diet inhibits bone resorption independently of K intake and reduces cortisol secretion in humans. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2003 Jan; 284 (1): F32–40.

95

Wilhelm B, Rajié A, Greig JD, et al. The effect of hazard analysis critical control point programs on microbial contamination of carcasses in abattoirs: a systematic review of published data. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2011 Sep; 8 (9): 949–60.

96

Maurer M. Neutralization of Western diet inhibits bone resorption independently of K intake and reduces cortisol secretion in humans. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2003 Jan; 284 (1): F32–40.

97

Wilhelm B, Rajié A, Greig JD, et al. The effect of hazard analysis critical control point programs on microbial contamination of carcasses in abattoirs: a systematic review of published data. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2011 Sep; 8 (9): 949–60.

98

Wilhelm B, Rajié A, Waddell L, et al. Prevalence of zoonotic or potentially zoonotic bacteria, antimicrobial resistance, and somatic cell counts in organic dairy production: current knowledge and research gaps. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2009 Jun; 6 (5): 525–39.

Подробные дискуссии о болезнях и ссылки на научные источники приведены на моем сайте www.drmcdougall.com. Материалы по данному вопросу вы найдете в разделе «На злобу дня», а также воспользовавшись поиском. Кроме того, вы можете обратиться к ранее изданным книгам доктора Макдугалла – там представлены сведения о многих заболеваниях и способах борьбы с ними.

99

www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-01-13/pdf/2011-485.pdf.

100

www.fns.usda.gov/wic/benefitsandservices/foodpkgregs.htm.

101

www.foodcircles.missouri.edu/CRJanuary05.pdf.

102

www.foodcircles.missouri.edu/CRJanuary05.pdf.

103

www.omorganics.org/page.php?pageid=131&contentid=123.

104

Herman J. Saving U.S. dietary advice from conflicts of interest. Food and Drug Law Journal (2010); 65(2): 284–316. www.drmcdougall.com/misc/2010nl/jul/sc herman.indd.pdf.

105

www.drmcdougall.com/misc/2010other/guidelines.htm.

106

www.cnpp.usda.gov/DGAs2010-PolicyDocument.htm.

107

www.pcrm.org/search/?cid=2512.

108

www.pcrm.org/search/?cid=2512.

109

www.pcrm.org/search/?cid=1395.

110

www.pcrm.org/search/?cid=2543.

111

www.pcrm.org/search/?cid=137.

112

Horrigan L, Lawrence RS, Walker P. How sustainable agriculture can address the environmental and human health harms of industrial agriculture. Environ Health Perspect. 2002 May; 110 (5): 445–56.

113

Pimentel D, Pimentel M. Sustainability of meat-based and plant-based diets and the environment. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Sep; 78 (3 Suppl): 660S–63S.

114

Hossain P, Kawar B., El Nahas M. Obesity and diabetes in the developing world – a growing challenge. N Engl J Med. 2007 Jan 18; 356 (3): 213–15.

115

www.climaterealityproject.org.

116

Godlee F. How on earth do we combat climate change? BMJ 2011; 343:d6789.

117

ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a0701e/a0701e00.pdf.

118

www.newscientist.com/article/dn10786.

119

www.vegetariantimes.com/features/archive_of_editorial/667.

120

http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-11-04/the-rise-of-the-power-vegans.

121

ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a0701e/a0701e00.pdf.

122

Pimentel D and Pimentel M. Sustainability of meat-based and plant-based diets and the environment. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Sep; 78 (3 Suppl): 660S–663S.

123

www.populationpress.org/essays/essay-pimentel.html.

124

www.web4water.com/library/view_article.asp?id=3902&channel=4.

125

www.usatoday.com/news/world/2010-09-09-1Achinaonechild09_ST_N.htm.

126

http://www.unicef.org/media/files/Tracking_Progress_on_Child_and_Maternal_Nutrition_EN_110309.pdf.

127

www.waldeneffect.org/blog/Calories_per_acre_for_various_foods.

128

www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1879192,00.html.

129

Millward DJ. The nutritional value of plant-based diets in relation to human amino acid and protein requirements. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999 May; 58 (2): 249–60.

130

Mazess RB. Bone mineral content of North Alaskan Eskimos. Am J Clin Nutr. 1974 Sep; 27 (9): 916–25.

131

Carpenter K. A short history of nutritional science: part 2 (1885–1912). J Nutr. 2003 Apr; 133 (4): 975–84.

132

Chittenden RH. Physiological economy in nutrition, with special reference to the minimal protein requirement of the healthy man. An experimental study. (New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1904).

133

Millward DJ. The nutritional value of plant-based diets in relation to human amino acid and protein requirements. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999 May; 58 (2): 249–60.

134

Carpenter K. A short history of nutritional science: part 2 (1885–1912). J Nutr. 2003 Apr; 133 (4): 975–84.

135

Chittenden RH. Physiological economy in nutrition, with special reference to the minimal protein requirement of the healthy man. An experimental study. (New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1904).

136

Chittenden RH. Physiological economy in nutrition, with special reference to the minimal protein requirement of the healthy man. An experimental study. (New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1904).

137

Chittenden RH. Physiological economy in nutrition, with special reference to the minimal protein requirement of the healthy man. An experimental study. (New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1904).

138

Calloway DH. Sweat and miscellaneous nitrogen losses in human balance studies. J Nutr. 1971 Jun; 101 (6): 775–86.

139

Hegsted DM. Minimum protein requirements of adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 1968 May; 21 (5): 352–27.

140

Dole V. Dietary treatment of hypertension: clinical and metabolic studies of patients on the rice-fruit diet. J Clin Invest. 1950; 29: 1189–1206.

141

Millward DJ. The nutritional value of plant-based diets in relation to human amino acid and protein requirements. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999 May; 58 (2): 249–60.

142

Osborne T. Amino-acids in nutrition and growth. J Bio Chem. 1914; 17: 325–49.

143

Rose W. Comparative growth of diet containing ten and nineteen amino acids, with further observation upon the role of glutamic and aspartic acid. J Bio Chem. 1948; 176: 753–62.

144

Bicker M. The protein requirement of adult rats in terms of the protein contained in egg, milk, and soy f lour. J Nutr. 1947; 34: 491.

145

Bell G. Textbook of Physiolog y and Biochemestry, 4th ed., (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1959) 12.

146

Reeds PJ. Protein nutrition of the neonate. Proc Nutr Soc. 2000 Feb; 59 (1): 87–97.

147

Rose W. The amino acid requirement of adult man. Nutr Abst Rev. 1957; 27: 63–67.

148

McDougall J. The McDougall Plan. (El Monte, Calif.: New Win Publishing, 1983), 95–109.

149

McDougall J. The McDougall Plan. (El Monte, Calif.: New Win Publishing, 1983), 95–109.

150

Jean Mayer USDA/Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University School of Medicine: www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/content/nutrition/art2059.html.

151

Tufts University Medical School: http://www.quackwatch.com/03HealthPromotion/vegetarian.html.

152

www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/protein.html.

153

Northwestern University: http://www.feinberg.northwestern.edu/nutrition/factsheets/protein.html.

154

St Jeor S, Howard B, Prewitt E. Dietary protein and weight reduction: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2001; 104: 1869–74.

155

St Jeor S, Howard B, Prewitt E. Dietary protein and weight reduction: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2001; 104: 1869–74.

156

McDougall J. Plant foods have a complete amino acid composition. Circulation. 2002 Jun 25; 105 (25): e197; author reply e197.

157

McDougall J. Misinformation on plant proteins. Circulation. 2002 Nov 12; 106 (20): e148; author reply e148.

