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1
Библейские цитаты в русском тексте обычно даются по Синодальному переводу. В отдельных местах в перевод внесены изменения, отражающие понимание текста К. Армстронг. – Прим. пер.
2
Значение глагола religio – «связывать», и римляне исталковывали religio как связь между людьми и богами. – Прим. ред.
3
В авестийском языке санскритские «дэвы» стали «дайвами».
4
Нарамсин (Наран-Суэн) не сын, а внук Саргона. – Прим. ред.
5
Асура – санскритский аналог авестийского понятия «ахура» («владыка»).
6
Эквивалент санскритского понятия «нирвана» на палийском диалекте, который, видимо, и был языком Будды. Буквально это слово означает «угасание».
7
Экзегеза – истолкование священных текстов. – Прим. ред.
1
Лев. 16:21–22
2
René Girard, Violence and the Sacred, trans. Patrick Gregory (Baltimore, 1977), p. 251 (Жирар Р. Насилие и священное. – М.: НЛО, 2010.)
3
Stanislav Andreski, Military Organization in Society (London, 1968); Robert L. O’Connell, Ride of the Second Horseman: The Birth and Death of War (New York and Oxford, 1995), pp. 6–13, 106–10,128–29; O’Connell, Of Arms and Men: A History of War, Weapons and Aggression (New York and Oxford, 1989), pp. 22–25; John Keegan, A History of Warfare (London, 1993), pp. 223–29; Bruce Lincoln, ‘War and Warriors: An Overview’, in Death, War and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology and Practice (Chicago and London, 1991), pp. 138–40; Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture (Boston, 1955 ed.), pp. 89–104 (Хейзинга Й. Homo Ludens. Человек играющий. – СПб.: Издательство Ивана Лимбаха, 2015.); Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2001), p. 90; Malise Ruthven, A Fury for God: The Islamist Attack on America (London, 2002), p. 101; James A. Aho, Religious Mythology and the Art of War: Comparative Religious Symbolisms of Military Violence (Westport, Conn., 1981), pp. xi – xiii, 4–35; Richard English, Terrorism: How to Respond (Oxford and New York, 2009), pp. 27–55
4
Thomas A. Indinopulos & Bryan C. Wilson, eds, What is Religion? Origins, Definitions and Explanations (Leiden, 1998); Wilfred Cantwell Smith, The Meaning and End of Religion: A New Approach to the Religious Traditions of Mankind (New York, 1962); Talal Asad, ‘The Construction of Religion as an Anthropological Category’, in Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam (Baltimore, 1993); Derek Peterson & Darren Walhof, eds, The Invention of Religion: Rethinking Belief in Politics and History (New Brunswick, NJ, & London, 2002); Timothy Fitzgerald, ed., Religion and the Secular: Historical and Colonial Formations (London & Oakville, 2007); Arthur L. Greil & David G. Bromley, eds., Defining Religion: Investigating the Boundaries between the Sacred and Secular (Oxford, 2003); Daniel Dubuisson, The Western Construction of Religion: Myths, Knowledge and Ideology, trans. William Sayers (Baltimore, 1998); William T. Cavanaugh, The Myth of Religious Violence (Oxford, 2009)
5
Dubuisson, Western Construction of Religion, p. 168
6
H. J. Rose, ‘Religion, terms relating to’, in M. Carey, ed., The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford, 1949)
7
Smith, Meaning and End of Religion, pp. 50–68
8
Louis Jacobs, ed., The Jewish Religion: A Companion (Oxford, 1995), p. 418
9
Smith, Meaning and End of Religion, pp. 23–25
10
Ibid., pp. 29–31
11
Ibid., p. 33
12
Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, pp. 72–85
13
Mircea Eliade, The Myth of Eternal Return, Or, Cosmos and History, trans. Willard R. Trask (Princeton, NJ, 1991 ed.), pp. 1–34. (Элиаде М. Миф о вечном возвращении. – М.: Ладомир, 2000.)
14
Ibid., pp. 32–34; Karl Jaspers, The Origin and Goal of History, trans. Michael Bullock (London, 1953), p. 40. (Ясперс К. Смысл и назначение истории. – М.: Республика, 1994.)
15
Paul Gilbert, The Compassionate Mind: A New Approach to Life’s Challenges (London, 2009).
16
P. Broca, ‘Anatomie compare des circonvolutions cérébrales: le grand lobe limbique’, Revue anthropologie, 1, 1868
17
Gilbert, Compassionate Mind, pp. 170–71
18
Mencius, The Book of Mencius, 2A. 6. (Мэн-цзы. – СПб.: Петербургское востоковедение, 1999.)
19
Walter Burkert, Homo Necans: The Anthropology of Greek Sacrificial Ritual, trans. Peter Bing (Berkeley, Los Angeles & London, 1983), pp. 16–22
20
Mircea Eliade, A History of Religious Ideas, 3 vols, trans. Willard R. Trask (Chicago & London, 1978, 1982, 1985), 1, pp. 7–8, 24 (Элиаде М. История веры и религиозных идей. – М.: Академический проект, 2014.); Joseph Campbell, Historical Atlas of World Mythologies, 2 vols (New York, 1988), 1, pp. 48–49; Campbell, & Bill Moyers, The Power of Myth (New York, 1988), pp. 70–72, 85–87
21
André Leroi-Gourhan, Treasures of Prehistoric Art (New York, n. d.), p. 112
22
Jill Cook, The Swimming Reindeer (London, 2010)
23
Neil MacGregor, A History of the World in 100 Objects (London, 2001), p. 22. (Макгрегор. История мира в 100 предметах. – М.: Эксмо, 2012.)
24
Ibid., p. 24
25
J. Ortega y Gasset, Meditations on Hunting (New York, 1985), p. 3
26
Walter Burkert, Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1980), pp. 54–56; Burkert, Homo Necans, pp. 42–45
27
O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, p. 33
28
Chris Hedges, War is a Force That Gives Us Meaning (New York, 2003 ed.), p. 10
29
Theodore Nadelson, Trained to Kill: Soldiers at War (Baltimore, 2005), p. 64
30
Ibid., pp. 68–69
31
Hedges, War is a Force, p. 3
32
I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Human Ethology (New York, 1989), p. 405
33
Lt. Col. Dave Grossman, On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society, rev. ed. (New York, 2009), pp. 3–4
34
Joanna Bourke, An Intimate History of Killing: Face to Face Killing in Twentieth– Century Warfare (New York, 1999), p. 67
35
Peter Jay, Road to Riches or The Wealth of Man (London, 2000), pp. 35–36
36
K. J. Wenke, Patterns of Prehistory: Humankind’s First Three Million Years (New York, 1961), p. 130; John Keegan, A History of Warfare (London, 1993), pp. 120–21; O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, p. 35
37
M. H. Fried, The Evolution of Political Society: An Essay in Political Anthropology (New York, 1967), pp. 101–02; C. McCalley, ‘Conference Archives’, in J. Harris, ed., The Anthropology of War (Cambridge, UK, 1990), p. 11
38
Lenski, Power and Privilege: A Theory of Social Stratification (Chapel Hill and London, 1966), pp. 189–90
39
O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 57–58
40
J. L. Angel, ‘Paleoecology, Pleodeography and Health’, in S. Polgar, ed., Population, Ecology and Social Evolution (The Hague, 1975); David Rindos, The Origins of Agriculture: An Evolutionary Perspective (Orlando, Fla., 1984), pp. 186–87
41
E. O. James, The Ancient Gods: The History and Diffusion of Religion in the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean (London, 1960), p. 89; S. H. Hooke, Middle Eastern Mythology: From the Assyrians to the Hebrews (Harmondsworth, UK, 1963), p. 83
42
K. W. Kenyon, Digging up Jericho: The Results of the Jericho Excavations, 1953–1956 (New York, 1957)
43
Jacob Bronowski, The Ascent of Man (Boston, 1973), pp. 86–88; J. Mellaert, ‘Early Urban Communities in the Near East, 9000 to 3400 BCE’, in P. Mooney, ed., The Origins of Civilization (Oxford, 1979), pp. 22–25; P. Dorell, ‘The Uniqueness of Jericho’, in R. Morrey & P. Parr, eds, Archaeology in the Levant: Essays for Kathleen Kenyon (Warminster, UK, 1978)
44
Robert Eisen, The Peace and Violence of Judaism: From the Bible to Modern Zionism (Oxford, 2011), p. 12
45
World Council of Churches, Violence, Nonviolence, and the Struggle for Social Justice (Geneva, 1972), p. 6
46
Gerhard E. Lenski, Power and Privilege, pp. 105–14; O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, p. 28; E. O. Wilson, On Human Nature (Cambridge, Mass., 1978), p. 140; M. Ehrenburg, Women in Prehistory (London, 1989), p. 38
47
A. R. Radcliffe, The Andaman Islanders (New York, 1948), p. 43
48
Ibid., p. 177
49
John H. Kautsky, The Politics of the Aristocratic Empire, 2nd ed. (New Brunswick and London, 1997), p. 374
50
Ibid., p. 177
51
Keegan, History of Warfare, pp. 384–86; John Haldon, Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World (London and New York, 2005), pp. 10–11
52
Bruce Lincoln, ‘The Role of Religion in Achmenean Imperialism’, in Nicole Brisch, ed., Religion and Power: Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond (Chicago, 2008)
53
Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence
54
Эпос о Гильгамеше, 1.2.26. Здесь и далее, за исключением оговоренных случаев, см.: английский перевод: Stephen Mitchell, trans., The Epic of Gilgamesh: A New English Version (New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, 2004). [Здесь и далее перевод И. Дьяконова. Цит. по изд.: Эпос о Гильгамеше («О все видавшем»). – СПб.: Наука, 2006. – Прим. пер.]
55
Ibid., 1.1.16–18
56
Ibid., 1.2.8–10
57
Древнейшие из сохранившихся текстов относятся к концу III тыс. до н. э. Старовавилонский эпос соединяет их в одном произведении (ок. 1700 г. до н. э.). Поэма Син-Леке (ок. 1200 г. до н. э.) представляет стандартный вариант, на котором основано большинство современных переводов
58
Эпос о Гильгамеше, 1.2.23. см.: перевод Митчелла и поправки в: Andrew George, trans., The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem in Akkadian and Sumerian (London, 1999)
59
George, Epic of Gilgamesh, p. xlvi
60
John Keegan, A History of Warfare (London, 1993), pp. 126–30; Robert L. O’Connell, Ride of the Second Horseman: The Birth and Death of War (New York and Oxford, 1995), pp. 88–89
61
R. M. Adams, Heartlands of Cities: Surveys of Ancient Settlements and Land Use on the Central Floodplains of the Euphrates (Chicago, 1981), pp. 60, 244; William H. McNeill, Plagues and People (London, 1994), p. 47
62
McNeill, Plagues and People, pp. 54–55
63
Gerhard E. Lenski, Power and Privilege: A Theory of Social Stratification (Chapel Hill and London, 1966), p. 228
64
A. L. Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization (Chicago, 1977), pp. 82–83; O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 93–95
65
Samuel N. Kramer, Sumerian Mythology: A Study of the Spiritual and Literary Achievement of the Third Millennium BC (Philadelphia, 1944), p. 118. [Цит. по изд.: Крамер С. История начинается в Шумере. – М.: Наука, 1965. – Прим. пер.]
66
Ibid., с. 145. [Цит. по изд.: Крамер С. История начинается в Шумере. – М.: Наука, 1965. – Прим. пер.]
67
Gottwald, The Politics of Ancient Israel (Louisville, 2001), pp. 118–19
68
O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 91–92
69
Georges Dumézil, The Destiny of the Warrior, trans. Alf Hiltebeitel (Chicago and London, 1969), p. 3
70
Thorkild Jacobsen, ‘The Cosmos as State’, in H. and H. A. Frankfort, eds, The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man: An Essay on Speculative Thought in the Ancient Near East (Chicago, 1946), pp. 148–51
71
Эпос о Гильгамеше, 1.2.1
72
Более подробно об этом см.: мою книгу: Армстронг К. Краткая история мифа. – М.: Открытый мир, 2005.
73
Jacobsen, ‘Cosmos as State’, pp. 145–48; 186–97; George, Epic of Gilgamesh, pp. xxxvii – xxxviii
74
Jacobsen, ‘Cosmos as State’, pp. 186–91; Tammi J. Schneider, An Introduction to Ancient Mesopotamian Religion (Grand Rapids, Mich. & Cambridge, UK, 2011), pp. 66–79; George, Epic of Gilgamesh, pp. xxxviii – xxxix
75
Schneider, Introduction, p. 5; Jacobsen, ‘Cosmos as State’ p. 203
76
John Kautsky, The Politics of Aristocratic Empire, 2nd. ed., pp. 15–16; 107
77
Thomas Merton, Faith and Violence (Notre Dame, Ind., 1968), pp. 7–8
78
Walter Benjamin, ‘Theses on the Philosophy of History’, in Illuminations (London, 1999), p. 248
79
Max Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, trans. A. M. Henderson & Talcott Parsons (New York, 1947), pp. 341–48
80
Эпос о Гильгамеше, 1.2.24–26
81
Сказание об Атрахасисе, 1.1. Здесь и далее см.: английский перевод в: Stephanie Dalley, Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others (Oxford and New York, 1989), p. 10. [Здесь и далее перевод В. Афанасьевой. Цит. по изд.: Я открою тебе сокровенное слово: литература Вавилонии и Ассирии / Сост. В. Афанасьева и И. Дьяконова. – М.: Художественная литература, 1981. – Прим. пер.]
