Примечания книги Sapiens. Краткая история человечества. Автор книги Юваль Ной Харари

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Книга Sapiens. Краткая история человечества
Сто тысяч лет назад Homo sapiens был одним из как минимум шести видов человека, живших на этой планете, - ничем не примечательным животным, которое играло в экосистеме роль не большую, чем гориллы, светлячки или медузы. Но около семидесяти тысяч лет назад загадочное изменение когнитивных способностей Homo sapiens превратило его в хозяина планеты и кошмар экосистемы. Как человек разумный сумел покорить мир? Что стало с другими видами человека? Когда и почему появились деньги, государства и религия? Как возникали и рушились империи? Почему почти все общества ставили женщин ниже мужчин? Как наука и капитализм стали господствующими вероучениями современной эры? Становились ли люди с течением времени счастливее? Какое будущее нас ожидает?  Юваль Харари показывает, как ход истории формировал человеческое общество и действительность вокруг него. Его книга прослеживает связь между событиями прошлого и проблемами современности и заставляет читателя пересмотреть все устоявшиеся представления об окружающем мире. 

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Этот пример с пекарней не слишком точен по расчетам. Поскольку банк вправе одалживать $10 на каждый имеющийся у него $1, банки могут выдавать предпринимателям по $909 тысяч из миллиона, резервируя $91 тысячу. Но, чтобы облегчить жизнь читателям, я предпочел круглые числа. Тем более банки не так уж и строго придерживаются этих правил.

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William T. Jackman, The Development of Transportation in Modern England (London: Frank Cass & со., 1966), 324-327; H. J. Dyos and D.H. Aldcroft, British Transport An economic survey from the seventeenth century to the twentieth (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1969), 124-131; Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Railway Journey: The Industrialization of Time and Space in the 19th Century (Berkeley: Univeristy of California Press, 1986).

103

Подробное обсуждение беспрецедентного мира последних десятилетий см. в особенности Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (New York: Viking, 2011); Joshua S. Goldstein, Winning the War on War: The Decline of Armed Conflict Worldwide (New York, N.Y.: Dutton, 2011); Gat, War in Human Civilization.

104

‘World Report on Violence and Health: Summary, Geneva 2002’, World Health Organization, accessed December 10,2010, http://www.who. int/whr/2001/en/whr0 l_annex_en.pdf. Уровень смертности в прежние эпохи см. Lawrence Н. Keeley, War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).

105

‘World Health Report, 2004’, World Health Organization, 124, accessed 10 December, 2010, http://www. who.int/whr/2004/en/report04_en.pdf.

106

Raymond C. Kelly, Warless Societies and the Origin of War (Ann Arbjjr: University of Michigan Press, 2000), 21. See also Gat, War in Human Civilization, 129-131; Keeley, War before Civilization.

107

Manuel Eisner, ‘Modernization, Self-Control and Lethal Violence’, British Journal of Criminology 41:4 (2001), 618-638; Manuel Eisner, ‘Long- Term Historical Trends in Violent Crime’, Crime and Justice: A Review of Research 30 (2003), 83-142; ‘World Report on Violence and Health: Summary, Geneva 2002’, World Health Organization, accessed December 10, 2010, http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_annex_en.pdf; ‘World Health Report, 2004’, World Health Organization, 124, accessed 10 December, 2010, http://www. who.int/whr/2004/en/report04_en.pdf.

108

Napoleon Chagnon, Yanomamo: The Fierce People (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968); Keeley, War before Civilization.

109

О психологии и биохимии счастья полезно почитать: Jonathan Haidt, The Happiness Hypothesis: Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom (New York: Basic Books, 2006); R. Wright, The Moral Animal: Evolutionary Psychology and Everyday Life (New York: Vintage Books, 1994); M. Csikszentmihalyi, ‘If We Are So Rich, Why Aren’t We Happy?’, American Psychologist 54:10 (1999): 821-827; F. A. Huppert, N. Baylis and B. Keverne, ed., The Science of Well-Being (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005); Michael Argyle, The Psychology of Happiness, 2nd edition (New York: Routledge, 2001); Ed Diener (ed.), Assessing Well-Being: The Collected Works of Ed Diener (New York: Springer, 2009); Michael Eid and Randy J. Larsen (eds.)> The Science of Subjective Well-Being (New York: Guilford Press, 2008); Richard A. Easterlin (ed.), Happiness in Economics (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Pub., 2002); Richard Layard, Happiness: Lessons from a New Science (New York: Penguin, 2005).

110

Kahneman et al., “A Survey Method for Characterizing Daily Life experience: The Day Reconstruction Method”, Science 3 (2004): 1776-1780; Inglehart et al., "Development, Freedom, and Rising Happiness," 278-281.

111

D. M. McMahon, The Pursuit of Happiness: A History from the Greeks to the Present (London: Allen Lane, 2006).

112

Keith T. Paige et al., ‘De Novo Cartilage Generation Using Calcium Alginate-Chondrocyte Constructs’, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 97:1 (1996), 168-78.

113

David Biello, ‘Bacteria Transformed into Biofuels Refineries’, Scientific American, January 27, 2010, accessed December 10, 2010, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=bacteria- transformed-into-biofuel-refineries.

114

Gary Walsh, ‘Therapeutic Insulins and Their Large-Scale Manufacture’, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 67:2 (2005), 151-159.

115

James G. Wallis et al., ‘Expression of a Synthetic Antifreeze Protein in Potato Reduces Electrolyte Release at Freezing Temperatures’, Plant Molecular Biology 35:3 (1997), 323-330.

116

Robert J. Wall et al., ‘Genetically Enhanced Cows Resist Intramammary Staphylococcus Aureus Infection, Nature Biotechnology 23:4 (2005), 445-451.