158

Millward DJ. Protein requirements. Encyclopedia of Nutrition. (Salt Lake City: Academic Press, 1998), 1661–68.

159

Personal Communication with John McDougall, MD on July 10, 2003.

160

www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/Vegetarian-Diets_UCM_306032_Article.jsp

161

Chittenden RH. Physiological economy in nutrition, with special reference to the minimal protein requirement of the healthy man. An experimental study. (New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1904).

162

Kon S. XXXV. The value of whole potato in human nutrition. Biochemical J. 1928; 22: 258–60.

163

Lopez de Romana G, Graham GG, Mellits ED, MacLean WC Jr. Utilization of the protein and energy of the white potato by human infants. J Nutr. 1980 Sep; 110 (9): 1849–57.

164

Lopez de Romana G. Fasting and postprandial plasma free amino acids of infants and children consuming exclusively potato protein. J Nutr. 1981 Oct; 111 (10): 1766–71.

165

Dairy industry spends $201.6 million: www.dairycheckoff.com.

166

Dairy industry says insufficient calcium leads to chronic disease: www.nationaldairycouncil.org/NationalDairyCouncil/Health/Digest/dcd69-1Page1.htm.

167

620 pounds of dairy consumed annually: www.dairycheckoff.com/DairyCheckoff/AboutUs/HowTheDairyCheckoffWorks/How-The-Dairy-Checkoff-Works.

168

www.unistraw.com/fastfacts.

169

Walker AR. Osteoporosis and calcium deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr. 1965 Mar; 16: 327–36.

170

Smith RW Jr, Rizek J. Epidemiologic studies of osteoporosis in women of Puerto Rico and southeastern Michigan with special reference to age, race, national origin, and to other related and associated findings. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1966 Mar – Apr; 45: 31–48.

171

Wynn E, Krieg MA, Lanham-New SA, Burckhardt P. Postgraduate symposium: Positive influence of nutritional alkalinity on bone health. Proc Nutr Soc. 2010 Feb; 69 (1): 166–73.

172

Paterson CR. Calcium requirements in man: a critical review. Postgrad Med J. 1978 Apr; 54 (630): 244–48.

173

Walker AR. The human requirement of calcium: should low intakes be supplemented? Am J Clin Nutr. 1972 May; 25 (5): 518–30.

174

Irwin MI, Kienholz EW. A conspectus of research on calcium requirements of man. J Nutr 1973; 103: 1020–95.

175

Sellers EA, Sharma A, Rodd C. Adaptation of Inuit children to a low-calcium diet. CMAJ. 2003 Apr 29; 168 (9): 1141–43. CMAJ. 2003 Sep 16; 169 (6): 542; author reply 542–43.

176

www.drmcdougall.com/misc/007nl/feb/whenfriendsask.htm.

177

Thacher TD, Abrams SA. Relationship of calcium absorption with 25(OH)D and calcium intake in children with rickets. Nutr Rev. 2010 Nov; 68 (11): 682–88.

178

Winzenberg T, Shaw K, Fryer J, Jones G. Effects of calcium supplementation on bone density in healthy children: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2006 Oct 14; 333 (7572): 775.

179

Lanou AJ, Berkow SE, Barnard ND. Calcium, dairy products, and bone health in children and young adults: a reevaluation of the evidence. Pediatrics. 2005 Mar; 115 (3): 736–43.

180

Lanou AJ, Berkow SE, Barnard ND. Calcium, dairy products, and bone health in children and young adults: a reevaluation of the evidence. Pediatrics. 2005 Mar; 115 (3): 736–43.

181

Weinsier RL, Krumdieck CL. Dairy foods and bone health: examination of the evidence. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Sep; 72 (3): 681–89.

182

Recker RR, Heaney RP. The effect of milk supplements on calcium metabolism, bone metabolism and calcium balance. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985 Feb; 41 (2): 254–63.

183

Lanou AJ. Bone health in children. BMJ. 2006 Oct 14; 333 (7572): 763–64.

184

Abelow BJ, Holford TR, Insogna KL. Cross-cultural association between dietary animal protein and hip fracture: a hypothesis. Calcif Tissue Int. 1992 Jan; 50 (1): 14–18.

185

Frassetto LA. Worldwide incidence of hip fracture in elderly women: relation to consumption of animal and vegetable foods. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000 Oct; 55 (10): M585–92.

186

Remer T. Potential renal acid load of foods and its influence on urine pH. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995 Jul; 95 (7): 791–97.

187

Barzel US. Excess dietary protein can adversely affect bone. J Nutr. 1998 Jun; 128 (6): 1051–53.

188

Maurer M. Neutralization of Western diet inhibits bone resorption independently of K intake and reduces cortisol secretion in humans. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2003 Jan; 284 (1): F32–40.

189

Welch AA, Bingham SA, Reeve J, Khaw KT. More acidic dietary acid-base load is associated with reduced calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation in women but not in men: results from the EPIC-Norfolk cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Apr; 85 (4): 1134–41.

190

Frassetto L. Diet, evolution and aging – the pathophysiologic effects of the post-agricultural inversion of the potassium-to-sodium and base-to-chloride ratios in the human diet. Eur J Nutr. 2001 Oct; 40 (5): 200–13.

191

Wynn E, Krieg MA, Lanham-New SA, Burckhardt P. Postgraduate symposium: Positive influence of nutritional alkalinity on bone health. Proc Nutr Soc. 2010 Feb; 69 (1): 166–73.

192

Remer T. Potential renal acid load of foods and its influence on urine pH. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995 Jul; 95 (7): 791–97.

193

Remer T. Potential renal acid load of foods and its influence on urine pH. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995 Jul; 95 (7): 791–97.

194

Abelow BJ, Holford TR, Insogna KL. Cross-cultural association between dietary animal protein and hip fracture: a hypothesis. Calcif Tissue Int. 1992 Jan; 50 (1): 14–18.

195

Frassetto LA. Worldwide incidence of hip fracture in elderly women: relation to consumption of animal and vegetable foods. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000 Oct; 55 (10): M585–92.

196

Remer T. Potential renal acid load of foods and its influence on urine pH. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995 Jul; 95 (7): 791–97.

197

Barzel US. Excess dietary protein can adversely affect bone. J Nutr. 1998 Jun; 128 (6): 1051–53.

198

Maurer M. Neutralization of Western diet inhibits bone resorption independently of K intake and reduces cortisol secretion in humans. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2003 Jan; 284 (1): F32–40.

199

Welch AA, Bingham SA, Reeve J, Khaw KT. More acidic dietary acid-base load is associated with reduced calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation in women but not in men: results from the EPIC-Norfolk cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Apr; 85 (4): 1134–41.

200

Frassetto L. Diet, evolution and aging – the pathophysiologic effects of the post-agricultural inversion of the potassium-to-sodium and base-to-chloride ratios in the human diet. Eur J Nutr. 2001 Oct; 40 (5): 200–13.

201

Wynn E, Krieg MA, Lanham-New SA, Burckhardt P. Postgraduate symposium: Positive influence of nutritional alkalinity on bone health. Proc Nutr Soc. 2010 Feb; 69 (1): 166–73.

202

Ahn J, Albanes D, Peters U, et al. Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Trial Project Team. Dairy products, calcium intake, and risk of prostate cancer in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007 Dec; 16 (12): 2623–30.

203

Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), and breast cancer risk: pooled individual data analysis of 17 prospective studies. Lancet Oncol. 2010; 11: 530–42.

204

Yu H, Rohan T. Role of the insulin-like growth factor family in cancer development and progression. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Sep 20; 92 (18): 1472–89.

