Примечания книги Инсайт. Почему мы не осознаем себя так хорошо, как нам кажется, и почему отчетливое представление о себе помогает добиться успеха в работе и личной жизни. Автор книги Таша Эйрих

Онлайн книга

Книга Инсайт. Почему мы не осознаем себя так хорошо, как нам кажется, и почему отчетливое представление о себе помогает добиться успеха в работе и личной жизни
Большинство людей считают, что осознают себя достаточно хорошо. Но что если вы сможете делать это чуть лучше — и получите от этого большие преимущества в жизни и карьере? Существуют убедительные научные доказательства того, что люди, которые знают себя и то, как их воспринимают окружающие, более счастливы, принимают более разумные решения, выстраивают более качественные личные и профессиональные отношения, воспитывают более развитых детей. Этот список можно продолжать долго. Самоосознание — это метанавык XXI столетия. Все те качества, которые имеют решающее значение для достижения успеха в современном мире (эмоциональный интеллект, эмпатия, влияние, убеждение, коммуникация и сотрудничество), проистекают из самоосознания. Иначе говоря, без осознания себя почти невозможно овладеть теми навыками, которые делают нас более сильными командными игроками, незаурядными лидерами и людьми, способными выстраивать более прочные отношения как в профессиональной сфере, так и за ее пределами.

Примечания книги

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Джордж Вашингтон. Письмо Джону Огастину Вашингтону от 31 мая 1754 года.

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Джордж Вашингтон. Письмо Роберту Динвидди от 3 июня 1754 года.

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Во всей книге основные термины, инструменты и выводы выделены жирным шрифтом для того, чтобы было легче на них ссылаться. Прим. ред.

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Издана на русском языке: Рамачандран В. Мозг рассказывает. Что делает нас людьми. — М.: Карьера Пресс, 2016. Прим. ред.

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Этот вывод сделан на основе нашей программы изучения самоосознания.

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30

Меня часто спрашивают о том, как самоосознание связано с эмоциональным интеллектом. Простыми словами, суть эмоционального интеллекта сводится к осознанию и регулированию собственных эмоций и эмоций окружающих, тогда как самоосознание — гораздо более широкое понятие, охватывающее наши внутренние качества, выходящие за рамки эмоций (наши ценности, увлечения, стремления, подходящие условия, паттерны, реакции и влияние на других людей), а также то, как нас воспринимают окружающие. Прим. ред.

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Если вам интересно знать, достаточно ли выборки из 50 человек, для того чтобы сделать значимые выводы, важно обратить внимание на разницу между количественными и качественными исследованиями. Хотя большая часть наших исследований носила количественный характер (мы предлагали участникам опроса дать количественную оценку предложенных позиций), наш анализ «единорогов самоосознания» был качественным по сути. Качественное исследование подразумевает более глубокое изучение каждого участника — в нашем случае это происходило в ходе продолжительных бесед — для обнаружения общих тем и закономерностей. Для качественного исследования 50 участников — это действительно достаточно много, особенно учитывая то, что «единорогов» было так трудно найти!

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6 мая 1937 года при выполнении посадки на базе ВВС США жесткий дирижабль, наполненный водородом, завершая очередной трансатлантический рейс, загорелся и потерпел крушение, в результате погибло 35 из 97 находившихся на его борту человек, а также один член наземной команды. Прим. пер.

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По мнению половины водителей, они принадлежат к числу 20 процентов лучших по способности управлять автомобилем, а 92 процента водителей считают, что водят автомобиль более безопасно по сравнению со средним водителем! Ola Svenson. «Are we all less risky and more skillful than our fellow drivers?» Acta Psychologica 47.2 (1981): 143–148.

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По некоторым данным, в общем случае мы более точно оцениваем себя в возрасте от 25 до 35 лет, но эта точность снижается в возрасте от 35 до 45 лет. Кроме того, поразительно, что, в отличие от студентов, изучающих естествознание, социологию и гуманитарные науки, студенты бизнес-факультетов сильнее всего завышали свою самооценку относительно объективной эффективности [Phillip L. Ackerman, Margaret E. Beier, and Kristy R. Bowen. «What we really know about our abilities and our knowledge.» Personality and Individual Differences 33 (2002): 587–605.]. Прим. ред.

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Результаты этого исследования, проводившегося в 1976 году (когда представители послевоенного поколения учились в колледжах), свидетельствуют о том, что представители поколения миллениалов не были первыми в этой закономерности! И я, будучи представительницей этого поколения, совершенно объективно заявляю об этом. Прим. ред.