82
Ibid., 1.38–39
83
Ibid., 1.146–149
84
Ibid., 1.177–179
85
Ibid., 1.180
86
Ibid. 2.5.16–18. (Армстронг соединяет два эпизода – чумы и голода: по наступленье третьего года черты людей исказил голод. По наступленье четвертого года короткими стали их длинные ноги. – Прим. пер.)
87
Ibid., 3.7
88
W. G. Lambert & A. R. Millard, Atra-Hasis: The Babylonian Story of the Flood (Oxford, 1969), pp. 31–39.
89
Schneider, Ancient Mesopotamian Religion, p. 45
90
Keegan, History of Warfare, p. 128
91
Эпос о Гильгамеше, 3.26–27 (старовавилонская версия)
92
Ibid., 1.4.47.–1.5.3
93
Ibid., 3.1.19–20 (старовавилонская версия)
94
O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 96–97
95
A. L. Oppenheimer, ‘Trade in the Ancient Near East’, International Congress of Economic History, 5, 1976
96
Kautsky, Politics of Aristocratic Empires, p. 178
97
Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions (Boston, 1973), pp. 41, 45; выделено мной. (Веблен Т. Теория праздного класса. – М.: Либроком, 2015.)
98
Ibid., p. 30
99
Эпос о Гильгамеше, 3.3.5–7 (старовавилонская версия)
100
Kautsky, Politics of Aristocratic Empires, pp. 170–72, 346
101
Эпос о Гильгамеше, 3.4.10, 13–15 (старовавилонская версия)
102
Ibid., 3.4.6–8, 23–25
103
Ibid., 3.2.10
104
Chris Hedges, War is a Force That Gives Us Meaning (New York, 2003), p. 21
105
Эпос о Гильгамеше, 5.31–32 (старовавилонская версия)
106
Ibid., 7.303–305
107
R. Cribb, Nomads and Archaeology (Cambridge, UK, 1999), pp. 18, 136, 215
108
O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 67–68
109
K. C. Chang, The Archaeology of Ancient China (New Haven, 1968), pp. 152–54
110
O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 77–78
111
Ibid.
112
Тацит. О происхождении германцев и местоположении Германии, 14 [Перевод А. Бобович. Цит. по изд.: Тацит К. Сочинения в двух томах. Т. 1. Анналы. Малые произведения. – Л.: Наука, 1969. – Прим. пер.]. см.: Kautsky, Politics of Aristocratic Empires, p. 178
113
Veblen, Theory of the Leisure Class, p. 45
114
Bruce Lincoln, ‘Indo-European Religions: An Introduction’, in Death, War and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology and Practice (Chicago and London, 1991), pp. 1–10
115
Mary Boyce, ‘Priests, Cattle and Men’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 1988, pp. 508–26.
116
См., напр., зороастрийский богослужебный текст Ясна 30:7c; 32; 49: 4b; 50: 7a; 30: 106; 44: 4d; 51:96; Bruce Lincoln, ‘Warriors and Non-Herdsmen: A Response to Mary Boyce’, in Death, War and Sacrifice, pp. 147–60
117
Lincoln, ‘Indo-European Religions’, pp. 10–13
118
Ibid., p. 12
119
Bruce Lincoln, ‘War and Warriors: An Overview’, in Death, War and Sacrifice, pp. 138–40
120
Гомер, Илиада XII 310–315. см.: английский перевод: Richard Lattimore, The Iliad of Homer (Chicago and London, 1951). [Перевод Н. Гнедича. Здесь и далее цит. по: Гомер. Илиада. – М.: Правда, 1984. – Прим. пер.]
121
Lincoln, ‘War and Warriors’, p. 143
122
Georges Dumézil, The Destiny of the Warrior, trans. Alf Hiltebeitel (Chicago and London, 1969), pp. 64–74
123
Илиада ХХ 490–494
124
Илиада ХХ: 495–503; Seth L. Schein, The Mortal Hero: An Introduction to Homer’s Iliad (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London), pp. 145–46
125
Lincoln, ‘Indo-European Religions’, p. 4
126
Dumézil, Destiny of the Warrior, pp. 106–07
127
Илиада IV 482–488
128
Одиссея XI 488–491. см.: английский перевод в: Walter Shewring, Homer: The Odyssey (Oxford and New York, 1980). [Перевод В. Жуковского. Цит. по: Гомер. Илиада, Одиссея. – М.: Художественная литература, 1967. – Прим. пер.]
129
James Mellaart, The Neolithic of the Near East (London, 1975), pp. 119, 167, 206–07; O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 74–81
130
J. N. Postgate, Early Mesopotamia: Society and Economy at the Dawn of History (London, 1992), p. 251.
131
O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 132–42
132
Keegan, History of Warfare, pp. 130–31
133
John Romer, People of the Nile: Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt (New York, 1982), p. 115
134
Keegan, History of Warfare, pp. 133–35
135
Yigal Yadin, The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands, 2 vols (New York, 1963), I, pp. 134–35; Robert Adams, The Evolution of Urban Society: Early Mesopotamia and Prehispanic Mexico (Chicago, 1966), p. 149
136
Kramer, Sumerian Mythology, p. 123
137
Ibid., p. 120
138
Kautsky, Politics of Aristocratic Empires, p. 108; ср. Carlo M. Cipolla, Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy, 1000–1700 (New York, 1976), pp. 129–30, 151
139
Robert L. O’Connell, Of Arms and Men: A History of War: Weapons and Aggression (New York, p. 38); Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 100–01; William H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force and Society since AD 1000 (Chicago, 1982), pp. 2–3; Schneider, Ancient Mesopotamian Religion, pp. 22–23; A. L. Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia, pp. 153–54; Gwendolyn Leick, Mesopotamia: The Invention of the City (London, 2001), pp. 85–108
140
Joseph A. Schumpeter, Imperialism and Social Classes: Two Essays (New York, 1955), p. 25: Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London, 1974), p. 32. (Андерсон П. Родословная абсолютистского государства. – М.: Территория будущего, 2010.)
141
Anderson, Lineages, p. 31
142
Kautsky, Politics of Aristocratic Empires, pp. 148–52
143
Marc Bloch, Feudal Society (Chicago, 1961), p. 298. (Блок М. Феодальное общество. – М.: Издательство имени Сабашниковых, 2003.)
144
Leick, Mesopotamia, p. 95. Морем «наверху» и морем «внизу» названы соответственно Средиземное море и Персидский залив
145
Ibid., p. 100
146
Кодекс Хаммурапи, введение. См. J. B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (Princeton, 1969), p. 164. [Цит. по: Хрестоматия по истории Древнего Востока. Ч. I / Под ред. М. А. Коростовцева, И. С. Кацнельсона, В. И. Кузищина. – М.: Высшая школа, 1980. – Прим. пер.]
147
См. F. C. Frensham, Social Justice in Ancient Israel and in the Ancient Near East (Minneapolis, 1995), p. 193
148
Кодекс Хаммурапи, заключение; выделено мной. см.: Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts, p. 178
149
Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization (Chicago and London, 1974), 3 vols, 1, pp. 108–10
150
Schneider, Ancient Mesopotamian Religion, pp. 105–06. Смысл и этимология слова «Акиту» не известны; Jacobsen, ‘Cosmos as State’, p. 169
151
N. K. Sanders, ed. and trans., ‘The Babylonian Creation Hymn’, in Poems of Heaven and Hell from Ancient Mesopotamia (London, 1971), pp. 44–60
152
Jonathan Z. Smith, ‘A Pearl of Great Price and a Cargo of Yams: A Study in Situational Incongruity’, in Jonathan Z. Smith, Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown (Chicago and London, 1982), pp. 90–96; Mircea Eliade, A History of Religious Ideas, trans. Willard R. Trask, 3 vols, (Chicago, 1978), 1, pp. 72–76; Sanders, ‘Babylonian Creation Hymn’, pp. 47–51
153
Smith, ‘Pearl of Great Price’, p. 91
154
Sanders, ‘Babylonian Creation’, p. 73. [Перевод. В. Афанасьевой. Цит. по: Я открою тебе сокровенное слово… – М.: Художественная литература, 1981. – Прим. пер.]
155
Ibid.
156
Ibid., p. 79
157
O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 141–42
158
Leick, Mesopotamia, pp. 198–216
159
A. K. Grayson, Assyrian Royal Inscriptions, 2 vols (Wiesbaden, 1972, 1976), 1, pp. 80–81
160
H. W. F. Saggs, The Might That Was Assyria (London, 1984), pp. 48–49; Дьяконов И. // Ancient Mesopotamia: Socio-economic history: A collection of studies by Soviet scholars. – Moscow, 1969, pp. 221–22
161
Grayson, Assyrian Royal Inscriptions, pp. 123–24
162
Saggs, Might That Was Assyria, p. 62
163
Ibid., p. 61
164
Песнь о невинном страдальце, 76. см.: Jacobsen, ‘Cosmos as State’, pp. 212–14. [Перевод В. Шилейко. Цит. по: Ассиро-вавилонский эпос / Сост. В. В. Емельянов. – СПб.: Наука, 2007. – Прим пер.]
165
Ясна 46. Norman Cohn, Cosmos, Chaos and the World to Come: The Ancient Roots of Apocalyptic Faith (New Haven and London, 1993), p. 77; Mary Boyce, Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd ed. (London and New York), p. xliii (Бойс М. Зороастрийцы. Верования и обычаи. – М.: Наука, 1987.); Peter Clark, Zoroastrians: An Introduction to an Ancient Faith (Brighton and Portland, Oreg., 1998), p. 19
166
Ясна 30
167
Boyce, Zoroastrians, pp. 23–24
168
Lincoln, ‘Warriors and Non-Herdsmen’, p. 153
169
Ясна 44
170
Lincoln, ‘Warriors and Non-Herdsmen’, p. 158
171
Jarrod L. Whitaker, Strong Arms and Drinking Strength: Masculinity, Violence and the Body in Ancient India (Oxford, 2011), pp. 152–53
172
Ригведа, III 32: 1–4, 9–11. см.: английский перевод: Ralph T. Griffith, The Rig Veda (London, 1992). [Перевод Т. Елизаренковой. Цит. по: Ригведа. Мандалы I–IV. – М.: Наука, 1999. – Прим. пер.]
173
Edwin Bryant, The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Debate (Oxford and New York, 2001); Colin Renfrew, The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins (London, 1987); Romila Thapar, Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2002), pp. 105–07
174
Whitaker, Strong Arms, pp. 3–5; Wendy Doniger, The Hindus: An Alternative History (Oxford, 2009), pp. 111–13.
175
Louis Renou, Religions of Ancient India (London, 1953), p. 20; Michael Witzel, ‘Vedas and Upanishads’, in Gavin Flood, ed., Blackwell Companion to Hinduism (Oxford, 2003), pp. 70–71; J. C. Heesterman, ‘Ritual, Revelation and the Axial Age’, in S. N. Eisenstadt, ed., The Origins and Diversity of Axial Age Civilizations (Albany, NY, 1986), p. 398
176
J. C. Heesterman, ‘Ritual, Revelation and the Axial Age’, pp. 396–98; Heesterman, The Inner Conflict of Tradition: Essays on Indian Ritual, Kingship and Society (Chicago and London, 1985), p. 206; John Keay, India: A History (London, 2000), pp. 31–33; Thapar, Early India, pp. 126–30
177
Ригведа, 1.32.5
178
Шатапатха Брахмана (ШБ), 6.8.11. см.: английский перевод в: J. C. Heesterman, The Broken World of Sacrifice: An Essay in Ancient Indian Religion (Chicago and London, 1993), p. 123
179
Ригведа, 8.16.1; 8.95.6; 10.38.4
180
Whitaker, Strong Arms, pp. 3–5; 16–23; Catherine Bell, Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice (New York, 1992), pp. 180–81, 221
181
Renou, Religions of Ancient India, p. 6; Witzel, ‘Vedas and Upanishads’, p. 73
182
Whitaker, Strong Arms, pp. 115–17
183
Ср. Ригведа, 2.22.4
184
Ригведа, 3.31; 10.62.2
185
Witzel, ‘Vedas and Upanishads’, p. 72
186
Doniger, Hindus, p. 114
187
Heesterman, ‘Ritual and Revelation, ’ p. 403
188
ШБ 7.1.1.1–4, см.: Mircea Eliade, The Myth of the Eternal Return or Cosmos and History, trans. Willard R. Trask (Princeton, 1974), pp. 10–11
189
Майтраяни-самхита, 4.2.1.23.2; см.: Heesterman, Broken World, pp. 23–24; 134–37
190
ШБ 2.2.2.8–10; Heesterman, Broken World, p. 24
191
Georges Dumézil, The Destiny of the Warrior, trans. Alf Hiltebeitel (Chicago and London, 1970), pp. 76–78
192
John H. Kautsky, The Political Consequences of Modernization (New Brunswick and London, 1997), pp. 25–26
193
Whitaker, Strong Arms, p. 158
194
Louis Renou, ‘Sur la Notion de “brahman” ’, Journal Asiatique, 237 (1949); Jan Gonda, Change and Continuity in Indian Religion (The Hague, 1965), p. 200
195
Ригведа, 1.164.46. Гарутмант – это солнце
196
Ригведа, 10.129. 6–7
197
Jan Gonda, The Vision of the Vedic Poets (The Hague, 1963), p. 18
198
Renou, Religions of Ancient India, pp. 220–25; R. C. Zaehner, Hinduism (London, New York and Toronto, 1962), pp. 219–25
199
Ригведа, 10. 90
200
Ibid., 10.90. [Перевод Т. Елизаренковой. Цит. по: Ригведа. Мандалы IХ – X. – М.: Наука, 1999. – Прим. пер.]