205

Cadogan J, Eastell R, Jones N, Barker ME. Milk intake and bone mineral acquisition in adolescent girls: randomised, controlled intervention trial. BMJ. 1997 Nov 15; 315 (7118): 1255–60.

206

Heaney RP, McCarron DA, Dawson-Hughes B, et al. Dietary changes favorably affect bone remodeling in older adults. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999 Oct; 99 (10): 1228–33.

207

Bartley J, McGlashan SR. Does milk increase mucus production? Med Hypotheses. 2010 Apr; 74 (4): 732–34.

208

Guggenmos J, Schubart AS, Ogg S, et al. Antibody cross-reactivity between myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and the milk protein butyrophilin in multiple sclerosis. J Immunol. 2004 Jan 1; 172 (1): 661–68.

209

Panush RS, Stroud RM, Webster EM. Food-induced (allergic) arthritis. Inf lammatory arthritis exacerbated by milk. Arthritis Rheum. 1986 Feb; 29 (2): 220–26.

210

Tang BM, Eslick GD, Nowson C, et al. Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2007 Aug 25; 370 (9588): 657–66.

211

Reid IR, Bolland MJ, Grey A. Effect of calcium supplementation on hip fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2008 Aug; 19 (8): 1119–23.

212

Warensjö E, Byberg L, Melhus H, et al. Dietary calcium intake and risk of fracture and osteoporosis: prospective longitudinal cohort study. BMJ. 2011 May 24; 342: d1473. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d1473.

213

Maurer M. Neutralization of Western diet inhibits bone resorption independently of K intake and reduces cortisol secretion in humans. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2003 Jan; 284 (1): F32–40.

214

Sebastian A, Harris ST, Ottaway JH, et al. Improved mineral balance and skeletal metabolism in postmenopausal women treated with potassium bicarbonate. N Engl J Med. 1994 Jun 23; 330 (25): 1776–81.

215

Benkhedda K, L’abbé MR, Cockell KA. Effect of calcium on iron absorption in women with marginal iron status. Br J Nutr. 2010 Mar; 103 (5): 742–48.

216

Prince RL, Devine A, Dhaliwal SS, Dick IM. Effects of calcium supplementation on clinical fracture and bone structure: results of a 5-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in elderly women. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Apr 24; 166 (8): 869–75.

217

Bolland MJ, Avenell A, Baron JA, et al. Effect of calcium supplements on risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010 Jul 29; 341: c3691. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c3691).

218

Wong S. Recalls of foods and cosmetics due to microbial contamination reported to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. J Food Prot. 2000 Aug; 63 (8): 1113–16.

219

Chapman PA. Sources of Escherichia coli O157 and experiences over the past 15 years in Sheffield, UK. Symp Ser Soc Appl Microbiol. 2000; (29): 51S–60S.

220

Lund BM. Pasteurization of milk and the heat resistance of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: a critical review of the data. Int J Food Microbiol. 2002 Jul 25; 77 (1–2):135–45.

221

USDA/APHIS. Bovine Leukosis Virus (BLV) on U.S. Dairy Operations, 2007. www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahms/dairy/downloads/dairy07/Dairy07_is_BLV.pdf.

222

USDA/APHIS. Bovine Leukosis Virus (BLV) on U.S. Dairy Operations, 2007. www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahms/dairy/downloads/dairy07/Dairy07_is_BLV.pdf.

223

Michigan Dairy Review: Bovine Leukosis Virus Update I: Prevalence, Economic Losses, and Management. www.msu.edu/~mdr/vol14no1/erskine.html.

224

Buehring GC, Philpott SM, Choi KY. Humans have antibodies reactive with Bovine leukemia virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2003 Dec; 19 (12): 1105–13. 48. McClure HM, Keeling ME, Custer RP, et al. Erythroleukemia in two infant chimpanzees fed milk from cows naturally infected with the bovine C-type virus. Cancer Res. 1974 Oct; 34 (10): 2745–57.

225

USDA/APHIS. Bovine Leukosis Virus (BLV) on U.S. Dairy Operations, 2007. www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahms/dairy/downloads/dairy07/Dairy07_is_BLV.pdf.

226

Michigan Dairy Review: Bovine Leukosis Virus Update I: Prevalence, Economic Losses, and Management. www.msu.edu/~mdr/vol14no1/erskine.html.

227

Buehring GC, Philpott SM, Choi KY. Humans have antibodies reactive with Bovine leukemia virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2003 Dec; 19 (12): 1105–13. 48. McClure HM, Keeling ME, Custer RP, et al. Erythroleukemia in two infant chimpanzees fed milk from cows naturally infected with the bovine C-type virus. Cancer Res. 1974 Oct; 34 (10): 2745–57.

228

USDA/APHIS. Bovine Leukosis Virus (BLV) on U.S. Dairy Operations, 2007. www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahms/dairy/downloads/dairy07/Dairy07_is_BLV.pdf.

229

Buehring GC, Philpott SM, Choi KY. Humans have antibodies reactive with Bovine leukemia virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2003 Dec; 19 (12): 1105–13. 48. McClure HM, Keeling ME, Custer RP, et al. Erythroleukemia in two infant chimpanzees fed milk from cows naturally infected with the bovine C-type virus. Cancer Res. 1974 Oct; 34 (10): 2745–57.

230

McDougall J. Marketing milk and disease. www.nealhendrickson.com/mcdougall/030500pudairyanddisease.htm.

231

Worm B, Barbier EB, Beaumont N, et al. Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science. 2006 Nov 3; 314 (5800): 787–90.

232

Worm B, Barbier EB, Beaumont N, et al. Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science. 2006 Nov 3; 314 (5800): 787–90.

233

Worm B, Barbier EB, Beaumont N, et al. Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science. 2006 Nov 3; 314 (5800): 787–90.

234

Plourde M, Cunnane SC. Extremely limited synthesis of long chain polyunsaturates in adults: implications for their dietary essentiality and use as supplements. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2007 Aug; 32 (4): 619–34.

235

Tu WC, Cook-Johnson RJ, James MJ, Mƒhlhèusler BS, Gibson RA. Omega-3 long chain fatty acid synthesis is regulated more by substrate levels than gene expression. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2010 Aug; 83 (2): 61–8.

236

Harnack K, Andersen G, Somoza V. Quantitation of alpha-linolenic acid elongation to eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid as affected by the ratio of n6/n3 fatty acids. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2009 Feb 19; 6: 8.

237

Langdon JH. Has an aquatic diet been necessary for hominin brain evolution and functional development? Br J Nutr. 2006 Jul; 96 (1): 7–17.

238

Welch AA, Shakya-Shrestha S, Lentjes MA, et al. Dietary intake and status of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in a population of fish-eating and non-fish-eating meat-eaters, vegetarians, and vegans and the precursor-product ratio (corrected) of alpha-linolenic acid to long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: results from the EPIC-Norfolk cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Nov; 92 (5): 1040–51.

239

Sanders TA. DHA status of vegetarians. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2009 Aug– Sep; 81 (2–3): 137–41.

240

www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10490&page=471.

241

Sanders TA. Essential fatty acid requirements of vegetarians in pregnancy, lactation, and infancy. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Sep; 70 (3 Suppl): 555S–59S.

242

Krüger E, Verreault R, Carmichael PH, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and risk of dementia: the Canadian study of health and aging. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jul; 90 (1): 184–92.

243

Devore EE, Grodstein F, van Rooij FJ, et al. Dietary intake of fish and omega-3 fatty acids in relation to long-term dementia risk. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jul; 90 (1): 170–76.