117

Liangxue Lai et al., ‘Generation of Cloned Transgenic Pigs Rich in Omega-3 Fatty Acids’, Nature Biotechnology 24:4 (2006), 435-436.

118

Ya-Ping Tang et al., ‘Genetic Enhancement of Learning and Memory in Mice’, Nature 401 (1999), 63-69.

119

Zoe R. Donaldson and Larry J. Young, ‘Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and the Neurogenetics of Sociality’, Science 322:5903 (2008), 900-904; Zoe R. Donaldson, ‘Production of Germline Transgenic Prairie Voles (Microtus Ochrogaster) Using Lentiviral Vectors’, Biology of Reproduction 81:6 (2009), 1189-1195.

120

Terri Pous, ‘Siberian Discovery Could Bring Scientists Closer to Cloning Woolly Mammoth’, Time, September 17, 2012, accessed February 19, 2013; Pasqualino Loi et al, ‘Biological time machines: a realistic approach for cloning an extinct mammal’, Endangered Species Research 14 (2011), 227-233; Leon Huynen, Craig D. Millar and David M. Lambert, ‘Resurrecting ancient animal genomes: The extinct moa and more, Bioessays 34 (2012), 661-669.

121

Nicholas Wade, ‘Scientists in Germany Draft Neanderthal Genome’, New York Times, February 12,2009, accessed December 10,2010, http://www. nytimes.com/2009/02/13/science/13neanderthal.html?_r=2&ref=science; Zack Zorich, ‘Should We Clone Neanderthals?’, Archaeology 63:2 (2009), accessed 10 December, 2010, http://www.archaeology.org/1003/etc/ neanderthals.html.

122

Robert H. Waterston et al., ‘Initial Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of the Mouse Genome’, Nature 420:6915 (2002), 520.

123

‘Hybrid Insect Micro Electromechanical Systems (HI-MEMS)’, Microsystems Technology Office, DARPA, accessed March 22, 2012, http://www.darpa.mil/Our_Work/MTO/Programs/Hybrid_Insect_ Micro_Electromechanical_Systems_percent28HI-MEMSpercent29.aspx. See also: Sally Adee, ‘Nuclear-Powered Transponder for Cyborg Insect’, IEEE Spectrumy December 2009, accessed December 10, 2010, http:// spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductors/devices/nuclearpowered-transponder- for-cyborg-insect?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_ campaign=Feedpercent3A+IeeeSpectrum+percent28IEEE+Spectrumpe rcent29&utm_content=Google+Reader; Jessica Marshall, ‘The Fly Who Bugged Me’, New Scientist 197:2646 (2008), 40-43; Emily Singer, ‘Send In the Rescue Rats’, New Scientist 183:2466 (2004), 21-22; Susan Brown, ‘Stealth Sharks to Patrol the High Seas’, New Scientist 189:2541 (2006), 30-31.

124

Bill Christensen, ‘Military Plans Cyborg Sharks’, Live Science, March 7, 2006, accessed December 10, 2010, http://www.livescience.com/ technology/060307_shark_implant.html.

125

‘Cochlear Implants’, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, accessed March 22, 2012, http://www.mdcd. nih.gov/health/hearing/pages/coch.aspx.

126

Retina Implant, http://www.retina-implant.de/en/doctors/technology/ default.aspx.

127

David Brown, ‘For 1st Woman With Bionic Arm, a New Life Is Within Reach’, The Washington Post, September 14, 2006, accessed December 10, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-yn/content/article/2006/09/13/ AR2006091302271 .html?nav=E8.

128

Miguel Nicolelis, Beyond Boundaries: The New Neuroscience of Connecting Brains and Machines - and How It Will Change Our Lives (New York: Times Books, 2011).

129

Chris Berdik, ‘Turning Thought into Words’, BU Today, October 15, 2008, accessed March 22, 2012, http://www.bu.edu/today/2008/ turning-thoughts-into-words/.

130

Jonathan Fildes, ‘Artificial Brain “10 years away”’, BBC News, July 22, 2009, accessed 19 September, 2012, http://news.bbc. co.Uk/2/hi/8164060.stm.

131

Radoje Drmanac et al., ‘Human Genome Sequencing Using Unchained Base Reads on Self-Assembling DNA Nanoarrays’, Science 327:5961 (2010), 78-81; ‘Complete Genomics website: http://www.completegenomics.com/; Rob Waters, ‘Complete Genomics Gets Gene Sequencing under $5000 (Update 1)’, Bloomberg, November 5, 2009, accessed December 10, 2010; http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aWutnyE4S oWw; Fergus Walsh, ‘Era of Personalized Medicine Awaits’, BBC News, last updated April 8,2009, accessed March 22,2012, http://news.bbc.co.Uk/2/hi/ health/7954968.stm; Leena Rao, ‘PayPal Co-Founder And Founders Fund Partner Joins DNA Sequencing Firm Halcyon Molecular’, TechCrunch, September 24, 2009, accessed December 10, 2010, http://techcrunch. com/2009/09/24/paypal-co-founder-and-founders-fund-partner-joins- dna-sequencing-firm-halcyon-molecular/.

Автор книги - Юваль Ной Харари

Юваль Ной Харари

Юваль Ной Харари (родился 24 февраля 1976) - профессор истории в Еврейском университете в Иерусалиме. Автор международного бестселлера "Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind" (в русском переводе - "Sapiens: Краткая история человечества"). С 1993 по 1998 гг. бакалавриат и магистратура в Еврейском университете в Иерусалиме (Hebrew University of Jerusalem), специализация - история средних веков и история войн. Докторскую степень получил в 2002 г. в колледже Иисуса, Оксфорд (Jesus College, Oxford). С 2003 по 2005 гг. пост докторантура, проводил исследования за счет средств ...

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