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Этот вывод основан на результатах наших исследований по теме самоосознания. См. также: Andreas Demetriou and Karin Bakracevic. «Reasoning and self-awareness from adolescence to middle age: Organization and development as a function of education.» Learning and Individual Differences 19.2 (2009): 181–194.

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Информация для любителей статистики: мы установили, что коэффициент корреляции между возрастом и внутренним самоосознанием составляет всего 0,16, а в случае внешнего самоосознания равен 0,05. Прим. ред.

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В своей книге на эту тему «Думай медленно… Решай быстро» (М.: АСТ, Neoclassic, 2017) Дэниел Канеман называет эти процессы «думать быстро» и «думать медленно» соответственно. Прим. ред.

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Благодарю своих друзей Майка Геррона и Чака Блейкмена за эту мысль.

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Roy F. Baumeister, et al. «Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles?» Psychological Science in the Public Interest 4.1 (2003): 1–44.

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Журналист Эллисон Пирсон рисует весьма интересную картину того, что произошло бы, если бы такая философия применялась в сфере дипломатических отношений Великобритании в период Второй мировой войны: Дорогой господин Гитлер! Вы исчерпали наше терпение. Пожалуйста, отдайте назад Польшу, или это серьезно скажется на нашем благополучии. С любовью, Британия. Прим. ред.

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Ключевой этап 2 — период в школьном образовании, объединяющий учебные годы с 3-го по 6-й. Прим. пер.

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В американской системе оценивания знаний оценки А и А+ соответствуют 5 баллам. Прим. ред.

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На протяжении всей книги цитаты единорогов самоосознания приводятся почти дословно; я внесла несколько небольших изменений, для того чтобы повысить читабельность этих цитат, не меняя при этом их смысл. Прим. ред.

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Если вы заинтересованы в изучении других методов повышения уровня самопринятия, настоятельно рекомендую вам посетить сайт Кристин Нефф: http://self-compassion.org/category/exercises/. Прим. ред.

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Хочу поблагодарить клинического психолога, который поделился со мной этим примером. Я не называю имени этого психолога, для того чтобы сохранить конфиденциальность его пациента.

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Todd Dufresne. «Psychoanalysis is dead… so how does that make you feel?» latimes.com, February 18, 2004, http://articles.latimes.com/2004/feb/18/opinion/oe-dufresne18.

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По правде говоря, психоанализ получил дальнейшее развитие: многие подходы XXI столетия направлены на то, чтобы сформировать у клиентов всеобъемлющее представление о себе вместо попыток открыть дверь запертого подвала. На самом деле это очень напоминает подход под названием «жизненная история», о котором идет речь в главе 6. Прим. ред.

254

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Здесь важно отметить, что в моем понимании психотерапия не включает практику коучинга лидеров и руководителей, которая связана скорее с применением подхода, ориентированного на поиск решений (мы поговорим о нем в главе 6). Прим. ред.

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При условии, что вы обращаетесь за помощью в решении проблем повседневной жизни и для общего осмысления, а не за помощью в решении более серьезных проблем, таких как насилие, депрессия, тревога и т. п. Прим. ред.

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Еще один замечательный пример этого феномена можно найти в недавнем увлекательном исследовании: Mitesh Kataria and Tobias Regner. «Honestly, why are you donating money to charity? An experimental study about self-awareness in status-seeking behavior.» Theory and Decision 79.3 (2015): 493–515.

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Эффект новизны — психологический феномен, который проявляется в том, что при восприятии человека человеком по отношению к знакомой персоне наиболее значимой и запоминающейся оказывается последняя новая информация о ней, тогда как по отношению к незнакомой персоне наиболее значима впервые появившаяся информация, создающая первое впечатление о человеке. Прим. ред.

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Если при осмыслении негативных событий автор употребляет каузальные, связанные с инсайтом слова, такие как «делать выводы», «рассуждать логически», «понимать» и «осознавать», ведение дневника начинает приносить гораздо больше пользы [James W. Pennebaker. «Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process.» Psychological Science 8.3 (1997): 162–66; James W. Pennebaker, Tracy J. Mayne, and Martha E. Francis. «Linguistic predictors of adaptive bereavement.» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72.4 (1997): 863–871.]. Прим. ред.

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По мнению большинства исследователей, руминация отличается от беспокойства: руминация сосредоточена главным образом на событиях прошлого и настоящего, а беспокойство — на страхах по поводу будущего. Прим. ред.