244

Beezhold BL, Johnston CS, Daigle DR. Vegetarian diets are associated with healthy mood states: a cross-sectional study in Seventh Day Adventist adults. Nutr J. 2010 Jun 1; 9:26.

245

Krüger E, Verreault R, Carmichael PH, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and risk of dementia: the Canadian study of health and aging. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jul; 90 (1): 184–92.

246

Devore EE, Grodstein F, van Rooij FJ, et al. Dietary intake of fish and omega-3 fatty acids in relation to long-term dementia risk. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jul; 90 (1): 170–76.

247

Beezhold BL, Johnston CS, Daigle DR. Vegetarian diets are associated with healthy mood states: a cross-sectional study in Seventh Day Adventist adults. Nutr J. 2010 Jun 1; 9:26.

248

Giem P, Beeson WL, Fraser GE. The incidence of dementia and intake of animal products: preliminary findings from the Adventist Health Study. Neuroepidemiology. 1993; 12 (1): 28–36.

249

Smithers LG, Gibson RA, Makrides M. Maternal supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid during pregnancy does not affect early visual development in the infant: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Jun; 93 (6): 1293–99.

250

Langdon JH. Has an aquatic diet been necessary for hominin brain evolution and functional development? Br J Nutr. 2006 Jul; 96 (1): 7–17.

251

Huston MC. The role of mercury and cadmium heavy metals in vascular disease, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and myocardial infarction. Altern Ther Health Med. 2007 Mar – Apr; 13 (2): S128–33.

252

Huston MC. The role of mercury and cadmium heavy metals in vascular disease, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and myocardial infarction. Altern Ther Health Med. 2007 Mar – Apr; 13 (2): S128–33.

253

Guallar E, Sanz-Gallardo MI, van’t Veer P, et al.; Heavy Metals and Myocardial Infarction Study Group. Mercury, fish oils, and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2002 Nov 28; 347 (22): 1747–54.

254

Virtanen JK, Voutilainen S, Rissanen TH, et al. Mercury, fish oils, and risk of acute coronary events and cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality in men in eastern Finland. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Jan; 25 (1): 228–33.

255

Davidson MH, Hunninghake D, Maki KC, et al. Comparison of the effects of lean red meat vs lean white meat on serum lipid levels among free-living persons with hypercholesterolemia: a long-term, randomized clinical trial. Arch Intern Med. 1999 Jun 28; 159 (12): 1331–38.

256

Harris WS, Dujovne CA, Zucker M, Johnson B. Effects of a low saturated fat, low cholesterol fish oil supplement in hypertriglyceridemic patients. A placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1988 Sep 15; 109 (6): 465–70.

257

Wilt TJ, Lofgren RP, Nichol KL, et al. Fish oil supplementation does not lower plasma cholesterol in men with hypercholesterolemia. Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Dec 1; 111 (11): 900–05.

258

Hooper L, Thompson RL, Harrison RA, et al. Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review. BMJ. 2006 Apr 1; 332 (7544): 752–60.

259

Cundiff DK, Lanou AJ, Nigg CR. Relation of omega-3 fatty acid intake to other dietary factors known to reduce coronary heart disease risk. Am J Cardiol. 2007 May 1; 99 (9): 1230–33.

260

Burr ML, Ashfield-Watt PA, Dunstan FD, et al. Lack of benefit of dietary advice to men with angina: results of a controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003 Feb; 57 (2): 193–200.

261

Senges J. Omega-3 fatty acids on top of modern therapy after acute myocardial infarction (OMEGA). Report presented at American College of Cardiology Annual Meeting, March 30, 2009, Orlando, Florida. www.theheart.org/article/957205.do.

262

Kromhout D, Giltay EJ, Geleijnse JM; Alpha Omega Trial Group. N-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular events after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2010 Nov 18; 363 (21): 2015–26.

263

Galan P, Kesse-Guyot E, Czernichow S, et al; SU.FOL.OM3 Collaborative Group. Effects of B vitamins and omega 3 fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases: a randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2010 Nov 29; 341: c6273. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c6273.

264

Kowey PR, Reiffel JA, Ellenbogen KA, et al. Efficacy and safety of prescription omega-3 fatty acids for the prevention of recurrent symptomatic atrial fibrillation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010 Dec 1; 304 (21): 2363–72.

265

Sacks FM, Stone PH, Gibson CM, et al. Controlled trial of fish oil for regression of human coronary atherosclerosis. HARP Research Group. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995 Jun; 25 (7): 1492–98.

266

Guallar E, Sanz-Gallardo MI, van’t Veer P, et al.; Heavy Metals and Myocardial Infarction Study Group. Mercury, fish oils, and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2002 Nov 28; 347 (22): 1747–54.

267

Virtanen JK, Voutilainen S, Rissanen TH, et al. Mercury, fish oils, and risk of acute coronary events and cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality in men in eastern Finland. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Jan; 25 (1): 228–33.

268

Jenkins DJ, Sievenpiper JL, Pauly D, et al. Are dietary recommendations for the use of fish oils sustainable? CMAJ. 2009 Mar 17; 180 (6): 633–37.

269

Insull W Jr, Lang PD, Hsi BP, Yoshimura S. Studies of arteriosclerosis in Japanese and American men. I. Comparison of fatty acid composition of adipose tissue. J Clin Invest. 1969 Jul; 48 (7): 1313–27.

270

Davidson MH, Hunninghake D, Maki KC, et al. Comparison of the effects of lean red meat vs lean white meat on serum lipid levels among free-living persons with hypercholesterolemia: a long-term, randomized clinical trial. Arch Intern Med. 1999 Jun 28; 159 (12): 1331–38.

271

Robertson W. The effect of high animal protein intake on the risk of calcium stoneformation in the urinary tract. Clin Sci (Lond). 1979 Sep; 57 (3): 285–88.

272

Dyerberg J, Bang HO. Haemostatic function and platelet polyunsaturated fatty acids in Eskimos. Lancet. 1979 Sep 1; 2 (8140): 433–35.

273

Meydani SN, Lichtenstein AH, Cornwall S, et al. Immunologic effects of national cholesterol education panel step-2 diets with and without fish-derived N-3 fatty acid enrichment. J Clin Invest. 1993 Jul; 92 (1): 105–13.

274

Stripp C, Overvad K, Christensen J, et al. Fish intake is positively associated with breast cancer incidence rate. J Nutr. 2003 Nov; 133 (11): 3664–69. Cancer Res. 1998 Aug 1; 58 (15): 3312–19.

275

Klieveri L, Fehres O, Griffini P, et al. Promotion of colon cancer metastases in rat liver by fish oil diet is not due to reduced stroma formation. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2000; 18 (5): 371–77.

276

Roodhart JM, Daenen LG, Stigter EC, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells induce resistance to chemotherapy through the release of platinum-induced fatty acids. Cancer Cell. 2011 Sep 13; 20 (3): 370–83.

277

Rice TW, Wheeler AP, Thompson BT, et al; NHLBI ARDS Clinical trials network. Enteral omega-3 fatty acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidant supplementation in acute lung injury. JAMA. 2011 Oct 12; 306 (14): 1574–81.

278

Hendra TJ, Britton ME, Roper DR, et al. Effects of fish oil supplements in NIDDM subjects. Controlled study. Diabetes Care. 1990 Aug; 13 (8): 821–9.

279

Djouss Ä L, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Lee IM. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids and fish consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Jan; 93 (1): 143–50.

280

Olsen SF, Osterdal ML, Salvig JD, et al. Duration of pregnancy in relation to fish oil supplementation and habitual fish intake: a randomised clinical trial with fish oil. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007 Aug; 61 (8): 976–85.