201
Bruce Lincoln, ‘Indo-European Religions: An Introduction’, in Death, War and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology and Practice (Chicago and London, 1991), p. 8
202
Bruce Lincoln, ‘Sacrificial Ideology and Indo-European Society’, in Death, War and Sacrifice, p. 173
203
Thapar, Early India, p. 123
204
Lincoln, ‘Sacrificial Ideology’, pp. 174–75
205
Ibid., pp. 143–47
206
Reinhard Bendix, Kings or People: Power and the Mandate to Rule (Berkeley, 1977), p. 228
207
Max Weber, The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism, trans. and ed. Hans H. Gerth and Don Martindale (Glencoe, Ill., 1951), p. 65
208
Alfred Vogts, A History of Militarism: Civilian and Military, rev. ed. (New York, 1959), p. 42
209
Панчавимша-брахмана (ПБ), 7.7: 9–10, см.: Heesterman, Broken World, p. 62
210
ШБ 6.8.14; Heesterman, ‘Ritual, Revelation and the Axial Age’, p. 402
211
J. C. Heesterman, The Inner Conflict of Tradition: Essays on Indian Ritual, Kingship and Society (Chicago and London, 1993) pp. 68, 84–85
212
Ригведа, 1.162.20–21; ср. английский перевод Гриффитса
213
Таиттирия-самхита (ТС), 6.4.8.1; см.: Heesterman, Inner Conflict, p. 209
214
Таиттирия-брахмана (ТБ), 3.7.7.14; см.: Heesterman, Broken World, p. 34
215
Witzel, ‘Vedas and Upanisads’, p. 82
216
Шатапатха Брахмана, 10.6.5.8; см.: Heesterman, Broken World, p. 57
217
Zaehner, Hinduism, pp. 59–60; Renou, Religions of Ancient India, p. 18; Witzel, ‘Vedas and Upanisads’, p. 81 Brian K. Smith, Reflections on Resemblance, Ritual and Religion (Oxford and New York, 1989), pp. 30–34, 72–81
218
Jonathan Z. Smith, ‘The Bare Facts of Ritual’, in Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown (Chicago and London, 1982), p. 63
219
Doniger, Hindus, pp. 137–42; Gavin Flood, An Introduction to Hinduism (Oxford, 2003), pp. 80–81
220
Thapar, Early India, pp. 150–52
221
Законы Ману, 7.16–22; см.: перевод G. Buhler (Delhi, 1962). [Перевод С. Эльмановича, проверенный и исправленный Г. Ильиным. Цит. по: Законы Ману. – М.: Наука, 1992. – Прим. пер.]
222
Thapar, Early India, pp. 147–49; Doniger, Hindus, pp. 165–66.
223
Thapar, Early India, p. 138.
224
Hermann Kulke, ‘The Historical Background of India’s Axial Age’, in S. N. Eisenstadt, ed., The Origins and Diversity of Axial Age Civilizations (Albany, NY, 1986), p. 385
225
Thapar, Early India, p. 154
226
Richard Gombrich, Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo (London and New York, 1988), pp. 55–56
227
Ibid., pp. 58–59; William H. McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (Garden City, NY, 1976), p. 60; Patrick Olivelle, ed. and trans., Samnayasa Upanisads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation (New York and Oxford, 1992), p. 34; Doniger, Hindus, p. 171
228
Thomas J. Hopkins, The Hindu Religious Tradition (Belmont, Calif.,1971), pp. 50–51; Doniger, Hindus, p. 165
229
Чхандогья Упанишада, 5.10.7. Английский перевод Упанишад см.: в: Patrick Olivelle, ed., Upanisads (Oxford and New York). Ср. Брихадараньяка Упанишада, 4.4.23–35; Thapar, Early India, p. 130
230
Olivelle, Samnayasa Upanisads, pp. 37–38
231
Olivelle, Upanisads, p. xxix; Witzel, ‘Vedas and Upanisads’, pp. 85–86
232
Брихадараньяка Упанишада, 1.4.6. [Перевод А. Сыркина. Здесь и далее Цит. по: Брихадараньяка Упанишада. – М.: Наука, 1992. – Прим. пер.]
233
Брихадараньяка Упанишада, 1.4.10
234
Брихадараньяка Упанишада, 4.4.6
235
Брихадараньяка Упанишада, 4.4.23
236
Чхандогья Упанишада, 8:7–12
237
Чхандогья Упанишада, 6.12.1–3
238
Чхандогья Упанишада, 6.9
239
Чхандогья Упанишада, 6.13
240
Чхандогья Упанишада, 6.10
241
Thapar, Early India, p. 132
242
Flood, Introduction to Hinduism, p. 91; Patrick Olivelle, ‘The Renouncer Tradition’, in Gavin Flood, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism (Oxford, 2003) p. 271
243
Steven Collins, Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravada Buddhism (Cambridge, UK, 1982), p. 64 Paul Dundas, The Jains, 2nd ed. (London and New York, 2002), p. 64
244
Heesterman, Broken World, pp. 164–74; Gonda, Change and Continuity, pp. 228–35; 285–94
245
Gonda, Change and Continuity, pp. 380–84; Patrick Olivelle, ‘The Renouncer Tradition’, pp. 281–82
246
Дигха-никая; см.: Olivelle, Samnyasa Upanisads, p. 43
247
Нарадапаравриджка Упанишада, 143; см.: Olivelle, Samnyasa Upanisads, p. 108
248
Ibid., p. 185
249
A. Ghosh, The City in Early Historical India (Simla, 1973), p. 55; Olivelle, Samnyasa Upanisads, pp. 45–46
250
Mircea Eliade, Yoga, Immortality and Freedom, trans. Willard Trask (London, 1958) pp. 59–62. (Элиаде М. Йога. Бессмертие и свобода. – М.: Академический проект, 2014.)
251
Патанджали, Йога-сутра, 2.42; см.: Eliade, Yoga, p. 52
252
Dundas, Jains, pp. 28–30
253
Ibid., pp. 106–07
254
Ачаранга-сутра, 1.4.1.1–2, см.: Dundas, Jains, pp. 41–42
255
Ачаранга-сутра, 1.2.3, ibid.
256
Авашьяка-сутра, 32, ibid., p. 171
257
Раньше западные исследователи полагали, что Будда родился около 563 г. до н. э. Однако современная наука склоняется к мысли, что он жил примерно столетием позже. см.: Heinz Berchant, ‘The Date of the Buddha Reconsidered’, Indologia Taurinensin, 10, n. d.
258
Маджхима-никая, 38. Дальнейшие цитаты из буддийских текстов будут даны по моим собственным переводам, если не указано обратного
259
Я полнее рассказала о духовном методе Будды в книге: Buddha: A Penguin Life (Армстронг К. Будда. – М.: Альпина нон-фикшн, 2008.). См. также: Richard F. Gombrich, How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings (London and Atlantic Highlands, NJ, 1966); Michael Carrithers, The Buddha (Oxford and New York, 1993); Karl Jaspers, The Great Philosophers: The Foundations, ed. Hannah Arendt, trans. Ralph Manheim (London, 1962), pp. 99–105 (Ясперс К. Великие философы. – М.: ИФРАН, 2007); Trevor Ling, The Buddha: Buddhist Civilization in India and Ceylon (London, 1973)
260
Edward Conze, Buddhism: Its Essence and Development (Oxford, 1951), p. 102 (Конзе Э. Буддизм: сущность и развитие. – М.: Наука, 2003.); Hermann Oldenberg, Buddha: His Life, His Doctrine, His Order, trans. William Hoeg (London, 1882), pp. 299–302 (Ольденберг Г. Будда: его жизнь, учение и община. – Издание Д. П. Ефимова, 1898.)
261
Сутта-Нипата, 118. [Перевод Ю. Алихановой. Цит. по: Поэзия и проза Древнего Востока. – М.: Художественная литература, 1973. В перевод внесены незначительные изменения, отражающие понимание текста К. Армстронг. – Прим. пер.]
262
Виная, Махавагга, 1.2; Ling, The Buddha, p. 134
263
Ангуттара-Никая, 1.211
264
Ангуттара-Никая, 1.27; Сутта-Нипата, 700; см.: Bikkhu Nanamoli, ed., The Life of the Buddha, according to the Pali Canon (Kandy, Sri Lanka, 1992), p. 134
265
Маджхима-никая, 89
266
Thapar, Early India, pp. 174–98
267
Patrick Olivelle, ed., Asoka, in History and Historical Memory (Delhi, 2009), p. 1
268
Большой наскальный эдикт, XIII. см.: английский перевод в: Romila Thapar, Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas (Oxford, 1961), pp. 255–56
269
Ibid.
270
Olivelle, Asoka, p. 1
271
Колонный эдикт, VII; см.: Thapar, Asoka, p. 255
272
Большой наскальный эдикт, XII, ibid.
273
Большой наскальный эдикт, XI, ibid., p. 254
274
Ananda K. Coomaraswamy and Sister Nivedita, Myths of the Hindus and Buddhists (New York, 1967), p. 118 (Кумарасвами А. и Нобель М. Мифы буддизма и индуизма. – М.: Центрполиграф, 2010.
275
Shruti Kapila and Faisal Devji, eds., Political Thought in Action: The Bhagavad Gita and Modern India (Cambridge, 2013)
276
Doniger, Hindus, pp. 262–64
277
Thapar, Early India, p. 207
278
Махабхарата, 7.70.44. См. J. A. B. van Buitenen, trans. and ed., The Mahabharata: Volume 3: Book 4: The Book of Virata; Book 5: The Book of the Effort (Chicago and London, 1978).
279
Махабхарата, 5.70.46–66, см.: перевод ван Бёйтенена. [Перевод В. Кальянова. Цит. по: Махабхарата. Книга Пятая. Удьйогапарва, или Книга о старании. – Ленинград: Наука, 1976. – Прим. пер.]
280
Ibid., 7.165.63.
281
Ibid., 9.60.59–63. см.: английский перевод в: John D. Smith, trans. and ed., The Mahabharata: An Abridged Translation (London, 2009). [Перевод В. Кальянова. Цит. по: Махабхарата. Книга девятая. Шальяпарва или книга о Шальве. – М.: Ладомир, 1996. – Прим. пер.]
282
Ibid. 10.8.41. [Перевод В. Кальянова. Цит. по: Махабхарата. Книга десятая. Сауптикапарва, или Книга об избиении спящих воинов. Книга одиннадцатая. Стрипарва, или Книга о женах. – М.: Янус-К, 1998. – Прим. пер.]
283
Ibid. 10.15.32
284
Махабхарата, 12.15. см.: английский перевод в: Doniger, Hindus, p. 270
285
Ibid., 17.3. [См. перевод В. Кальянова в изд.: Махабхарата. Заключительные книги XV–XVIII. – СПб.: Наука, 2005. – Прим. пер.]
286
Бхагавадгита, 1:33–34, 36–37. см.: английский перевод в: The Bhagavad-Gita: Krishna’s Counsel in Time of War, trans. Barbara Stoler Miller (New York, Toronto and London, 1986). [Перевод Б. Л. Смирнова. Здесь и далее Цит. по: Бхагавадгита. – Ашхабад: Ылым, 1978. – Прим. пер.]
287
Ibid., 2.9
288
Ibid., 4.20
289
Ibid., 9.9
290
Ibid., 11.32–33
291
Ibid., 11.55
292
Лецзы, 2, in Mark Edward Lewis, Sanctioned Violence in Early China (Albany, NY, 1990), p. 200. [Перевод Л. Позднеевой. Цит. по: Мудрецы Китая. Ян Чжу, Лецзы, Чжуанцзы. – СПб.: Петербург – XXI век, 1994. – Прим. пер.]
293
Ibid., pp. 167–72
294
Ibid., pp. 176–79
295
Marcel Granet, Chinese Civilization, trans. Kathleen Innes and Mabel Brailsford (London and New York, 1951), pp. 11–12 (Гране М. Китайская цивилизация. – М.: Алгоритм, 2013.); Granet, The Religion of the Chinese People, trans. and ed. Maurice Freedman (Oxford, 1975), pp. 66–68
296
Тайпин Юлань, 79. см.: английский перевод в: Lewis, Sanctioned Violence, p. 203
297
Ibid.
298
Ibid., p. 201
299
Granet, Chinese Civilization, pp. 11–16; Henri Maspero, China in Antiquity, 2nd ed., trans. Frank A. Kiermannn, Jr. (Folkestone, 1978), pp. 115–19
300
John King Fairbank and Merle Goldman, China: A New History, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 2006), p. 34
301
Jacques Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization, 2nd ed., trans. J. R. Foster and Charles Hartman (Cambridge, UK and New York, 1996), pp. 39–40
302
Ibid., pp. 41–50; Jacques Gernet, Ancient China: From the Beginnings to the Empire, trans. Raymond Rudorff (London, 1968), pp. 37–65 (Жерне Ж. Древний Китай. – М.: АСТ, 2004); Wm. Theodore De Bary and Irene Bloom, eds, Sources of Chinese Tradition: From Earliest Times to 1600, 2nd ed. (New York, 1999), pp. 3–25; D. Howard Smith, Chinese Religions (London, 1968), pp. 1–11
303
Gernet, History of Chinese Civilisation, pp. 45–46; Gernet, Ancient China, pp. 50–53; Granet, Religion of the Chinese People, pp. 37–54
304
The Book of Songs, trans. and ed. Arthur Waley (London, 1937), 35, 167, 185
305
Sima Qian, Records of a Master Historian, 1. 56, 79; Granet, Chinese Civilization, p. 12.