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В момент рефлексии мозг работает в пассивном режиме. Недавно профессор Стэнфордского университета Дж. Пол Гамильтон обнаружил, что при руминации активируется та область головного мозга, которая, помимо всего прочего, отвечает за восприятие чувства печали — субгенуальная область префронтальной коры. Тот факт, что во время руминации активируются эти две области головного мозга, помогает объяснить, почему руминация часто маскируется под самонаблюдение, а также как она блокирует способность нашего мозга обрести инсайт [J. Paul Hamilton et al. «Depressive rumination, the default-mode network, and the dark matter of clinical neuroscience.» Biological Psychiatry 78.4 (2015): 224–230.]. Хотя это достаточно громоздкая формулировка, почувствовав, что вы зациклились на какой-то мысли, скажите себе: «Моя субгенуальная префронтальная кора снова выводит меня из равновесия и мешает мне обрести инсайт!» Прим. ред.

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Международная благотворительная организация, которая совместно с правительствами разных стран и общинами работает над сохранением экологии земли и водных ресурсов. Штаб-квартира находится в Арлингтоне, штат Вирджиния, США. Прим. ред.

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Если вам интересно, как это происходило, то участникам говорили: «Представьте себе, что вы никогда раньше не видели изюм… затем осторожно проведите изюминой по губам, обращая внимание на то, какие ощущения это у вас вызывает. Теперь положите ее в рот и медленно подержите на языке… откусите небольшой кусочек… начните медленно пережевывать ее…» и т. д. Прим. ред.

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Хочу поблагодарить своего невероятного научного ассистента Лорен Троник за то, что она обнаружила эту интересную тенденцию на основании имеющихся данных.

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Примечание. Я немного адаптировала этот текст, с тем чтобы он больше соответствовал целям самоосознания. Dan P. McAdams, et al. «Continuity and change in the life story: A longitudinal study of autobiographical memories in emerging adulthood.» Journal of Personality 74.5 (2006): 1371–1400.

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Примечание. Я немного адаптировала этот текст, с тем чтобы он больше соответствовал целям самоосознания. Dan P. McAdams, et al. «Continuity and change in the life story: A longitudinal study of autobiographical memories in emerging adulthood.» Journal of Personality 74.5 (2006): 1371–1400.

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Макадамс и его коллеги обозначают это терминами «субъектность» и «общность» соответственно.

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Если вы относитесь к числу поклонников телесериала «24 часа», вам будет интересно узнать, что первым автором этого исследования был Джек Бауэр. Прим. ред.

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Уокер Перси (1916–1990) — американский писатель, киносценарист. Прим. ред.

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В оригинале MUM-эффект, сокращение от mum about undesirable messages. Прим. пер.

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Безусловно, принадлежность к числу интровертов не делает автоматически человека плохим оратором; дело скорее в том, что для некоторых интровертов публичные выступления могут стать особенно трудным испытанием. Прим. ред.

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Высокоэффективные руководители составляли верхние 10 процентов, а руководители с низким уровнем эффективности — нижние 10 процентов. Joseph Folkman. «Top ranked leaders know this secret: ask for feedback,» forbes.com, January 8, 2015, http://www.forbes.com/sites/joefolkman/2015/01/08/top-ranked-leaders-know-this-secret-ask-forfeedback/#b958b9e608fe.

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422

Информация для тех, кто не знаком с этой моделью: вы узнаете, что вам следует делать из того, что вы еще не делаете; что следует прекратить делать из того, что не приносит вам пользы; а также что следует продолжать делать, чтобы добиться успеха. Прим. ред.

423

Однако, выпив больше, чем следует, вы рискуете оказаться в ситуации с переворачиванием столов в духе телешоу «Настоящие домохозяйки из Нью-Джерси». Прим. ред.

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Персонаж, придуманный американским комиком Элом Франкеном, в образе которого он выступа на шоу Saturday Night Live, помогающий закомплексованным людям. Прим. ред.

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426

Этот эффект наблюдался только в тех случаях, когда девочки играли против мальчиков со средним или высоким уровнем мастерства, в отличие от соперников с низким уровнем мастерства. Прим. ред.

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Издана на русском языке: Сэндберг Ш. Не бойся действовать. Женщина, работа и воля к лидерству. — М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2017. Прим. ред.

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Joyce Ehrlinger and David Dunning. «How chronic self-views influence (and potentially mislead) estimates of performance.» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84.1 (2003): 5–17.