281

Olsen SF, Hansen HS, Sorensen TI, et al. Intake of marine fat, rich in (n-3)-polyunsaturated fatty acids, may increase birthweight by prolonging gestation. Lancet. 1986 Aug 16; 2 (8503): 367–69.

282

Ju H, Chadha Y, Donovan T, O’Rourke P. Fetal macrosomia and pregnancy outcomes. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2009 Oct; 49 (5): 504–9.

283

Joensen F, Olsen SF, Holm T, Joensen HD. Perinatal deaths in the Faroe Islands during 1986–95. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2000 Oct; 79 (10): 834–38.

284

Olsen SF, Samuelsen S, Joensen HD. A clinico-pathological classification of perinatal deaths in the Faroe Islands. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1995 May; 102 (5): 389–92.

285

Friedland RP, Petersen RB, Rubenstein R. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and aquaculture. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009 Jun; 17 (2): 277–79.

286

Bell JG, Henderson RJ, Tocher DR, et al. Substituting fish oil with crude palm oil in the diet of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) affects muscle fatty acid composition and hepatic fatty acid metabolism. J Nutr. 2002 Feb; 132 (2): 222–30.

287

Weaver KL, Ivester P, Chilton JA, et al. The content of favorable and unfavorable polyunsaturated fatty acids found in commonly eaten fish. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008 Jul; 108 (7): 1178–85.

288

Lund V, Mejdell CM, Rocklinsberg H, et al. Expanding the moral circle: farmed fish as objects of moral concern. Dis Aquat Organ. 2007 May 4; 75 (2): 109–18.

289

Worm B, Barbier EB, Beaumont N, et al. Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science. 2006 Nov 3; 314 (5800): 787–90.

290

Spence LA, Lipscomb ER, Cadogan J, et al. The effect of soy protein and soy isoflavones on calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women: a randomized crossover study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Apr; 81 (4): 916–22.

291

Roughead ZK, Hunt JR, Johnson LK, et al. Controlled substitution of soy protein for meat protein: effects on calcium retention, bone, and cardiovascular health indices in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jan; 90 (1): 181–89.

292

Kerstetter JE, Wall DE, O’Brien KO, et al. Meat and soy protein affect calcium homeostasis in healthy women. J Nutr. 2006 Jul; 136 (7): 1890–95.

293

Arjmandi BH, Khalil DA, Smith BJ, et al. Soy protein has a greater effect on bone in postmenopausal women not on hormone replacement therapy, as evidenced by reducing bone resorption and urinary calcium excretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Mar; 88 (3): 1048–54.

294

Khalil DA, Lucas EA, Juma S, et al. Soy protein supplementation increases serum insulinlike growth factor-I in young and old men but does not affect markers of bone metabolism. J Nutr. 2002 Sep; 132 (9): 2605–8.

295

Sauer LA, Blask DE, Dauchy RT. Dietary factors and growth and metabolism in experimental tumors. J Nutr Biochem. 2007 Oct; 18 (10): 637–49.

296

Griffini P. Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids promote colon carcinoma metastasis in rat liver. Cancer Res. 1998 Aug 1; 58 (15): 3312–19.

297

Coulombe J, Pelletier G, Tremblay P, et al. Influence of lipid diets on the number of metastases and ganglioside content of H59 variant tumors. Clin Exp Metastasis. 1997 Jul; 15 (4): 410–17.

298

Klieveri L. Promotion of colon cancer metastases in rat liver by fish oil diet is not due to reduced stroma formation. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2000; 18 (5): 371–77.

299

Thiäbaut AC, Kipnis V, Chang SC, et al. Dietary fat and postmenopausal invasive breast cancer in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study cohort. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007 Mar 21; 99 (6): 451–62.

300

Ferrari R, Rapezzi C. The Mediterranean diet: a cultural journey. Lancet. 2011 May 1; 377 (9779): 1730–31.

301

Keys A. Mediterranean diet and public health: personal reflections. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Jun; 61 (6 Suppl): 1321S–23S.

302

Brown JM, Shelness GS, Rudel LL. Monounsaturated fatty acids and atherosclerosis: opposing views from epidemiology and experimental animal models. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2007 Dec; 9 (6): 494–500.

303

Blankenhorn DH, Johnson RL, Mack WJ, et al. The influence of diet on the appearance of new lesions in human coronary arteries. JAMA. 1990 Mar 23–30; 263 (12): 1646–52.

304

Felton CV, Crook D, Davies MJ, Oliver MF. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and composition of human aortic plaques. Lancet. 1994 Oct 29; 344 (8931): 1195–96.

305

Sanders TA, de Grassi T, Miller GJ, Humphries SE. Dietary oleic and palmitic acids and postprandial factor VII in middle-aged men heterozygous and homozygous for factor VII R353Q polymorphism. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 69: 220–25.

306

Larsen LF, Bladbjerg EM, Jespersen J, Marckmann P. Effects of dietary fat quality and quantity on postprandial activation of blood coagulation factor VII. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997 Nov; 17 (11): 2904–9.

307

Friedman M, Rosenman RH, Byers SO. Serum lipids and conjunctival circulation after fat ingestion in men exhibiting type-A behavior patterns. Circulation. 1964 Jun; 29: 874–86.

308

Friedman M, Byers SO, Rosenman RH. Effect of unsaturated fats upon lipemia and conjunctival circulation. A study of coronary-prone (pattern A) men. JAMA. 1965 Sep 13; 193: 882–86.

309

Kuo P, Whereat AF, Horwitz O. The effect of lipemia upon coronary and peripheral arterial circulation in patients with essential hyperlipemia. Am J Med. 1959 Jan; 26 (1): 68–75.

310

Natoli S, McCoy P. A review of the evidence: nuts and body weight. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007; 16 (4): 588–97.

311

Natoli S, McCoy P. A review of the evidence: nuts and body weight. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007; 16 (4): 588–97.

312

Natoli S, McCoy P. A review of the evidence: nuts and body weight. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007; 16 (4): 588–97.

313

Sacks FM, Lichtenstein A, Van Horn L, et al; American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Soy protein, isof lavones, and cardiovascular health: an American Heart Association Science Advisory for professionals from the Nutrition Committee. Circulation. 2006 Feb 21; 113 (7): 1034–44.

314

Cassileth BR, Vickers AJ. Soy: an anticancer agent in wide use despite some troubling data. Cancer Invest. 2003; 21 (5): 817–18.

315

Lu L. Effects of soya consumption for one month on steroid hormones in premenopausal women: implications for breast cancer risk reduction. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996 Jan; 5 (1): 63–70.

316

Divi R. Anti-thyroid isof lavones from soybean: isolation, characterization, and mechanisms of action. Biochem Pharmacol. 1997 Nov 15; 54 (10): 1087–96.

317

Doerge DR, Sheehan DM. Goitrogenic and estrogenic activity of soy isoflavones. Environ Health Perspect. 2002 Jun; 110 Suppl 3: 349–53.

318

Yellayi S. The phytoestrogen genistein induces thymic and immune changes: a human health concern? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002 May 28; 99 (11): 7616–21.

319

Zoppi G. Immunocompetence and dietary protein intake in early infancy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1982; 1 (2): 175–82.

320

Zoppi G. Gammaglobulin level and soy-protein intake in early infancy. Eur J Pediatr. 1979 Apr 25; 131 (1): 61–9.

321

Zoppi G. Diet and antibody response to vaccinations in healthy infants. Lancet. 1983 Jul 2; 2 (8340): 11–14.

322

Fort P. Breast and soy-formula feedings in early infancy and the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease in children. J Am Coll Nutr. 1990 Apr; 9 (2): 164–67.