306
Gernet, Chinese Civilization, p. 49
307
Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, 3 vols (Chicago and London, 1974), 1, pp. 281–82
308
Lewis, Sanctioned Violence, pp. 15–27; Fairbank and Goldman, China, pp. 49–50
309
Fairbank and Goldman, China, p. 45
310
K. C. Chang, Art, Myth and Ritual: The Path to Political Authority in Ancient China (Cambridge, Mass., 1985), pp. 95–100; Fairbank and Goldman, China, pp. 42–44
311
Walter Burkert, Homo Necans: The Anthropology of Ancient Greek Sacrificial Ritual and Myth, trans. Walter Bing (Berkeley, 1983), p. 47
312
David. N. Keightley, ‘The Late Shang State: When, Where, What? ’, in Keightley, ed., The Origins of Chinese Civilization (Berkeley, 1983), pp. 256–59
313
Michael J. Puett, To Become a God: Cosmology, Sacrifice and Self-Divinization in Early China (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 2002), pp. 32–76
314
Oracle 23 in De Bary and Bloom, Sources, p. 12
315
Lewis, Sanctioned Violence, pp. 26–27
316
Мо-цзы, 3.25. см.: английский перевод в: Gernet, Ancient China, p. 65
317
Шаогао; текст включен в конфуцианский классический текст Шу-цзин («Книга документов»). Цит. по: De Bary and Bloom, Sources, pp. 35–37
318
H. G. Creel, Confucius: The Man and the Myth (London, 1951), pp. 19–25; Benjamin I. Schwarz, The World of Thought in Ancient China (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1985), pp. 57–59. см.: также замечания Жака Жерне в: Jean-Pierre Vernant, Myth and Society in Ancient Greece, 3rd ed., trans. Janet Lloyd (New York, 1996), pp. 80–90
319
Gernet, Ancient China, pp. 71–75
320
Granet, Chinese Civilization, pp. 97–100
321
Fung Yu-lan, A Short History of Chinese Philosophy, trans. Derk Bodde (New York, 1978), pp. 32–37
322
Шу-цзин («Канон Яо и канон Шуня»). См. английский перевод в: De Bary and Bloom, Sources, p. 29.
323
Ли-цзи, 2.263. см.: английский перевод в: James Legge, trans., The Li Ki (Oxford, 1885)
324
Ibid., 2.359; см.: перевод Легге.
325
Granet, Chinese Civilization, pp. 297–308
326
Ли-цзи, 1.215; см.: перевод Легге
327
Granet, Chinese Civilization, pp. 310–43
328
Gernet, Ancient China, p. 75
329
Granet, Chinese Civilization, pp. 261–84; Gernet, History of Chinese Civilization, pp. 261–79; Gernet, Ancient China, p. 75; Holmes Welch, The Parting of the Way: Lao Tzu and the Taoist Movement (London, 1958), p. 18.
330
Цзо-чжуань («Комментарии Цзо»), 1.320. Цит. по: James Legge, trans., The Ch’un Ts’ew and the Tso Chuen, 2nd ed. (Hong Kong, 1960)
331
Ibid., 1.635; см.: перевод Легге
332
Ibid., 2.234; см.: перевод Легге
333
Ibid., 1.627; см.: перевод Легге
334
James A. Aho, Religious Mythology and the Art of War: Comparative Religious Symbolism of Military Violence (Westport, Conn., 1981), pp. 110–11
335
Чуньцю («Вёсны и осени»), X. 17. 4. см.: английский перевод в: J. Legge, The Ch’un Ts’ew and Tso Chuen, 2nd ed. (Hong Kong, 1960). Чуньцю – это хроника государства Лу (722–481 гг. до н. э.) и пятый текст конфуцианского Пятикнижия
336
Ibid., 1.9.6
337
Fingarette, Confucius: The Secular as Sacred (New York, 1972)
338
Benjamin L. Schwartz, The World of Thought in Ancient China (Cambridge, Mass., 1985), p. 62; Fung, Short History, p. 12
339
Wm. Theodore De Bary, The Trouble with Confucianism (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1996), pp. 24–33
340
Аналекты, 12.3. см.: английский перевод в: Edward Slingerland, trans. and ed., Confucius: Analects (New York, 2003). [Перевод В. А. Кривцова. Здесь и далее Цит. по: Древнекитайская философия. Собрание текстов в двух томах. Том 1. – М.: Мысль, 1978. В перевод внесены небольшие изменения в соответствии с переводами, которыми пользуется К. Армстронг. – Прим. пер.]
341
Аналекты, 15.24; см.: английский перевод Слингерлэнда
342
Аналекты, 4.15; 15.23. см.: английский перевод в: Arthur Waley, trans. and ed., The Analects of Confucius (New York, 1992).
343
Аналекты, 6.30; см.: перевод Слингерлэнда
344
Ibid.; см.: перевод Уэйли
345
De Bary, Trouble with Confucianism, p. 30
346
Schwartz, World of Thought, pp. 155, 157–58.
347
Аналекты, 12.1; см.: перевод. ibid., p. 77
348
Ibid.; см.: перевод Слингерлэнда
349
Аналекты, 5.4
350
Fingarette, Confucius, pp. 1–17; 46–79
351
Аналекты, 12.3
352
Аналекты, 7.30
353
Tu Wei-ming, Confucian Thought: Selfhood as Creative Transformation (Albany, NY, 1985), pp. 115–16.
354
Ibid., pp. 57–58; Huston Smith, The World’s Religions: Our Great Wisdom Traditions (San Francisco, 1991), pp. 180–81
355
Аналекты, 13.30
356
Don J. Wyatt, ‘Confucian Ethical Action and the Boundaries of Peace and War’, in Andrew R. Murphy, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence (Chichester, 2011)
357
Аналекты, 12.7; см.: перевод Слингерлэнда
358
Аналекты, 16.2
359
Ibid.
360
Аналекты, 2.3
361
Мэн-цзы, III. A. 4, in D. C. Lau, trans., Mencius (London, 1975). [Перевод Л. И. Думана. Цит. по: Древнекитайская философия. Собрание текстов в двух томах. Том 1. – М.: Мысль, 1978. – Прим. пер.]
362
Xinzhong Yao, An Introduction to Confucianism (Cambridge, UK, 2000), p. 28
363
Мэн-цзы, VII. B. 4; см.: перевод Лау
364
Ibid.
365
Мэн-цзы, VII. B. 2; см.: перевод Лау; Wyatt, ‘Confucian Ethical Action’, pp. 240–44
366
Мэн-цзы, II. A. 1; см.: перевод Лау. [Перевод В. С. Колоколова. Цит. по: Мэн-цзы. – СПб.: Петербургское Востоковедение, 1999. – Прим. пер.]
367
A. C. Graham, Later Mohist Logic, Ethics, and Science (Hong Kong, 1978), p. 4; Gernet, Ancient China, pp. 116–17
368
Мо-цзы, 3.16. см.: английский перевод в: Fung Yu-lan, Short History, p. 55
369
Мо-цзы, 15:11–15. см.: английский перевод в: B. Watson, trans. and ed., Mo-Tzu: Basic Writings (New York, 1963)
370
A. C. Graham, Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China (La Salle, Ill., 1989), p. 41.
371
Мо-цзы, 15
372
Graham, Later Mohist Logic, p. 250
373
Lewis, Sanctioned Violence, pp. 56–61
374
Цзо-чжуань, 2.30; см.: перевод Легге
375
R. D. Sawyer, The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China (Boulder, Co., 1993), p. 254
376
Ibid., p. 243
377
Ibid., pp. 97–118; John Keegan, A History of Warfare (London, 1993), pp. 202–08; Robert L. O’Connell, Ride of the Second Horseman: The Birth and Death of War (New York and Oxford, 1989), pp. 171–73; R. D. Sawyer, The Military Classics of Ancient China (Boulder, Colo., 1993)
378
Сунь-цзы. см.: английский перевод в: Thomas Cleary, Sun Tzu: The Art of War (Boston and London, 1988), p. 56. [Перевод. Н. И. Конрада. Здесь и далее Цит. по: Сунь-цзы. У-цзы. Трактаты о военном искусстве. – М.: Terra Fantastica, 2002. – Прим. пер.]
379
Сунь-цзы, глава 3
380
Ibid.
381
Сунь-цзы, глава 1. см.: английский перевод в: De Bary and Bloom, Sources of Chinese Tradition, p. 217.
382
Ibid.; см.: перевод Клири
383
Ibid.
384
Ibid.; см.: перевод Бари и Блума
385
Fairbank and Goldman, China, pp. 53–54
386
Graham, Disputers of the Tao, pp. 172; Schwartz, World of Thought, pp. 215–36; Fung Yu-lan, Short History, pp. 104–17
387
Graham, Disputers of the Tao, pp. 170–213; Schwartz, World of Thought, pp. 186–215; Max Kaltenmark, Lao Tzu and Taoism, trans. Roger Greaves (Stanford, 1969), pp. 93–10
388
Дао дэ цзин, 37. см.: английский перевод в: D. C. Lau, trans., Lao Tzu: Tao Te Ching (London, 1963). [Перевод Ян Хин-шуна. Здесь и далее Цит. по: Древнекитайская философия. Собрание текстов в двух томах. Том 1. – М.: Мысль, 1978. – Прим. пер.]
389
Ibid., 16; см.: перевод Лау
390
Ibid., 78; см.: перевод Лау
391
Ibid., 6; см.: перевод Лау
392
Ibid., 31; см.: перевод Кальтенмарка
393
Ibid., 68; см.: перевод Кальтенмарка
394
Ibid. 22. см.: перевод в: De Bary and Bloom, Sources of Chinese Tradition
395
Шан цзюнь шу. см.: английский перевод в: Lewis, Sanctioned Violence, p. 64
396
Schwartz, World of Thought, pp. 321–23
397
Lewis, Sanctioned Violence, pp. 61–65
398
Graham, Disputers of the Tao, pp. 207–76; Schwartz, World of Thought, pp. 321–43; Fung Yu-lan, Short History, pp. 155–65; Julia Ching, Mysticism and Kingship in China: The Heart of Chinese Wisdom (Cambridge, UK, 1997), pp. 236–41
399
Шан цзюнь шу. см.: перевод в: Mark Elvin, ‘Was There a Transcendental Breakthrough in China? ’ in S. N. Eisenstadt, ed., The Origins and Diversity of the Axial Civilizations (Albany, NY, 1980), p. 352
400
Шан цзюнь шу; см.: Graham, Disputers of the Tao, p. 290
401
Сюнь-цзы, 15.72. см.: перевод в:. Watson, ed. and trans., Hsun-Tzu: Basic Writings (New York, 1963)
402
Ibid.
403
Ibid., 10; см.: Graham, Disputers of the Tao, p. 238
404
Хань Фэй; см.: перевод Уотсона. [Перевод А, И. Иванова. Здесь и далее цит. по: Иванов А. И. Материалы по китайской философии. – СПб., 1912. – Прим. пер.]
405
Ibid.
406
Ching, Mysticism and Kingship, p. 171
407
Сюнь-цзы, 21: 34–38. см.: перевод в: Xunzi, Basic Writings, trans. Barton Watson (New York, 2003)
408
Fairbank and Goldman, China, p. 56; Derk Bodde, ‘Feudalism in China’, in Rushton Coulbourn, ed., Feudalism in History (Hamden, Conn., 1965), p. 69
409
Сыма Цянь, Исторические записки, 6.239 (Сыма Цянь. Исторические записки. – М.: Худлит, 1956.)
410
Ibid., 6.87
411
Lewis, Sanctioned Violence, pp. 99–101
412
Сыма Цянь. Исторические записки, введение. Цит. по: Lewis, Sanctioned Violence, p. 141
413
Schwartz, World of Thought, pp. 237–53
414
Lewis, Sanctioned Violence, pp. 145–57; Derk Bodde, Festivals in Classical China: New Year and Other Annual Observances during the Han Dynasty, 206 BC to AD 220 (Princeton, 1975)
415
Lewis, Sanctioned Violence, p. 147
416
Сыма Цянь. Исторические записки, 8.1, in Fung Yu-lan, Short History, p. 215
417
Fung Yu-lan, Short History, pp. 205–16; Graham, Disputers of the Tao, pp. 313–77; Schwartz, World of Thought, pp. 383–406
418
Fairbank and Goldman, China, pp. 67–71
419
Joseph R. Levenson and Franz Schurman, China: An Interpretive History – from the Beginnings to the Fall of Han (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1969), p. 94
420
De Bary, Trouble with Confucianism, pp. 48–49
421
Янь те лунь, 19. см.: английский перевод в: De Bary and Bloom, Sources of Chinese Tradition, p. 223. [Перевод Ю. Л. Кроля. Цит. по: Хуань Куань, Спор о соли и железе (Янь те лунь). Т. II. – М.: Восточная литература, 2001. – Прим. пер.]