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435

В ходе одного исследования пациенты с диагнозом «рак груди I и II стадии», которые выполнили упражнение на самоутверждение, через три месяца лучше справлялись со стрессом (и у них даже меньше проявлялись физические симптомы болезни) по сравнению с пациентами, не выполнявшими упражнение. Прим. ред.

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444

B. G. Hoffman. American Icon: Alan Mulally and the Fight to Save Ford Motor Company. Crown, 2012, p. 3.

445

Один из членов совета директоров назвал эту короткую, но вдохновенную речь самым трогательным выступлением, которое он когда-либо слышал в зале заседаний совета. Прим. ред.

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B. G. Hoffman. American Icon: Alan Mulally and the Fight to Save Ford Motor Company. Crown, 2012, p. 3, p. 56.

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B. G. Hoffman. American Icon: Alan Mulally and the Fight to Save Ford Motor Company. Crown, 2012, p. 3, p. 106.

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B. G. Hoffman. American Icon: Alan Mulally and the Fight to Save Ford Motor Company. Crown, 2012, p. 3

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Susan J. Ashford and Anne S. Tsui. «Self-regulation for managerial effectiveness: The role of active feedback seeking.» Academy of Management Journal 34.2 (1991): 251–280.

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Здесь перечислены ожидаемые нормы поведения и культура: люди в первую очередь; все вовлечены в процесс; убедительное видение, всеобъемлющая стратегия и неуклонная ее реализация; четкие целевые показатели эффективности; один план; факты и данные; все знают план, текущее положение дел в области, требующих особого внимания; предложить план; позитивная установка «найти способ»; уважать, выслушивать и быть признательными друг другу; эмоциональная устойчивость… доверие к процессу; весело проводить время; получать удовольствие от этого путешествия и друг от друга. Прим. ред.

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460

Средний пациент, получающий от 10 до 20 доз лекарственных препаратов каждый день при средней продолжительности пребывания в больнице 4,8 дня. Amy C. Edmondson. «Learning from mistakes is easier said than done: Group and organizational influences on the detection and correction of human error.» Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 32.1 (1996): 5–28.

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«Medication error reports,» fda.gov, October 20, 2016, http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/MedicationErrors/ucm080629.htm.

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Amy Edmondson. «Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams.» Administrative Science Quarterly 44.2 (1999): 350–383.

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Издана на русском языке: Браун Б. Великие дерзания. М.: Азбука, Азбука-Аттикус, 2014. Прим. ред.

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Издана на русском языке: Кэтмелл Э, Уоллес Э. Корпорация гениев. Как управлять командой творческих людей. М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2015. Прим. ред.

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Edwin E. Catmull and Amy Wallace. Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration. New York: Random House, 2014. Print, xvi. (Кэтмелл Э., Уоллес Э. Корпорация гениев. Как управлять командой творческих людей. М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2015.)

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Edwin E. Catmull and Amy Wallace. Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration. New York: Random House, 2014. Print, xvi. (Кэтмелл Э., Уоллес Э. Корпорация гениев. Как управлять командой творческих людей. М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2015.), p. 4.

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Edwin E. Catmull and Amy Wallace. Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration. New York: Random House, 2014. Print, xvi. (Кэтмелл Э., Уоллес Э. Корпорация гениев. Как управлять командой творческих людей. М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2015.), p. 283.

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Edwin E. Catmull and Amy Wallace. Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration. New York: Random House, 2014. Print, xvi. (Кэтмелл Э., Уоллес Э. Корпорация гениев. Как управлять командой творческих людей. М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2015.), p. 292.

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Edwin E. Catmull and Amy Wallace. Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration. New York: Random House, 2014. Print, xvi. (Кэтмелл Э., Уоллес Э. Корпорация гениев. Как управлять командой творческих людей. М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2015.), p. 293.

472

Ed Catmull. Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration. Random House, 2014, p. 277.

473

Далио сформулировал свое кредо в виде документа на 123 страницы, который содержит 201 его самый твердый принцип жизни и управления. Новые сотрудники обязаны ознакомиться с этим фолиантом; кроме того, Далио часто использует его в качестве основы для ночных домашних заданий, которые должны выполнять сотрудники. Прим. ред.

474

James Freeman. «The soul of a hedge fund ‘machine,’» wsj.com, June 6, 2014, http://www.wsj.com/articles/james-freeman-the-soul-of-a-hedge-fund-machine-1402094722.

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Richard Feloni. «Ray Dalio explains why 25 % of Bridgewater employees don’t last more than 18 months at the hedge fund giant,» businessinsider.com, March 23, 2016, http://www.businessinsider.com/biggest-challenges-new-bridgewater-employees-face-2016-3.