323

Alexandersen P. Ipriflavone in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001 Mar 21; 285 (11): 1482–88.

324

White LR, Petrovitch H, Ross GW, et al. Brain aging and midlife tofu consumption. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000 Apr; 19 (2): 242–55.

325

Reddy ST. Effect of low-carbohydrate high-protein diets on acid-base balance, stoneforming propensity, and calcium metabolism. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002 Aug; 40 (2): 265–74.

326

Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Vidgen E, et al. Effect of high vegetable protein diets on urinary calcium loss in middle-aged men and women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003 Feb; 57 (2): 376–82.

327

Spence LA, Lipscomb ER, Cadogan J, et al. The effect of soy protein and soy isoflavones on calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women: a randomized crossover study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Apr; 81 (4): 916–22.

328

Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Vidgen E, et al. Effect of high vegetable protein diets on urinary calcium loss in middle-aged men and women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003 Feb; 57 (2): 376–82.

329

Yu H. Role of the insulin-like growth factor family in cancer development and progression. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Sep 20; 92 (18): 1472–89.

330

Arjmandi BH, Khalil DA, Smith BJ, et al. Soy protein has a greater effect on bone in postmenopausal women not on hormone replacement therapy, as evidenced by reducing bone resorption and urinary calcium excretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Mar; 88 (3): 1048–54.

331

Yu H. Role of the insulin-like growth factor family in cancer development and progression. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Sep 20; 92 (18): 1472–89.

332

Bartke A, Chandrashekar V, Dominici F, et al. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and aging: controversies and new insights. Biogerontolog y. 2003; 4 (1): 1–8.

333

Miller RA. Genetic approaches to the study of aging. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 Sep; 53 (9 Suppl): S284–86.

334

Holzenberger M. The GH/IGF-I axis and longevity. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004 Aug; 151 Suppl 1: S23–7.

335

Sutter NB, Bustamante CD, Chase K, et al. A single IGF1 allele is a major determinant of small size in dogs. Science. 2007 Apr 6; 316 (5821): 112–15.

336

Samaras TT, Elrick H, Storms LH. Is height related to longevity? Life Sci. 2003 Mar 7; 72 (16): 1781–1802.

337

Holzenberger M. The GH/IGF-I axis and longevity. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004 Aug; 151 Suppl 1: S23–7.

338

Siegel-Itzkovich J. Health committee warns of potential dangers of soya. BMJ. 2005 Jul 30; 331 (7511): 254.

339

Turck D. Soy protein for infant feeding: what do we know? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2007 May; 10 (3): 360–65.

340

www.wholesoystory.com/newsletters/FrenchWARNING.pdf.

341

www.babycareadvice.com/babycare/general_help/article.php?id=43.

342

Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Apr 16; (2): CD007176.

343

Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for preventing gastrointestinal cancers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jul 16; (3): CD004183.

344

Peto R, Doll R, Buckley JD, Sporn MB. Can dietary beta-carotene materially reduce human cancer rates? Nature. 1981 Mar 19; 290 (5803): 201–8.

345

Bjelke E. Dietary vitamin A and human lung cancer. Int J Cancer. 1975 Apr 15; 15 (4): 561–65.

346

The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med. 1994 Apr 14; 330 (15): 1029–35.

347

Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1996 May 2; 334 (18): 1150–55.

348

The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med. 1994 Apr 14; 330 (15): 1029–35.

349

Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1996 May 2; 334 (18): 1150–55.

350

Pietrzik K. Antioxidant vitamins, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1996 Oct 3; 335 (14): 1065–66.

351

Bjelakovic G, Gluud C. Vitamin and mineral supplement use in relation to all-cause mortality in the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Arch Intern Med. 2011 Oct 10; 171 (18): 1633–34.

352

Redberg RF. Vitamin supplements: more cost than value: comment on “dietary supplements and mortality rate in older women.” Arch Intern Med. 2011 Oct 10; 171 (18): 1634–35.

353

Lee JE, Chan AT. Fruit, vegetables, and folate: cultivating the evidence for cancer prevention. Gastroenterolog y. 2011 Jul; 141 (1): 16–20.

354

Pietrzik K. Antioxidant vitamins, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1996 Oct 3; 335 (14): 1065–66.

355

Lippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, et al. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA. 2009; 301: 39–51.

356

Klein EA, Thompson IM Jr, Tangen CM, et al. Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer. The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA. 2011 Oct 12; 306 (14): 1549–56.

357

Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002 Jul 6; 360 (9326): 23–33.

358

Rapola JM, Virtamo J, Ripatti S, et al. Randomised trial of alpha-tocopherol and betacarotene supplements on incidence of major coronary events in men with previous myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1997 Jun 14; 349 (9067): 1715–20.

359

Mursu J, Robien K, Harnack LJ, et al. Dietary Supplements and Mortality Rate in Older Women: The Iowa Women’s Health Study. Arch Intern Med. 2011 Oct 10; 171 (18): 1625–33.

360

Lonn E, Bosch J, Yusuf S, et al; HOPE and HOPE-TOO Trial Investigators. Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005 Mar 16; 293 (11): 1338–47.

361

Lange H, Suryapranata H, De Luca G, et al. Folate therapy and in-stent restenosis after coronary stenting. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jun 24; 350 (26): 2673–81.

362

Bønaa KH, Njølstad I, Ueland PM, et al; NORVIT Trial Investigators. Homocysteine lowering and cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2006 Apr 13; 354 (15): 1578–88.

363

Albert CM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM, et al. Effect of folic acid and B vitamins on risk of cardiovascular events and total mortality among women at high risk for cardiovascular disease: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2008 May 7; 299 (17): 2027–36.

364

Durga J, Bots ML, Schouten EG, et al. Effect of 3 y of folic acid supplementation on the progression of carotid intima-media thickness and carotid arterial stiffness in older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 May; 93 (5): 941–49.

365

Study of the Effectiveness of Additional Reductions in Cholesterol and Homocysteine (SEARCH) Collaborative Group, Armitage JM, Bowman L, Clarke RJ, et al. Effects of homocysteine-lowering with folic acid plus vitamin B₁₂ vs placebo on mortality and major morbidity in myocardial infarction survivors: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2010 Jun 23; 303 (24): 2486–94.

366

House AA, Eliasziw M, Cattran DC, et al. Effect of B-vitamin therapy on progression of diabetic nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010 Apr 28; 303 (16): 1603–9.

367

Sanders KM, Stuart AL, Williamson EJ, et al. Annual high-dose oral Vitamin D and falls and fractures in older women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010 May 12; 303 (18): 1815–22.

368

Graat JM, Schouten EG, Kok FJ. Effect of daily vitamin E and multivitamin-mineral supplementation on acute respiratory tract infections in elderly persons: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002 Aug 14; 288 (6): 715–21.

369

Pittas AG, Chung M, Trikalinos T, et al. Systematic review: Vitamin D and cardiometabolic outcomes. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Mar 2; 152 (5): 307–14.

370

Grey A, Bolland MJ, Reid IR. Vitamin D supplementation. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Mar 22; 170 (6): 572–73.

371

Glerup H, Mikkelsen K, Poulsen L, et al. Commonly recommended daily intake of vitamin D is not sufficient if sunlight exposure is limited. J Internal Med. 2000; 247: 260–68.

372

Holick MF. Vitamin D: a millenium perspective. J Cell Biochem. 2003; 88: 296–307.

373

Reichrath J. The challenge resulting from positive and negative effects of sunlight: how much solar UV exposure is appropriate to balance between risks of vitamin D deficiency and skin cancer? Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2006 Sep; 92 (1): 9–16.