422
Hu Shih, ‘Confucianism’, in Encyclopaedia of Social Science (1930–35) IV, pp. 198–201; Ching, Mysticism and Kingship, p. 85
423
De Bary, Trouble with Confucianism, p. 49; Fairbank and Goldman, China, p. 63
424
Быт. 2:7–3:24
425
Быт. 3:17–19
426
Быт. 4:10–11
427
Быт. 4:17–22
428
Быт. 4:9
429
Быт. 12:1–3
430
Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher, The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology’s New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origins of its Sacred Texts (New York and London, 2001), pp. 103–07; William G. Dever, What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It? What Archaeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel (Grand Rapids, Mich., and Cambridge, UK, 2001), pp. 110–18
431
George W. Mendenhall, The Tenth Generation: The Origins of Biblical Tradition (Baltimore and London, 1973); P. M. Lemche, Early Israel: Anthropological and Historical Studies on the Israelite Society before the Monarchy (Leiden, 1985); D. C. Hopkins, The Highlands of Canaan (Sheffield, 1985); James D. Martin, ‘Israel as a Tribal Society’, in R. E. Clements, ed., The World of Ancient Israel: Sociological, Anthropological and Political Perspectives (Cambridge, UK, 1989); H. G. M. Williamson, ‘The Concept of Israel in Transition’, in Clements, World of Ancient Israel, pp. 94–114
432
Finkelstein and Asher, Bible Unearthed, pp. 89–92
433
John H. Kautsky, The Politics of Aristocratic Empires, 2nd ed. (New Brunswick and London, 1997), p. 275; Karl A. Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power (New Haven, Conn., 1957), pp. 331–32
434
Нав. 9:15; Исх. 6:15; Суд. 1:16; 4:11; 1 Цар. 27:10; Frank Moore Cross, Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1973), pp. 49–50
435
Cross, Canaanite Myth, p. 69; Peter Machinist, ‘Distinctiveness in Ancient Israel’, in Mordechai Cogan and Israel Ephal, eds, Studies in Assyrian History and Ancient Near Eastern Historiography (Jerusalem, 1991)
436
Подробнее см.: Yoram Hazony, The Philosophy of Hebrew Scripture (Cambridge, 2012), pp. 103–60
437
Norman Gottwald, The Hebrew Bible in Its Social World and in Ours (Atlanta, 1993), pp. 115, 163
438
Лев. 25:23–28, 35–55; Втор. 24:19–22; Gottwald, Hebrew Bible, p. 162
439
Об этом процессе см.: мою книгу: A History of God: The 4,000-Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam (London and New York, 1993). (Армстронг К. История Бога. 4000 лет исканий в иудаизме, христианстве и исламе. – М.: Альпина нон-фикшн, 2014.)
440
Пс. 73:13–14; 81:8; 94:3; 95:4сл.; 96:7; Ис. 51:9сл.; Иов 26:12; 40:25–31
441
Быт. 11:1–9
442
Быт. 11:9
443
Быт. 12:1–3. Строго говоря, Яхве повелел Аврааму удалиться из Ура, расположенного на территории нынешнего Ирака. Фарра, отец Авраама, покинул Ур, но добрался только до Харрана. Однако впоследствии Яхве объяснит, что вся миграция была вдохновлена им. Он скажет Аврааму: «Я… вывел тебя из Ура Халдейского» (Быт. 15:7)
444
Hazony, Philosophy of Hebrew Scripture, p. 121
445
Ibid., pp. 122–26
446
Быт. 12:10
447
Быт. 26:12–22; ср. 36: 6–8
448
Быт. 41:57–42:3
449
Быт. 37:7
450
Быт. 37:8
451
Быт. 37:10
452
Быт. 41:51
453
Быт. 41:48–49
454
Быт. 47:13–14, 20–21
455
Быт. 50:4–9. После смерти Иакова братьям разрешили похоронить отца в Ханаане. В Ханаан они отправились в сопровождении большой свиты с колесницами и кавалерией, а их дети и собственность оставались заложниками в Египте
456
Быт. 12:15; 20:2; 26:17–18; 14:11–12; 34:1–2; Hazony, Philosophy of Hebrew Scripture, pp. 111–13, 143
457
Быт. 14:21–25
458
Быт. 18:1–8; 19:1–9
459
Быт. 18:22–32
460
Быт. 49:5–7
461
Быт. 49:8–12; 44:18–34
462
Исх. 1:11, 14
463
Исх. 2:11
464
Hazony, Philosophy of Hebrew Scripture, pp. 143–44
465
Исх. 24:9–11
466
Исх. 31:18
467
Ср. Исх. 24:9–31:18; William M. Schniedewind, How the Bible Became a Book: The Textualization of Ancient Israel (Cambridge, UK, 2004), pp. 121–34
468
Напр., Суд. 1; 3:1–6; Ездр. 9:1–2
469
Regina Schwartz, The Curse of Cain: The Violent Legacy of Monotheism (Chicago, 1997); Hector Avalos, Fighting Words: The Origins of Religious Violence (Amherst, NY, 2005)
470
Mark S. Smith, The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel (New York and London, 1990); Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel’s Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts (New York and London, 2001)
471
Нав. 24; S. David Sperling ‘Joshua 24 Re-examined’, Hebrew Union College Annual 58 (1987); Sperling, The Original Torah: The Political Intent of the Bible’s Writers (New York and London, 1998), pp. 68–72; John Bowker, The Religious Imagination and the Sense of God (Oxford, 1978), pp. 58–68
472
Исх. 20:3
473
Susan Niditch, War in the Hebrew Bible: A Study of the Ethics of Violence (New York and Oxford, 1993), pp. 28–36; 41–62; 152
474
Ср. аналогичную сделку в Числ. 21:2
475
Нав. 6:20
476
Нав. 8:25
477
Нав. 8:28
478
Lauren A. Monroe, Josiah’s Reform and the Dynamics of Defilement: Israelite Rites of Violence and the Making of a Biblical Text (Oxford, 2011), pp. 45–76
479
Стела Меши, 15–17. см.: текст в: Kent P. Jackson, ‘The Language of the Mesha Inscription’, in Andrew Dearman, ed., Studies in the Mesha Inscription and Moab (Atlanta, 1989), p. 98; Norman K. Gottwald, The Politics of Ancient Israel (Louisville, 2001), p. 194; ср. 4 Цар. 3: 4–27
480
Стела Меши, 17; см.: перевод Джексона
481
H. Hoffner, ‘History and the Historians of the Ancient Near East: The Hittites’, Orientalia, 49 (1980); Nidditch, War in the Hebrew Bible, p. 51
482
Суд. 21:25
483
Суд. 11:29–40
484
Суд. 18
485
Суд. 19
486
Суд. 20–21
487
1 Цар. 8:5
488
Суд. 8:11–18
489
Gottwald, Politics of Ancient Israel, pp. 177–79
490
Nidditch, War in the Hebrew Bible, pp. 90–105
491
1 Цар. 17:1–13; Quincy Wright, A Study of Warfare, 2 vols (Chicago, 1942), 1, pp. 401–15
492
Ср. 2 Цар. 2:23
493
2 Цар. 5:6
494
1 Пар. 22:8–9
495
Gösta W. Ahlström, The History of Ancient Palestine (Minneapolis, 1993), pp. 504–05
496
3 Цар. 7:15–26
497
Richard J. Clifford, The Cosmic Mountain in Canaan and the Old Testament (Cambridge, Mass., 1972), passim; Ben C. Ollenburger, Zion, City of the Great King: A Theological Symbol of the Jerusalem Cult (Sheffield, 1987), pp. 14–16; Margaret Barker, The Gate of Heaven: The History and Symbolism of the Temple in Jerusalem (London, 1991), p. 64; Hans-Joachim Kraus, Worship in Israel: A Cultic History of the Old Testament (Oxford, 1966), pp. 201–04
498
3 Цар. 9:3; David Ussishkin, ‘King Solomon’s Palaces’, Biblical Archaeologist, 36 (1973)
499
3 Цар. 10:26–29
500
3 Цар. 4:25
501
3 Цар. 4:1–5:1
502
3 Цар. 5:13–18, что противоречит 3 Цар. 9:20–21. Девтерономические авторы хотели возложить на идолопоклонство Соломона ответственность за катастрофу. Такова была логика их реформы.
503
3 Цар. 11:1–13
504
3 Цар. 12:4
505
3 Цар. 12:17–19
506
Пс. 2:7–8; 109
507
Пс. 109:5–6
508
Andrew Mein, Ezekiel and the Ethics of Exile (Oxford and New York, 2001), pp. 20–38
509
Ам. 2:6
510
Ам. 3:10
511
Ам. 7:17; 9:7–8
512
Ам. 3:11–15
513
Ам. 1:2–2:5
514
Ис. 1:16–17
515
Gottwald, Politics of Ancient Israel, pp. 210–12
516
Finkelstein and Asher, Bible Unearthed, pp. 263–64
517
Ibid., pp. 264–73
518
4 Цар. 21:2–7; 23:10–11
519
Ср. Пс. 67:17; Ahlström, History of Ancient Palestine, p. 734
520
Schniedewind, How the Bible Became a Book, pp. 91–117; Calum M. Carmichael, The Laws of Deuteronomy (Eugene, Oreg., 1974); Bernard M. Levinson, Deuteronomy and the Hermeneutics of Legal Innovation (Oxford, 1998); Moshe Weinfeld, Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomic School (Oxford, 1972); Joshua Berman, Biblical Revolutions: The Transformation of Social and Political Thought in the Ancient Near East (New York and Oxford, 2008)
521
4 Цар. 22:8
522
Исх. 24:3; Schniedewind, How the Bible Became a Book, pp. 121–26
523
Исх. 24:4–8. Данный отрывок был вставлен реформаторами в более древние материалы
524
Втор. 6:4
525
Втор. 7:2–5
526
Втор. 28:64–67
527
4 Цар. 22:11–13
528
4 Цар. 23:5
529
Иез 8:10; ср. Иер 44:15–19
530
4 Цар. 23:4–20
531
Levinson, Deuteronomy and the Hermeneutics of Legal Innovation, pp. 148–49
532
Втор. 7:22–26
533
Втор. 13:8–9
534
Niditch, War in the Hebrew Bible, pp. 65, 77
535
3 Цар. 13:1–2; 4 Цар. 23:15–18; 4 Цар. 23: 25
536
4 Цар. 24:16. Некоторые ученые считают, что эти цифры не вполне точны
537
Иез 3:15; Schiedewind, How the Bible Became a Book, p. 152
538
Mein, Ezekiel, pp. 66–74
539
В еврейских источниках Аншан именуется Эламом
540
Garth Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth: Consequences of Monotheism in Later Antiquity (Princeton, 1993), p. 19
541
Цилиндр Кира, 18. см.: английский перевод Ирвинга Финкеля в: John Curtis, The Cyrus Cylinder and Ancient Persia: A New Beginning for the Middle East (London, 2013), p. 42. [Перевод М. Дандамаева. Здесь и далее цит. по: Мифы древнего и раннесредневекового Ирана. – СПб.: Журнал «Нева», 1998. – Прим. пер.]
542
Bruce Lincoln, Religion, Empire and Torture: The Case of Achaemenian Persia, with a Postscript on Abu Ghraib (Chicago and London, 2007), pp. 36–40
543
Цилиндр Кира, 12, 15, 17; Curtis, Cyrus Cylinder, p. 42
544
Ис. 45:1
545
Ис. 45:1, 2, 4
546
Ис. 40:4–5
547
Иосиф Флавий, Иудейские древности, XI 8. см.: английский перевод: Flavius Josephus, The Antiquities of the Jews, trans. William Whiston (Marston Gate, UK, n. d.) (Иосиф Флавий. Иудейские древности. – М.: АСТ, 2007.)
548
Цилиндр Кира, 16; Curtis, Cyrus Cylinder, p. 42
549
Цилиндр Кира, 28–30; Curtis, Cyrus Cylinder, p. 43
550
Lincoln, Religion, Empire and Torture, p. xi сл.