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Eliza Gray. «Questions to answer in the age of optimized hiring,» time.com, June 11, 2015, http://time.com/3917703/questions-to-answer-in-the-age-of-optimized-hiring/.

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Eliza Gray. «Questions to answer in the age of optimized hiring,» time.com, June 11, 2015, http://time.com/3917703/questions-to-answer-in-the-age-of-optimized-hiring/.

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Bess Levin. «Bridgewater associates truth probings are about to get turbo-charged,» dealbreaker.com, July 18, 2011, http://dealbreaker.com/2011/07/bridgwater-associates-truth-probingsare-about-to-get-turbo-charged/.

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Nishant Kumar. «Bridgewater’s Dalio trumps Soros as most profitable hedge fund,» bloomberg.com, January 26, 2016, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-26/bridgewater-s-dalio-trumps-soros-as-most-proftable-hedge-fund.

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James Freeman. «The soul of a hedge fund ‘machine,’» wsj.com, June 6, 2014, http://www.wsj.com/articles/james-freeman-the-soul-of-a-hedge-fund-machine-1402094722.

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Michelle Celarier and Lawrence Delevingne. «Ray Dalio’s radical truth,» March 2, 2011, http://www.institutionalinvestor.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=2775995&p=3.

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Michelle Celarier and Lawrence Delevingne. «Ray Dalio’s radical truth,» March 2, 2011, http://www.institutionalinvestor.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=2775995&p=3.

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Michelle Celarier and Lawrence Delevingne.

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«Ray Dalio’s radical truth,» March 2, 2011, http://www.institutionalinvestor.com/Article/2775995/Channel/199225/Ray-Dalios-radicaltruth.html?ArticleId=2775995&p=4#/.V04K15MrK8U.

485

Процедура основана на идеях, почерпнутых из превосходной книги Патрика Ленсиони The Five Dysfunctions of a Team (Книга издана на русском языке: Ленсиони П. Пять пороков команды. М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2017.), которую, на мой взгляд, должны прочитать все действующие и будущие менеджеры. Прим. ред.

486

Если команда еще не знакома с моделью получения обратной связи 3R, о которой шла речь в главе 8, я настоятельно рекомендую вам кратко описать этот процесс, прежде чем знакомить членов команды с этими правилами. Прим. ред.

487

Меня часто спрашивают, почему я предлагаю именно такой порядок: все члены команды отвечают сначала на вопрос 1, а затем на вопросы 2 и 3, вместо того чтобы давать ответы на все вопросы сразу. Во-первых, получение ответов всех членов команды на один и тот же вопрос, в отличие от ответов на все вопросы, — это лучший способ обнаружить закономерности. Во-вторых, на мой взгляд, желание дать ответы на все вопросы сразу же часто обусловлено ошибочным стремлением смягчить негативный отзыв («Если я сначала скажу Дагу, что мне в нем нравится, мне будет легче сказать ему о том, что мне не нравится»). Однако такой подход не позволяет сформировать непреходящую культуру искренности. Члены команды с высоким уровнем самоосознания делают усилие над собой и, придерживаясь основных правил, вступают в открытый диалог! Прим. ред.

488

Elizabeth Brayer. George Eastman: A Biography. University of Rochester Press, 2006.

489

Kiplinger Washington Editors, Inc. «The story behind Kodak Trademark.» Kiplinger’s Personal Finance, April 1962, p. 40. 250 85 percent of cameras: Henry C. Lucas. The Search for Survival: Lessons from Disruptive Technologies. Praeger, 2012, p. 16.

490

Ernest Scheyder and Liana B. Baker. «As Kodak struggles, Eastman Chemical thrives,» reuters.com, December 24, 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-eastman-kodak-idUSTRE7BN06B20111224.

491

Paul B. Carroll and Chunka Mui. Billion Dollar Lessons: What You Can Learn from the Most Inexcusable Business Failures of the Last Twenty-five Years. Portfolio, 2008, p. 93.

492

Reuters. «Kodak files for bankruptcy, plans biz overhaul.» business-standard.com, January 19, 2012, http://www.business-standard.com/article/international/kodak-fles-for-bankruptcyplans-biz-overhaul-112011900119_1.html.