374

Reusch J, Ackermann H, Badenhoop K. Cyclic changes of vitamin D and PTH are primarily regulated by solar radiation: 5-year analysis of a German (50 degrees N) population. Horm Metab Res. 2009 May; 41 (5): 402–7.

375

Salamone LM, Dallal GE, Zantos D, et al. Contributions of vitamin D intake and seasonal sunlight exposure to plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 Jan; 59 (1): 80–86.

376

Vieth R. Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 69: 84256.

377

Holick MF. Sunlight Dilemma: risk of skin cancer or bone disease and muscle weakness. Lancet. 2001; 357: 46.

378

Wolpowitz D, Gilchrest BA. The vitamin D questions: how much do you need and how should you get it? J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Feb; 54 (2): 301–17.

379

Wolpowitz D, Gilchrest BA. The vitamin D questions: how much do you need and how should you get it? J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Feb; 54 (2): 301–17.

380

Lucas RM, Repacholi MH, McMichael AJ. Is the current public health message on UV exposure correct? Bull World Health Organ. 2006 Jun; 84 (6): 485–91.

381

Wharton JR, Cockerell CJ. The sun: a friend and enemy. Clin Dermatol. 1998 Jul – Aug; 16 (4): 415–19.

382

Porojnicu A, Robsahm TE, Berg JP, Moan J. Season of diagnosis is a predictor of cancer survival. Sun-induced vitamin D may be involved: a possible role of sun-induced Vitamin D. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007 Mar; 103 (3–5): 675–78.

383

Robsahm TE, Tretli S, Dahlback A, Moan J. Vitamin D3 from sunlight may improve the prognosis of breast-, colonand prostate cancer (Norway). Cancer Causes Control. 2004 Mar; 15 (2): 149–58.

384

Zhou W, Suk R, Liu G, et al. Vitamin D is associated with improved survival in earlystage non-small cell lung cancer patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005 Oct; 14 (10): 2303–9.

385

Berwick M, Armstrong BK, Ben-Porat L, et al. Sun exposure and mortality from melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Feb 2; 97 (3):195–99.

386

Holick MF. Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Mar; 79 (3): 362–71.

387

Parry J, Sullivan E, Scott AC. Vitamin D sufficiency screening in preoperative pediatric orthopaedic patients. J Pediatr Orthop. 2011 Apr – May; 31 (3): 331–33.

388

Lee JH, Gadi R, Spertus JA, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2011 Mar 23.

389

Long AN, Ray MM, Nandikanti D, et al. Prevalence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency in an urban general internal medicine academic practice. Tenn Med. 2011 Jan; 104 (1): 45–6, 52.

390

Gómez-Alonso C, Naves-Díaz ML, Fernández-Martín JL, et al. Vitamin D status and secondary hyperparathyroidism: the importance of 25-hydroxyvitamin D cut-off levels. Kidney Int Suppl. 2003 Jun; (85): S44–48.

391

Rosen CJ. Vitamin D insufficiency. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jan 20; 364 (3): 248–54.

392

Binkley N, Novotny R, Krueger D, et al. Low vitamin D status despite abundant sun exposure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jun; 92 (6): 2130–35.

393

Pramyothin P, Techasurungkul S, Lin J, et al. Vitamin D status and falls, frailty, and fractures among postmenopausal Japanese women living in Hawaii. Osteoporos Int. 2009 Nov; 20 (11): 1955–62.

394

Rosen CJ. Vitamin D insufficiency. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jan 20; 364 (3): 248–54.

395

Abrams SA. Vitamin D requirements in adolescents: what is the target? Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Mar; 93 (3): 483–84.

396

Shaw N. Vitamin D and bone health in children. BMJ. 2011 Jan 25; 342: d192. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d192.

397

Schneider S, Kramer H. Who uses sunbeds? A systematic literature review of risk groups in developed countries. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010 Jun; 24 (6): 639–48.

398

Tangpricha V, Turner A, Spina C, et al. Tanning is associated with optimal vitamin D status (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration) and higher bone mineral density. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 80: 1645–49.

399

Treatment of vitamin D deficiency with UV light in patients with malabsorption syndromes: a case series. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2007 October; 23 (5): 179–85.

400

Heikkinen AM, Tuppurainen MT, Niskanen L, et al. Long-term vitamin D3 supplementation may have adverse effects on serum lipids during postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. Eur J Endocrinol. 1997 Nov; 137 (5): 495–502.

401

Tuppurainen M, Heikkinen AM, Penttilä I, Saarikoski S. Does vitamin D3 have negative effects on serum levels of lipids? A follow-up study with a sequential combination of estradiol valerate and cyproterone acetate and/or vitamin D3. Maturitas. 1995 Jun; 22 (1): 55–61.

402

Heikkinen AM, Tuppurainen MT, Niskanen L, et al. Long-term vitamin D3 supplementation may have adverse effects on serum lipids during postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. Eur J Endocrinol. 1997 Nov; 137 (5): 495–502.

403

Tuohimaa P, Tenkanen L, Ahonen M, et al. Both high and low levels of blood vitamin D are associated with a higher prostate cancer risk: a longitudinal, nested case-control study in the Nordic countries. Int J Cancer. 2004 Jan 1; 108 (1): 104–8.

404

Marshall TG. Vitamin D discovery outpaces FDA decision making. Bioessays. 2008 Feb; 30 (2): 173–82.

405

Meyer G, Köpke S. Vitamin D and falls. Information on harm is missing. BMJ. 2009 Oct 28; 339: b4395. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b4395.

406

Hsia J, Heiss G, Ren H, et al. 2007 Women’s Health Initiative. Calcium/vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular events. Circulation. 2007; 115: 846–54.

407

Byers T. Anticancer vitamins du jour – the ABCED’s so far. Am J Epidemiol. 2010 Jul 1; 172 (1): 1–3.

408

Sanders KM, Stuart AL, Williamson EJ, et al. Annual high-dose oral Vitamin D and falls and fractures in older women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010 May 12; 303 (18): 1815–22.

409

Holick MF, Biancuzzo RM, Chen TC, et al. Vitamin D2 is as effective as vitamin D3 in maintaining circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 93 (3): 677–81.

410

Stabler SP, Allen RH. Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency as a worldwide problem. Annu Rev Nutr. 2004; 24: 299–326.

411

Herbert V. Vitamin B₁₂: Plant sources, requirements, and assay. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988 Sep; 48 (3 Suppl): 852–58.

412

Koebnick C, Hoffmann I, Dagnelie PC, et al. Long-term ovo-lacto vegetarian diet impairs vitamin B₁₂ status in pregnant women. J Nutr. 2004 Dec; 134 (12): 3319–26.

413

Albert MJ, Mathan VI, Baker SJ. Vitamin B₁₂ synthesis by human small intestinal bacteria. Nature. 1980 Feb 21; 283 (5749): 781–82.

414

Butler CC, Vidal-Alaball J, Cannings-John R, et al. Oral vitamin B₁₂ versus intramuscular vitamin B₁₂ for vitamin B₁₂ deficiency: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Fam Pract. 2006 Jun; 23 (3): 279–85.

415

Vidal-Alaball J, Butler CC, Cannings-John R, et al. Oral vitamin B₁₂ versus intramuscular vitamin B₁₂ for vitamin B₁₂ deficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Jul 20; (3): CD004655.

416

Freeman AG. Hydroxocobalamin versus cyanocobalamin. J R Soc Med. 1996 Nov; 89 (11): 659.