551
Ibid, pp. 16, 95
552
Bruce Lincoln, ‘The Role of Religion in Achaemenian Imperialism’, in Nicole Brisch, ed., Religion and Power: Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond (Chicago, 2008), p. 223
553
Clarisse Herrenschmidt, ‘Désignations de l’empire et concepts politiques de Darius Ier d’après inscriptions en Vieux Perse’, Studia Iranica, 5 (1976); Marijan Mole, Culte, mythe, et cosmologie dans l’Iran ancien (Paris, 1963)
554
Дарий. Первая надпись в Накше-Рустаме. см.: текст в: Lincoln, Religion, Empire and Torture, p. 52
555
Ibid., pp. 55–56
556
Дарий. Первая надпись в Накше-Рустаме, 4; см.: ibid., p. 71
557
Дарий. Четвертая надпись в Персеполе; см.: ibid., p. 10
558
Ibid., pp. 26–28
559
Ibid., pp. 73–81; Дарий. надпись 19 в Сузах, ibid., p. 73
560
Cross, Canaanite Myth, pp. 293–323; Mary Douglas, Leviticus as Literature (Oxford and New York, 1999); Douglas, In the Wilderness: The Doctrine of Defilement in the Book of Numbers (Oxford and New York, 2001), pp. 58–100; Niditch, War in the Hebrew Bible, pp. 78–89; 97–99; 132–53
561
Лев. 25
562
Лев. 19:34
563
Douglas, Leviticus as Literature, pp. 42–44
564
Быт. 32:30
565
Числ. 20:14–22
566
Быт. 1:31
567
Неем. 4:17
568
Числ. 31
569
Числ. 31:19
570
2 Пар. 28:9–11
571
2 Пар. 28:15
572
Ис. 45:5
573
Зах. 14:12
574
Зах. 14:16. см.: также Мих. 4: 1–5, 5; Агг. 1:6–9
575
Ис. 60:1–10
576
Ис. 60:11–14
577
Лк. 2:1
578
Robert L. O’Connell, Of Arms and Men: A History of War, Weapons and Aggression (New York and Oxford, 1989), p. 81
579
E. N. Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire (Baltimore, 1976), pp. 25–26; 41–42; 46–47; Susan P. Mattern, Rome and the Enemy: Imperial Strategy in the Principate (Berkeley, 1999), pp. xii; 222
580
O’Connell, Arms and Men, pp. 69–81; John Keegan, A History of Warfare (London, 1993), pp. 263–71
581
W. Harris, War and Imperialism in Republican Rome (Oxford, 1979), p. 56
582
Ibid., p. 51
583
Тацит, Жизнеописание Юлия Агриколы, 30. см.: английский перевод в: Loeb Classical Library. [Перевод А. Бобовича. Цит. по: Корнелий Тацит. Сочинения в двух томах. Том первый. Анналы. Малые произведения. – Ленинград: Наука, 1969. – Прим. пер.]
584
Harris, War and Imperialism, p. 51
585
Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in their Encounter in Palestine during the Early Hellenistic Period, 2 vols, trans. John Bowden (London, 1974), pp. 294–300; Elias J. Bickerman, From Ezra to the Last of the Maccabees (New York, 1962), pp. 286–89; The Jews in the Greek Age (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1990), pp. 294–96; Reuven Firestone, Holy War in Judaism: The Rise and Fall of a Controversial Idea (Oxford and New York, 2012), pp. 26–40
586
Дан. 10–12
587
Дан. 7:13–14
588
Richard A. Horsley, ‘The Historical Context of Q’, in Richard A. Horsley and Jonathan A. Draper, eds, Whoever Hears You Hears Me: Prophets, Performance and Tradition in Q (Harrisburg, Penn., 1999), pp. 51–54
589
Gerhard E. Lenski, Power and Privilege: A Theory of Social Stratification (Chapel Hill and London, 1966), pp. 243–48.
590
John H. Kautsky, The Politics of Aristocratic Empires, 2nd ed. (New Brunswik and London, 1997), p. 81
591
Horsley, ‘Historical Context of Q’, p. 154
592
Flavius Josephus, The Life, trans. H. St. J. Thackeray (Cambridge, Mass., 1926), 10–12; Alan Mason, ‘Was Josephus a Pharisee?: A Re-Examination of the Life, 10–12’, Journal of Jewish Studies, 40 (1989); Alan F. Segal, Paul the Convert: The Apostolate and Apostasy of Saul the Pharisee (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1990), pp. 81–82
593
Иосиф Флавий. Иудейская война VI 51. см.: английский перевод в: G. A. Williamson, Josephus: The Jewish War (Harmondsworth, 1959) [Перевод Я. Чертка. Цит. по: Иосиф Флавий, Иудейская война. – Минск: Беларусь, 1991 – Прим. пер.]
594
Иосиф Флавий. Иудейские древности XVII 157. см.: английский перевод в: Richard A. Horsley, Jesus and the Spiral of Violence: Popular Jewish Resistance in Roman Palestine (Minneapolis, 1993 ed.), p. 76.
595
Иосиф Флавий. Иудейская война, I 655
596
Ibid., II 3.
597
Ibid., II 11–13
598
Ibid., II 57
599
Ibid., II 66–75
600
John Dominic Crossan, God and Empire: Jesus against Rome, Then and Now (San Francisco, 2007), pp. 91–94.
601
Иосиф Флавий, Иудейские древности, XVIII 4–9; см.: Horsley, Spiral of Violence, p. 81; ср. Иудейская война, II 117
602
Иудейская война, II 169–74.
603
Филон. О посольстве к Гаю. См. Philo, On the Embassy to Gaius, trans. F. H. Colson (Cambridge, Mass., 1962), 223–24. [Перевод О. Левинской. Цит. по: Филон Александрийский. Против Флакка; О посольстве к Гаю. / Иосиф Флавий. О древности еврейского народа; Против Апиона. – Москва / Иерусалим: Еврейский университет в Москве / Гешарим, 1994. – Прим. пер.]
604
Иудейские древности, XVIII 292
605
Иудейские древности, XVIII 284
606
Иудейские древности, XX 97–98
607
Иудейская война, II 261–263. [Перевод М. Финкельберг. Цит. по: Иосиф Флавий. Иудейская война. – Москва / Иерусалим: Мосты культуры / Гешарим, 2008. – Прим. пер.]
608
Иудейские древности, XVIII 36–38; Horsley, ‘Historical Context of Q’, p. 58
609
John Dominic Crossan, Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography (New York, 1994), pp. 26–28
610
A. N. Sherwin-White, Roman Law and Roman Society in the New Testament (Oxford, 1963), p. 139. Мф. 18:22–33; 20: 1–15; Лк. 16:1–13; Мк. 12:1–9
611
Мф. 2:16
612
Мф. 14:3–12
613
Мф. 10:17–18
614
Marcus Borg, Jesus: Uncovering the Life, Teachings, and Relevance of a Religious Revolutionary (San Francisco, 2006), pp. 67–68 (Борг М. Иисус. Загадка революционного гения. – М.: Эксмо, 2014.)
615
Мф. 4:1–11; Мк. 12–13; Лк. 4:1–13
616
Лк. 10:17–18
617
M. Lewis, Ecstatic Religion: An Anthropological Study of Spirit Possession and Shamanism (Baltimore, 1971), pp. 31, 32, 35, 127
618
Мк. 5:1–17; Crossan, Jesus, pp. 99–106
619
Лк. 13:31–33
620
Мф. 21:1–11; Мк. 11:1–11; Лк. 19: 28–38
621
Мф. 21:12–13
622
Horsley, Spiral of Violence, pp. 286–89; Sean Frayne, Galilee: From Alexander the Great to Hadrian, 323 BCE to 135 CE. A Study of Second Temple Judaism (Notre Dame, Ind., 1980), pp. 283–86
623
Мф. 5:39, 44
624
Мф. 26:63
625
Лк. 6:20–24
626
Мф. 12:1–12; 23
627
Лк. 13:13
628
Лк. 9:23–24
629
Лк. 1:51–54
630
Мк. 12:13–17; Horsley, Spiral of Violence, pp. 306–16
631
F. F. Bruce, ‘Render to Caesar’, in F. Bammel and C. F. D. Moule, eds, Jesus and the Politics of His Day (Cambridge, 1981), p. 258
632
Мк. 12:38–40
633
Horsley, Spiral of Violence, pp. 167–68
634
A. E. Harvey, Strenuous Commands: The Ethic of Jesus (London and Philadelphia, 1990), pp. 162, 209
635
Лк. 14:14, 23–24; Crossan, Jesus, pp. 74–82
636
Лк. 6:20–21. Crossan, Jesus, p. 61, отмечает, что здесь использовано именно слово «нищие» («птохóс»), а не «бедняки» («пéнес»)
637
Crossan, Jesus, pp. 68–70
638
Лк. 6:24–25
639
Мф. 20:16
640
Мф. 6:11–13
641
Gerd Theissen, The First Followers of Jesus: A Sociological Analysis of the Earliest Christians, trans. John Bowden (London, 1978), pp. 8–14
642
Мк. 1:15; перевод мой
643
Мф. 9:36
644
Warren Carter, ‘Construction of Violence and Identities in Matthew’s Gospel’, in Shelly Matthews and E. Leigh Gibson, eds, Violence in the New Testament (New York and London, 2005), pp. 93–94
645
John Pairman Brown, ‘Techniques of Imperial Control: The Background of the Gospel Event’, in Norman Gottwald, ed., The Bible of Liberation: Political and Social Hermeneutics (Maryknoll, NY, 1983), pp. 357–77; Gerd Theissen, The Miracle Stories: Early Christian Tradition (Philadelphia, 1982), pp. 231–44; Warren Carter, Matthew and the Margins: A Socio-Political and Religious Reading (Sheffield, 2000), pp. 17–29, 36–43, 123–27; 196–98
646
Мф. 6:10
647
Лк. 6:30–31
648
Лк. 6:31–38
649
Деян. 2:23, 32–35; Флп 2:9
650
Ср. Мф. 10:5–6
651
James B. Rives, Religion in the Roman Empire (Oxford, 2007), pp. 13–20
652
Ibid., pp. 104–14
653
Jonathan Z. Smith, ‘Fences and Neighbours: Some Contours of Early Judaism’, in Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown (Chicago and London, 1982), pp. 1–18; John W. Marshall, ‘Collateral Damage: Jesus and Jezebel in the Jewish War’, in Matthews and Gibson, eds, Violence in the New Testament, pp. 38–39; Julia Galambush, The Reluctant Parting: How the New Testament’s Jewish Writers Created a Christian Book (San Francisco, 2005), pp. 291–92
654
Деян. 5:34–42
655
Деян. 13:44; 14:19; 17:10–15
656
1 Кор. 11:2–15
657
1 Кор. 14:21–25
658
Рим. 13:1–2
659
Рим. 13:6
660
1 Кор. 7:31
661
Деян. 4:32, 34–35
662
1 Кор. 12:12–27
663
Лк. 24:13–32
664
Флп. 2:3–5
665
Флп. 2:6–11
666
Флп. 2:3–4
667
Ин. 1
668
1 Ин. 7:42–47
669
1 Ин. 2:18–19
670
Тацит, История, I 11; Marshall, ‘Collateral Damage’, pp. 37–38
671
Firestone, Holy War, pp. 46–47.
672
Michael S. Berger, ‘Taming the Beast: Rabbinic Pacification of Second-Century Jewish Nationalism’, in James K. Wellman, Jr., ed., Belief and Bloodshed: Religion and Violence across Time and Tradition (Lanham, Md., 2007), pp. 54–55
673
Иерусалимский Талмуд (ИТ), Таанит 4.5; Эйха Рабба, 2.4; см.: C. G. Montefiore and H. Loewe, eds, A Rabbinic Anthology (New York, 1974)
674
Дион Кассий, История, LXIX 12; Mireille Hadas-Lebel, Jerusalem against Rome, trans. Robyn Freshat (Leuven, 2006), pp. 398–409
675
Berger, ‘Taming the Beast’, pp. 50–52
676
Вавилонский Талмуд (ВТ), Берахот, 58а; Шаббат, 34а; Бава Батра, 75а; Санхедрин, 100а; см.: Montefiore and Loewe, Rabbinic Anthology; Firestone, Holy War, p. 73
677
Firestone, Holy War, pp. 52–61
678
Berger, ‘Taming the Beast’, p. 48
679
Авот де рабби Натан, B. 31; см.: Robert Eisen, The Peace and Violence of Judaism: From the Bible to Modern Zionism (Oxford, 2011), p. 86. [Перевод Н. Переферковича. Здесь и далее цит. по: Талмуд. Мишна и Тосефта. Том четвертый. – СПб.: Издательство Сойкина, 1903. – Прим. пер.]
680
ВТ Песахим, 118а; см.: ibid.
681
Eisen, Peace and Violence, p. 86; Hadas-Lebel, Jerusalem against Rome, pp. 265–95
682
Мехильта де рабби Ишмаэль, 13; ВТ Авода Зара, 18а; см.: Montefiore and Loewe, Rabbinic Anthology.
683
ВТ Шаббат, 336б; ВТ Берахот 58а; см.: Montefiore and Loewe, Rabbinic Anthology
684
Wilfred Cantwell Smith, What is Scripture? A Comparative Approach (London, 1993), p. 290; Gerald L. Bruns, ‘Midrash and Allegory: The Beginnings of Scriptural Interpretation’, in Robert Alter and Frank Kermode, eds, A Literary Guide to the Bible (London, 1987), pp. 629–30; Nahum S. Glatzer, ‘The Concept of Peace in Classical Judaism’, Essays on Jewish Thought (University, Ala., 1978), pp. 37–38; Eisen, Peace and Violence, p. 90
685
Michael Fishbane, Garments of Torah: Essays in Biblical Hermeneutics (Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1989), pp. 22–32
686
ВТ Шаббат, 63а; ВТ Санхедрин, 82а; ВТ Шаббат, 133б; см.: Eisen, Peace and Violence, pp. 88–89; Reuven Kimelman, ‘Non-violence in the Talmud’, Judaism, 17 (1968)
687
Авот де рабби Натан, A. 23 in Eisen, Peace and Violence, p. 88
688
Мишна (М), Авот, 4:1; см.: Montefiore and Loewe, Rabbinic Anthology
689
Eisen, Peace and Violence, p. 89
690
ВТ Берахот, 4а; Мегилла, 3а; см.: Montefiore and Loewe, Rabbinic Anthology
691
ВТ Мегилла, 10б; см.: Montefiore and Loewe, Rabbinic Anthology. Ср. Исх. 14
692
М Сота, 8:7; М. Йадайим, 4:4; Тосефта, Киддушим, 5: 4; см.: Firestone, Holy War, p. 74.