493

B. G. Hoffman. American Icon: Alan Mulally and the Fight to Save Ford Motor Company. Crown, 2012, p. 248.

494

Erich C. Dierdorff and Robert S. Rubin. Research: We’re not very self-aware, especially at work, Harvard Business Review, March 12, 2015, https://hbr.org/2015/03/research-were-not-veryself-aware-especially-at-work.

495

Dan F. Moshavi, William Brown, and Nancy G. Dodd. «Leader self-awareness and its relationship to subordinate attitudes and performance.» Leadership & Organization Development Journal 24.7 (2003): 407–418.

496

Sherri Dalphonse. «Washington’s real-life horrible bosses,» washingtonian.com, December 4, 2013, https://www.washingtonian.com/2013/12/04/real-life-horrible-bosses/.

497

William B. Swann Jr., Peter J. Rentfrow, and Jennifer S. Guinn. «Self-verification: The search for coherence.» In M. R. Leary and J. J. P. Tangney, eds. Handbook of Self and Identity. Guilford Press, 2003, p. 376.

498

Erika N. Carlson, Simine Vazire, and Thomas F. Oltmanns. «You probably think this paper’s about you: Narcissists’ perceptions of their personality and reputation.» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 101.1 (2011): 185–201.

499

Издана на русском языке: Саттон Р. Не работайте с м*даками. И что делать, если они вокруг вас. М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2015. Прим. ред.

500

John F. Rauthmann. «The Dark Triad and interpersonal perception: Similarities and differences in the social consequences of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy.» Social Psychological and Personality Science 3.4 (2012): 487–496.

501

Sander van der Linden and Seth A. Rosenthal. «Measuring narcissism with a single question? A replication and extension of the Single-Item Narcissism Scale (SINS).» Personality and Individual Differences 90 (2016): 238–241.

502

Sara Konrath, Brian P. Meier, and Brad J. Bush man. «Development and validation of the single item narcissism scale (SINS).» PLOS One 9.8 (2014): e103469.

503

Mary Elizabeth Dallas. «Need to spot a narcissist? Just ask them,» healthday.com, August 5, 2014, http://consumer.healthday.com/mental-health-information-25/psychology-and-mentalhealth-news-566/need-to-spot-a-narcissist-just-ask-them-690338.html.

504

Erika N. Carlson, Simine Vazire, and Thomas F. Oltmanns. «You probably think this paper’s about you: Narcissists’ perceptions of their personality and reputation.» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 101.1 (2011): 185–201.

505

Timothy A. Judge, Jeffery A. LePine, and Bruce L. Rich. «Loving yourself abundantly: Relationship of the narcissistic personality to self — and other perceptions of workplace deviance, leadership, and task and contextual performance.» Journal of Applied Psychology 91.4 (2006): 762–776.

506

Delroy L. Paulhus, Peter Graf, and Mark Van Selst. «Attentional load increases the positivity of selfpresentation.» Social Cognition 7.4 (1989): 389–400.

507

Психологический дискомфорт, вызванный столкновением в сознании человека противоречивых знаний, убеждений, поведенческих установок относительно некоторого объекта или явления. Прим. ред.

508

Geoffrey L. Cohen, Joshua Aronson, and Claude M. Steele. «When beliefs yield to evidence: Reducing biased evaluation by affirming the self.» Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26.9 (2000): 1151–1164.

509

Leanne Atwater, Paul Roush, and Allison Fischthal. «The influence of upward feedback on self-and follower ratings of leadership.» Personnel Psychology 48.1 (1995): 35–59.

510

Zoe Chance, et al. «The slow decay and quick revival of self-deception.» Frontiers in Psychology 6 (2015).

511

Benjamin Franklin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Garden City Publishing Company, 1916. (Франклин Б. Путь к богатству. Автобиография. — М.: Эксмо, 2015.)

512

Если вы читаете это примечание, значит, вы человек с научным складом ума. Да, строго говоря, сверхновые — это умирающие звезды, но, я надеюсь, вы запомните дух этой цитаты!

513

W. R. Miller et al. «Personal values card sort.» Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 2001. Прим. ред.

514

См. http://www.test-gollanda.ru Прим. ред.

515

Daniel R. Ames, Paul Rose, and Cameron P. Anderson. «The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism.» Journal of Research in Personality 40.4 (2006): 440–450. Прим. ред.

516

Omer Faruk Simsek. «Self-absorption paradox is not a paradox: Illuminating the dark side of self-reflection.» International Journal of Psychology 48.6 (2013): 1109–1121. Прим. ред.

517

Paul D. Trapnell and Jennifer D. Campbell. «Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection.» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76.2 (1999): 284. Прим. ред.

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