417

Watanabe F, Takenaka S, Kittaka-Katsura H, et al. Characterization and bioavailability of vitamin B₁₂-compounds from edible algae. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2002 Oct; 48 (5): 325–31.

418

Watanabe F. Vitamin B₁₂ sources and bioavailability. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2007 Nov; 232 (10): 1266–74.

419

Watanabe F. Vitamin B₁₂ sources and bioavailability. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2007 Nov; 232 (10): 1266–74.

420

Watanabe F, Takenaka S, Katsura H, Masumder SA, Abe K, Tamura Y, Nakano Y. Dried green and purple lavers (Nori) contain substantial amounts of biologically active vitamin B₁₂ but less of dietary iodine relative to other edible seaweeds. J Agric Food Chem. 1999 Jun; 47 (6): 2341–43.

421

Croft MT, Lawrence AD, Raux-Deery E, et al. Algae acquire vitamin B₁₂ through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria. Nature. 2005 Nov 3; 438 (7064): 90–93.

422

It’s time to end the war on salt. Sci Am. 2011 July; 304 (7): 24.

423

Fodor JG, Whitmore B, Leenen F, Larochelle P. Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. 5. Recommendations on dietary salt. Canadian Hypertension Society, Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. CMAJ. 1999 May 4; 160 (9 Suppl): S29–34.

424

Hooper L, Bartlett C, Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S. Advice to reduce dietary salt for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004; (1): CD003656.

425

Cohen HW, Hailpern SM, Alderman MH. Sodium Intake and Mortality Follow-Up in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Gen Intern Med. 2008 Sep; 23 (9): 1297–1302.

426

Adrogué HJ, Madias NE. Sodium and potassium in the pathogenesis of hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2007 May 10; 356 (19): 1966–78.

427

Hollenberg NK, Martinez G, McCullough M, et al. Aging, acculturation, salt intake, and hypertension in the Kuna of Panama. Hypertension. 1997 Jan; 29 (1 Pt 2): 171–76.

428

Craig WJ. Health effects of vegan diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 May; 89 (5): 1627S–33S.

429

Cohen HW, Hailpern SM, Alderman MH. Salt intake and cardiovascular mortality. Am J Med. 2007 Jan; 120 (1): e7.

430

Stolarz-Skrzypek K, Kuznetsova T, Thijs L, et al. European Project on Genes in Hypertension (EPOGH) Investigators. Fatal and nonfatal outcomes, incidence of hypertension, and blood pressure changes in relation to urinary sodium excretion. JAMA. 2011 May 4; 305 (17): 1777–85.

431

Taylor RS, Ashton KE, Moxham T, et al. Reduced dietary salt for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Cochrane review). Am J Hypertens. 2011 Aug; 24 (8): 843–53. doi: 10.1038/ajh.2011.115.

432

Hooper L, Bartlett C, Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S. Systematic review of long term effects of advice to reduce dietary salt in adults. BMJ. 2002 Sep 21; 325 (7365): 628.

433

L. Dahl. Salt intake and salt need. N Engl J Med. 1958 Jun 12; 258 (24): 1205–8.

434

Bolton-Smith C, Woodward M. Dietary composition and fat to sugar ratios in relation to obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1994 Dec; 18 (12): 820–28.

435

Janket SJ, Manson JE, Sesso H, et al. A prospective study of sugar intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care. 2003 Apr; 26 (4): 1008–15.

436

Kitagawa T. Increased incidence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus among Japanese schoolchildren correlates with an increased intake of animal protein and fat. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1998 Feb; 37 (2): 111–15.

437

Llanos G. Diabetes in the Americas. Bull Pan Am Health Organ. 1994 Dec; 28 (4): 285–301.

438

Egede LE, Dagogo-Jack S. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes: focus on ethnic minorities. Med Clin North Am. 2005 Sep; 89 (5): 949–75, viii.

439

ADA recommends high carbohydrate intake: http://www.diabetes.org/diabetesresearch/summaries/anderson-carbs.jsp.

440

Kiehm TG, Anderson JW, Ward K. Beneficial effects of a high carbohydrate, high fiber diet on hyperglycemic diabetic men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1976 Aug; 29 (8): 895–99.

441

Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Marchie A, Jenkins AL, Augustin LS, Ludwig DS, Barnard ND, Anderson JW. Type 2 diabetes and the vegetarian diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Sep; 78 (3 Suppl): 610S–16S.

442

Barnard ND, Cohen J, Jenkins DJ, et al. A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006 Aug; 29 (8): 1777–83.

443

Poppitt SD, Keogh GF, Prentice AM, et al. Long-term effects of ad libitum low-fat, highcarbohydrate diets on body weight and serum lipids in overweight subjects with metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Jan; 75 (1): 11–20.

444

Teff KL, Elliott SS, Tschop M, et al. Dietary fructose reduces circulating insulin and leptin, attenuates postprandial suppression of ghrelin, and increases triglycerides in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jun; 89 (6): 2963–72.

445

Jequier E, Bray GA. Low-fat diets are preferred. Am J Med. 2002 Dec 30; 113 Suppl 9B: 41S–46S.

446

Saris WH. Glycemic carbohydrate and body weight regulation. Nutr Rev. 2003 May; 61 (5 Pt 2): S10–16.

447

Anderson GH, Woodend D. Effect of glycemic carbohydrates on short-term satiety and food intake. Nutr Rev. 2003 May; 61 (5 Pt 2): S17–26.

448

Holt SH, Miller JC, Petocz P, Farmakalidis E. A satiety index of common foods. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995 Sep; 49 (9): 675–90.

449

Hawley JA. Effect of meal frequency and timing on physical performance. Br J Nutr. 1997 Apr; 77 Suppl 1: S91–103.

450

Walton P. Glycaemic index and optimal performance. Sports Med. 1997 Mar; 23 (3): 164–72.

451

Vidon C. Effects of isoenergetic high-carbohydrate compared with high-fat diets on human cholesterol synthesis and expression of key regulatory genes of cholesterol metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 May; 73 (5): 878–84.

452

Schaefer EJ. Body weight and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol changes after consumption of a low-fat ad libitum diet. JAMA. 1995 Nov 8; 274 (18): 1450–55.

453

Schwarz JM, Linfoot P, Dare D, Aghajanian K. Hepatic de novo lipogenesis in normoinsulinemic and hyperinsulinemic subjects consuming high-fat, low-carbohydrate and lowfat, high-carbohydrate isoenergetic diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jan; 77 (1): 43–50.

454

Welsh JA, Sharma A, Abramson JL, Vaccarino V, Gillespie C, Vos MB. Caloric sweetener consumption and dyslipidemia among US adults. JAMA. 2010 Apr 21; 303 (15): 1490–97.

455

Schaefer EJ. Body weight and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol changes after consumption of a low-fat ad libitum diet. JAMA. 1995 Nov 8; 274 (18): 1450–55.

456

Reiser S, Hallfrisch J, Michaelis OE 4th, et al. Isocaloric exchange of dietary starch and sucrose in humans. I. Effects on levels of fasting blood lipids. Am J Clin Nutr. 1979 Aug; 32 (8): 1659–69.

457

Hudgins CH. Human fatty acid synthesis is reduced after the substitution of dietary starch for sugar. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Apr; 67 (4): 631–39.

458

Bantle JP, Raatz SK, Thomas W, Georgopoulos A. Effects of dietary fructose on plasma lipids in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Nov; 72 (5): 1128–34.

459

Zero DT. Sugars – the arch criminal? Caries Res. 2004 May – Jun; 38 (3): 277–85. 38. Cox TM. The genetic consequences of our sweet tooth. Nat Rev Genet. 2002 Jun; 3 (6): 481–87.