693
ИТ Сота, 8.1 in Montefiore and Loewe, Rabbinic Anthology
694
Песн. 2:7; 3:5; 8:4; ВТ Кетубот 110б-11а; Шир га-Ширим Рабба, 2:7; см.: ibid.
695
Firestone, Holy War, pp. 74–75
696
Aviezer Ravitsky, Messianism, Zionism and Jewish Religious Radicalism, trans. Michael Swirsky and Jonathan Chapman (Chicago, 1997), pp. 211–34
697
Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150–750 (London, 1989), pp. 20–24; Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, AD 200–1000 (Oxford and Malden, Mass., 1996), pp. 18–19
698
Brown, World of Late Antiquity, pp. 24–27
699
Peter Brown, The Making of Late Antiquity (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1978), p. 48; Rise of Western Christendom, pp. 19–20.
700
Откр. 3:21; Тацит, Анналы, XV 44. Однако Тацит писал через несколько десятилетий после данного события, и едва ли христиане к тому моменту понимались как отдельная группа. Ср.: Candida R. Moss, The Myth of Persecution: How Early Christians Invented a Story of Martyrdom (New York, 2013), pp. 138–39
701
Тертуллиан, Апология, 20; см.: Moss, Myth of Persecution, p. 128. [Перевод Н. Щеглова. Цит. по: Творения Тертуллиана. Часть 1. Апологетические сочинения Тертуллиана. – Киев: Типография Акционерного Общества «Петр Барский», 1910. – Прим. пер.]
702
W. H. C. Frend, Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church: A Study of the Conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus (Oxford, 1965), p. 331
703
Jonathan Z. Smith, ‘The Temple and the Magician’, in Map is Not Territory: Studies in the History of Religions (Chicago and London, 1978), p. 187; Peter Brown, ‘The Rise of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity’, Journal of Roman Studies LXI (1971)
704
Rives, Religion in the Roman Empire, pp. 207–08
705
Ibid., pp. 68, 82
706
Moss, Myth of Persecution, pp. 127–62; G. E. M. De Ste Croix, ‘Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted? ’, in Michael Whitby and Joseph Street, eds, Martyrdom and Orthodoxy (Oxford, 2006)
707
James B. Rives, ‘The Decree of Decius and the Religion of Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 89 (1999); Robin Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians (New York, 1987), pp. 455–56
708
ВТ Бава Мециа, 59б; см.: Montefiore and Loewe, Rabbinic Anthology
709
Collatio Legum Romanarum et Mosaicarum 15.3; см.: Brown, Rise of Western Christendom, p. 22
710
Ramsey MacMullen, The Second Church: Popular Christianity AD 200–400. Христиане традиционно молились в частных домах. Такие храмы, как базилика, оскорбившая Диоклетиана, были лишь недавним новшеством
711
Moss, Myth of Persecution, pp. 154–58.
712
Candida R. Moss, The Other Christs: Imitating Jesus in Ancient Christian Ideologies of Martyrdom (Oxford, 2010)
713
Виктриций, Восхваление святых, 10.452 B; см.: Peter Brown, The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity (Chicago, 1981), p. 79
714
Декрет Геласия; см.: ibid.
715
‘The Martyrs of Lyons’ 1.4, in H. Musurillo, trans., The Acts of the Christian Martyrs (Oxford, 1972).
716
Ibid., 9, in Peter Dronke, Women Writers of the Middle Ages: A Critical Study of Texts from Perpetua (†203) to Marguerite Poretz (†1310) (Cambridge, UK, 1984), p. 4
717
Страсти Перпетуи и Фелицитаты, 10; см.: Dronke, Women Writers, p. 4
718
Frend, Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church, p. 15
719
Brown, World of Late Antiquity, pp. 82–84
720
Ориген, Против Цельса, 2:30; см.: trans. Henry Chadwick (Cambridge, 1980). [Перевод Л. Писарева. Цит. по: Ориген. Против Цельса. – М.: Учебно-информационный экуменический центр ап. Павла, 1996. – Прим. пер.]
721
Киприан, Послания, 40:1; 48:4.
722
Ibid., 30.2; Brown, Making of Late Antiquity, pp. 79–80
723
Лактанций, Божественные установления; см.: William Fletcher, trans., Lactantius: Works (Edinburgh, 1971), p. 366
724
Ibid., p. 427
725
Ibid., p. 328
726
Garth Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth: Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity (Princeton, NJ, 1993), pp. 13–16, 34
727
Евсевий, Слово василевсу Константину по случаю тридцатилетия его царствования, 5. см.: перевод в: H. A. Drake, In Praise of Constantine: A Historical Study and New Translation of Eusebius’ Tricennial Orations (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1976), p. 89. [Перевод Санкт-Петербургской Духовной Академии. Цит. по: Евсевий Памфил. Жизнь блаженного василевса Константина. – 2-е изд. – М.: Labarum, 1998. – Прим. пер.]
728
Aziz Al-Azmeh, Muslim Kingship: Power and the Sacred in Muslim, Christian and Pagan Polities (London and New York, 1997), pp. 27–33
729
Michael Gaddis, There is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ: Religious Violence in the Christian Roman Empire (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2005), p. 88.
730
Евсевий, Жизнь Константина, 1.5, 24; 2:19. см.: перевод в: Cameron Averil and Stuart G. Hall, Eusebius’s Life of Constantine: Introduction, Translation and Commentary (Oxford, 1999) [Перевод Санкт-Петербургской Духовной Академии. Здесь и далее цит. по: Евсевий Памфил. Жизнь блаженного василевса Константина. – 2-е изд. – М.: Labarum, 1998. – Прим. пер.]
731
Ibid., 4: 8–13; Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth, pp. 93–94
732
Al-Azmeh, Muslim Kingship, pp. 43–46
733
Мф. 28:19
734
John Haldon, Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204 (London and New York, 2005), pp. 16–19
735
Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth, pp. 93–94; Gaddis, There is No Crime, pp. 62–63
736
Евсевий, Жизнь Константина, 4.61.
737
Евсевий, Жизнь Константина, 4.62. Gaddis, There is No Crime, pp. 63–64
738
Gaddis, There is No Crime, pp. 51–59
739
Евсевий, Жизнь Константина, 4.24
740
Constantine, Letter to Aelafius, Vicor of Africa, trans. Mark Edwards, Optatus: Against the Donatists (Liverpool, 1997), Appendix 3
741
Донатистам не нравилось, что Цецилиана рукоположил Феликс из Аптунги, впавший в отступничество во время гонений при Диоклетиане. Их протест был данью уважения памяти мучеников
742
Gaddis, There is No Crime, p. 51
743
Ibid., pp. 51–58
744
Constantine; trans. Edwards, Optatus, Appendix 9; Gaddis, There is No Crime, p. 57
745
Richard Lim, Public Disputation, Power and Social Order in Late Antiquity (Berkeley, 1995)
746
Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150–750 (London, 1989 ed.), pp. 86–87
747
Ibid., pp. 87–89
748
James B. Rives, Religion in the Roman Empire (Oxford, 2007), pp. 13–20
749
Быт. 18:1–17; Исх. 33:18–23, 34: 6–9; Нав. 5:13–15
750
Jaroslav Pelikan, The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine. Vol. 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (Chicago and London, 1971), p. 145 [Пеликан Я. Христианская традиция. История развития вероучения. Т. 1. Возникновение кафолической традиции. – М.: Духовная библиотека, 2007.]
751
Евсевий, Доказательство в пользу Евангелия, предисловие. см.: перевод в: Eusebius, The Proof of the Gospel, trans. William John Ferrer (Charlottesville, 1981) 5–6
752
Peter Brown, The Body and Society: Men, Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity (London and Boston, 1988), p. 236
753
Афанасий Великий, Слово о воплощении Бога-Слова, 8.54. см.: Andrew Louth, Origins of the Christian Mystical Traditions: From Plato to Denys (Oxford, 1981), p. 78. [Цит. по: Афанасий Великий. Творения. Том 1. – М.: Издательство Спасо-Преображенского Валаамского монастыря, 1994. – Прим. пер.]
754
John Meyndorff, Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes (New York and London, 1975), p. 78
755
Brown, World of Late Antiquity, p. 90
756
Evelyne Patlagean, Pauvreté économique et pauvreté sociale à Byzance, 4e – 7e Siècles (Paris, 1977), pp. 78–84
757
Мф. 6:25
758
Деян. 4:34–35
759
Мф. 19:21
760
Афанасий Великий, Житие Антония, 3сл. см.: перевод в: R. C. Gregg, trans., The Life of Antony and the Letter to Marcellinus (New York, 1980). [Цит. по: Афанасий Великий. Творения. Том 3. – М.: Издательство Спасо-Преображенского Валаамского монастыря, 1994. – Прим. пер.]
761
David Caner, Wandering, Begging Monks, Spiritual Authority and the Promotion of Monasticism in Late Antiquity (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2002), p. 25.
762
2 Фес 3:6–12.
763
Афанасий Великий, Жизнь Антония, 50: 4–6.
764
H. I. Bell, V. Martin, E. G. Turner and D. van Berchem, The Abinnaeus Archive (Oxford, 1962), pp. 77, 108.
765
A. E. Boak and H. C. Harvey, The Archive of Aurelius Isidore (Ann Arbor, 1960) pp. 295–96.
766
Peter Brown, The Making of Late Antiquity (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1978), pp. 82–86.
767
Мф. 6:34.
768
Brown, Body and Society, pp. 218–21.
769
Евагрий Понтийский, Слово о духовном делании, 9. см.: Evagrius Ponticus: The Praktikos and Chapters on Prayer, trans. J. E. Bamberger (Kalamazoo, Mich., 1978). [Перевод А. Сидорова. Цит. по: Творения аввы Евагрия. Аскетические и богословские трактаты. – М.: Мартис, 1994. – Прим. пер.]
770
Изречения отцов-пустынников, Олимпий, 2; см.: J. P. Migne, ed., Patrologia Graeca (PG), 161 vols (Paris, 1857–1866), 65, 313d–316a
771
Brown, Making of Late Antiquity, pp. 88–90.
772
Изречения отцов-пустынников, Поэмон; 78; PG 65.352cd
773
Ibid., 60; PG 65:332a
774
Douglas Burton-Christie, The Word in the Desert: Scripture and the Quest for Holiness in Early Christian Monasticism (New York and Oxford, 1993), pp. 261–83
775
Brown, Body and Society, p. 215; Brown, World of Late Antiquity, p. 98
776
Ср. Афанасий Великий, Житие Антония
777
Изречения отцов-пустынников, Макарий Великий, 32; PG 65:273d
778
Brown, World of Late Antiquity, pp. 93–94
779
Gaddis, There is No Crime, p. 278
780
Иларий Пиктавийский, Против Валента и Урсакия, 1.2.6; см.: Lionel R. Wickham, Hilary of Poitiers: Conflicts of Conscience and Law in the Fourth-Century Church (Liverpool, 1997)
781
Афанасий Великий, История ариан, 81; см.: Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, trans. and ed., Nicene and Post Nicene Fathers (NPNF), 14 vols (Edinburgh, 1885) (Афанасий Великий. Послание к монахам, повсюду пребывающим, о том, что сделано арианами при Констанции // Творения, часть 2)
782
Афанасий Великий, Защитительное слово пред царем Констанцием, 33
783
Ср. Быт. 14:18–20
784
Gaddis, There is No Crime, pp. 89–97
785
Ibid., p. 93
786
Сократ Схоластик, Церковная история, 3.15; см.: NPNF. [Перевод Санкт-Петербургской Духовной Академии. Цит. по: Сократ Схоластик. Церковная история. – М.: РОССПЭН, 1996. – Прим. пер.]
787
Gaddis, There is No Crime, pp. 93–94; cf. Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (Berkeley, 2000), pp. 190–218
788
Harold A. Drake, Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance (Baltimore, 2000), pp. 431–36
789
Peter Brown, Power and Persuasion in Late Antiquity: Towards a Christian Empire (Madison, Wis., and London, 1992), pp. 34–70
790
G. W. Bowerstock, Hellenism in Late Antiquity (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1990), pp. 2–5; 35–40; 72–81; Brown, Power and Persuasion, pp. 134–45
791
Григорий Назианзин, Слово 6; PG 35. 728; см.: Brown, Power and Persuasion, p. 50. [Перевод Московской Духовной Академии. Цит. по: Григорий Богослов. Собрание творений. Том 1. – М.: АСТ, 2000. – Прим. пер.]
792
Brown, Power and Persuasion, pp. 123–26
793
Raimundo Panikkar, The Trinity and the Religious Experience of Man (Mary Knoll, NY, 1973), pp. 46–67
794
Gaddis, There is No Crime, pp. 251–82
795
Ср. Евсевий, Церковная история, 6.43.5–10; см.: Eusebius, The History of the Church, trans. G. A. Williamson (London, 1965)
796
Палладий, Диалог о жизни Иоанна Златоуста, 20.561–571.; см.: Palladius, Dialogue on the Life of John Chrysostom, trans. Robert T. Meyer (New York, 1985). [Перевод А. Балаховской. Здесь и далее цит. по: Диалог Палладия, епископа Еленопольского, с Феодором, римским диаконом, повествующий о житии блаженного Иоанна, епископа Константинопольского, Златоуста. – М.: ИМЛИ РАН, 2002. – Прим. пер.]
797
Gaddis, There is No Crime, p. 16
798
Иларий Пиктавийский, Против Валента и Урсакия, 1.2.6
799
Patlagean, Pauvreté économique, pp. 178–81; 301–40
800
Peter Garnsey, Famine and Food Shortage in the Graeco-Roman World (Cambridge, UK, 1988), pp. 257–68
801
E. W. Brooks, The Sixth Book of the Select Letter of Severus, Patriarch of Antioch (London, 1903), 1.9; Brown, Power and Persuasion, p. 148; Brown, World of Late Antiquity, p. 110
802
Созомен, Церковная история, 6.33.2; см.: NPNF, 2nd series, vol. 2
803
Gaddis, There is No Crime, pp. 242–50
804
Caner, Wandering, Begging Monks, pp. 125–49. Ср. 1 Фес. 5:17
805
Gaddis, There is No Crime, pp. 94–97
806
Либаний, Речи, 30:809; см.: A. F. Norman, ed. and trans., Libanius: Select Orations, 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass., 1969, 1977). [Перевод С. Шестакова. Цит. по: Речи Либания. Том 1. – Казань: Типография Казанского университета, 1914. – Прим. пер.]
807
Либаний, Речи, 45.36; ср. Gaddis, There is No Crime, p. 249
808
Амвросий, Послания, 41; ср. Gaddis, There is No Crime, pp. 191–96
809
Ramsey MacMullen, Christianising the Roman Empire, AD 100–400 (New Haven and London, 1984), p. 99
810
Руфин, Церковная история, 11.22; см.: Philip R. Amidon, trans., The Church History of Rufinus of Aquileia (Oxford, 1997). [Перевод В. Тюленева. Цит. по: В. Тюленев. Рождение латинской христианской историографии. С приложением перевода «Церковной истории» Руфина Аквилейского. – СПб.: Издательство Олега Абышко, 2005. – Прим. пер.]
811
Gaddis, There is No Crime, p. 250
812
Ibid., pp. 99–100
813
MacMullen, Christianising the Roman Empire, p. 119
814
Августин, Послания, 93.5.17; см.: перевод в NPNF
815
Августин, О граде Божьем, 18.54; см.: MacMullen, Christianising the Roman Empire, p. 100. [Творения блаженного Августина, епископа Иппонийского. Части 3–5. Издание второе. – Киев: Типография Чолокова, 1905–1910. – Прим. пер.]
816
Peter Brown, ‘Religious Dissent in the Later Roman Empire: The Case of North Africa’, History, 46 (1961); Brown, ‘Religious Coercion in the Later Roman Empire: The Case of North Africa, ’ History, 48 (1963); Gaddis, There is No Crime, p. 133
817
Августин, Послания, 47:5; NPNF
818
Августин, Против Феста, 22.74; NPNF
819
Августин, Послания, 93.6
820
Августин, О свободе воли, 9.1.5; Augustine, On the Free Choice of the Will, trans. Thomas Williams (Indianapolis, 1993).
821
Brown, Rise of Western Christendom, pp. 7–8
822
Gaddis, There is No Crime, pp. 283–89
823
Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, trans. G. R. Driver and Leonard Hodgson (Oxford, 1925), pp. 199–200
824
Сократ, Церковная история, 7.32; NPNF
825
Палладий, Диалог о жизни Иоанна Златоуста, 20. 579
826
Gaddis, There is No Crime, pp. 292–310
827
Послание Феодосия Варсуме, 14 мая 449 года; ibid., p. 298
828
Деяния Халкидонского собора; ibid., p. 156
829
Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, pp. 482–83
830
Gaddis, There is No Crime, pp. 310–27
831
John Meyendorff, ‘The Role of Christ I: Christ as Saviour in the East’, in Bernard McGinn, Jill Raitt and John Meyendorff, eds, Christian Spirituality: High Middle Ages to Reformation (London, 1987), pp. 236–37
832
Meyndorff, Byzantine Theology, pp. 213–15
833
Brown, World of Late Antiquity, pp. 166–8
834
Ibid., p. 166
835
Ibid.
836
Brown, World of Late Antiquity, pp. 160–65; Brown The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, AD 200–1000 (Oxford and Malden, Mass., 1996), pp. 173–74.
837
Максим Исповедник, Амбигвы, 42; см.: Andrew Louth, Maximus the Confessor (London and New York, 1996). [Цит. по: Мейендорф И. Византийское богословие: исторические тенденции и доктринальные темы. – Минск: Лучи Софии, 2001. – Прим. пер.]
838
Максим Исповедник, Послание 2: О любви, 401 г; см.: Louth, Maximus the Confessor.
839
Максим Исповедник, Главы о любви, 1.61. Ср. Мф. 5:44 и 1 Тим 2:4. [Перевод А. Сидорова. Цит. по: Творения преподобного Максима Исповедника. Книга I. Богословские и аскетические трактаты. – М.: Мартис, 1993. – Прим. пер.]
840
Meyendorff, Byzantine Theology, pp. 212–22
841
Подробнее о жизни Мухаммада и истории Аравии см.: Muhammad: A Prophet for Our Time (London and New York, 2006). (Армстронг К. Мухаммад. История пророка. – М.: София, 2008.)
842
Muhammad A. Bamyeh, The Social Origins of Islam: Mind, Economy, Discourse (Minneapolis, 1999), pp. 11–12
843
Toshihiko Izutsu, Ethico-Religious Concepts in the Qur’an (Montreal and Kingston, Ont., 2002), pp. 29, 46
844
R. A. Nicholson, A Literary History of the Arabs (Cambridge, 1953), p. 83
845
Ibid., pp. 28–45
846
Bamyeh, Social Origins of Islam, p. 38
847
Быт. 16; 17:25; 21:8–21
848
Коран 5:69; 88:17–20
849
Коран 3:84–85
850
W. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad at Mecca (Oxford, 1953), p. 68
851
Коран 90:13–17
852
Izutsu, Ethico-Religious Concepts, p. 28
853
Ibid., pp. 68–69; Коран 14: 47; 39:37; 15:79; 30:47; 44:16
854
Коран 25:63, trans., Muhammad Asad, The Message of the Quran (Gibraltar, 1980)
855
W. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad’s Mecca: History of the Quran (Edinburgh, 1988), p. 25
856
W. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad at Medina (Oxford, 1956), pp. 173–231
857
Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah in A. Guillaume, trans. and ed., The Life of Muhammad (London, 1955), p. 232
858
Watt, Muhammad at Medina, pp. 6–8; Bamyeh, Social Origins of Islam, pp. 198–99; Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, 3 vols (Chicago and London, 1974), 1, pp. 75–76
859
Коран 29:46
860
Michael Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History (Princeton and Oxford, 2006), p. 193
861
Martin Lings, Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources (London, 1983), pp. 247–55; Tor Andrae, Muhammad: The Man and His Faith, trans. Theophil Menzil (London, 1936), pp. 213–15; Watt, Muhammad at Medina, pp. 46–59; Bamyeh, Social Origins of Islam, pp. 222–27
862
Коран 48:26; см.: Izutsu, Ethico-Religious Concepts, p. 31
863
Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, 751, in Guillaume, Life of Muhammad. Ср. Коран 110
864
Paul L. Heck, ‘Jihad Revisited’, Journal of Religious Ethics, 32, 1 (2004); Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, pp. 21–22
865
Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, p. 25; Reuven Firestone, Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam (Oxford and New York, 1999), pp. 42–45
866
Коран 16:125–128
867
Коран 22:39–41; 2:194; 2:197
868
Коран 9:5
869
Коран 8:61
870
Коран 9:29
871
Firestone, Jihad, pp. 49–50
872
Коран 15:94–95; 16:135
873
Коран 2:190; 22: 39–45
874
Коран 2:191, 217
875
Коран 2:191; 9.5, 29
876
Firestone, Jihad, pp. 50–65
877
Коран 2:216. [Здесь и далее перевод Э. Кулиева. Цит. по: Смысловой перевод Священного Корана на русский язык. – Медина: Комплекс имени Короля Фахда по изданию священного Корана, 2002. – Прим. пер.]
878
Коран 9:38–39; см.: M. A. S. Abdel Haleem, trans., The Qur’an: A New Translation (Oxford, 2004)
879
Коран 9:43
880
Коран 9:73–74; 63:1–3
881
Коран 2:109; ср. 50:59
882
Коран 42:15
883
Firestone, Jihad, pp. 73, 157
884
Коран 9:5
885
Коран 2:193
886
Ibid.
887
Garth Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth: Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity (Princeton, 1993), pp. 140–42
888
John Keegan, The History of Warfare (London, 1993), pp. 195–96
889
Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150–750 (London, 1989), p. 193
890
Предание, изложенное в «Мутир», а затем переданное Шамсом ад-Дином Суюти: см.: Guy Le Strange, Palestine under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from AD 650 to 1500 (London, 1890), pp. 139–43; Tabari, Tarikh ar-Rasul wa’l Muluk, 1:2405 in Moshe Gil, A History of Palestine, 634–1099, trans. Ethel Broido (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 70–72, 143–48, 636–38
891
«Книга Заповедей», цитируемая в: Gil, History, p. 69–70
892
Михаил Сириец, Хроника, 3.226. Цит. по: Joshua Prawer, The Latin Kingdom in Jerusalem: European Colonialism in the Middle Ages (London, 1972), p. 216
893
Peter Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, AD 200–1000 (Oxford and Malden, Mass., 1996), p. 185; Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, p. 56
894
Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, pp. 64–89; 168–69
895
David Cook, Understanding Jihad (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2005), pp. 22–24
896
Ibid., pp. 13–19; Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, pp. 46–54; Firestone, Jihad, pp. 93–99
897
Jan Wensinck, Concordance et indices de la tradition musulmane, 5 vols (Leiden, 1992), 1, 994
898
Ibid., 5, 298
899
Al-Hindi, Kanz (Beirut, 1989), 4, p. 282, no. 10,500; Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 18
900
Ibn Abi Asim, Jihad (Medina, 1986), 1, pp. 140–41, no. 11
901
Wensinck, Concordance, 2.212; S. Bashear, ‘Apocalyptic and Other Materials on Early Muslim – Byzantine Wars’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Series 3, 1 (1991)
902
Wensinck, Concordance, 4.344; Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, p. 51
903
Wensinck, Concordance, 2.312
904
Cook, Understanding Jihad, pp. 23–25
905
Ibn al-Mubarak, Kitab al-Jihad (Beirut, 1971), pp. 89–90; no. 105; Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 23
906
Abu Daud, Sunan III, p. 4; no. 2484
907
Коран 3:157, 167
908
Abd al-Wahhab Abd al-Latif, ed., Al-jami al-sahih, 5 vols (Beirut, n. d.), 106, no. 1712 in David Cook, ‘Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic History’, in Andrew R. Murphy, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence (Chichester, 2011), pp. 283–84
909
Ibn al-Mubarak, Kitab al-Jihad, pp. 63–64, no. 64 in Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 26
910
Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, pp. 119–20
911
Ibid., pp. 125–26; Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilisation, 3 vols (Chicago and London, 1974), 1, p. 216; John L. Esposito, Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam (Oxford, 2002), pp. 41–42
912
Al-Azmeh, Muslim Kingship, pp. 68–69. Омейяды научились этому у арабской династии Лахмидов, которые были некогда клиентами Персии. см.: также Timothy H. Parsons, The Rule of Empires: Those Who Built Them, Those Who Endured Them, and Why They Always Fail (Oxford, 2010), pp. 79–80
913
Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150–750 (London, 1971, 1989), pp. 201–02
914
Michael Bonner, Aristocratic Violence and Holy War: Studies in the Jihad and the Arab – Byzantine Frontier (New Haven, 1996), pp. 99–106
915
Абу Нувас, Диван, 452, 641; см.: Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, p. 129
916
Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, pp. 127–31
917
Ibid., pp. 99–110
918
Peter Partner, God of Battles: Holy Wars of Christianity and Islam (London, 1997), p. 51
919
Ср. Ibn al-Mubarak, Kitab al-Jihad, p. 143, no. 141; Al Bayhagi, Zuhd (Beirut, n. d.), p. 165, no. 273 in Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 35
920
Parsons, Rule of Empires, p. 77; Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, p. 89; Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 1. p. 305
921
Aziz Al-Azmeh, Muslim Kingship: Power and the Sacred in Muslim Christian and Pagan Politics (London and New York, 1997), p. 239; Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 1, pp. 444–45
922
Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 1, pp. 315–54
923
Ibid., p. 317; Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, pp. 92–93; Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 21
924
Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 1, p. 323
925
Сунниты формируют большинство, выстраивая свою жизнь на основе «обычая» (сунны) Пророка
926
Название «Фатимиды» связано с тем, что исмаилиты, подобно всем шиитам, почитали Фатиму, дочь Пророка, жену Али и мать Хусейна
927
Bernard Lewis, The Assassins (London, 1967); Edwin Burman, The Assassins: Holy Killers of Islam (London, 1987)
928
H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘Pope Gregory VII’s “Crusading” Plans of 1074’, in B. Z. Kedar, H. E. Mayer and R. C. Smail, eds, Outremer (Jerusalem, 1982)
929
Jonathan Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (London, 1986), pp. 17–22
930
Joseph R. Strager, ‘Feudalism in Western Europe’, in Rushton Coulborn, ed., Feudalism in History (Hamden, Conn., 1965), p. 21; Michael Gaddis, There is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ: Religious Violence in the Christian Roman Empire (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2005), pp. 334–35; John Keegan, A History of Warfare (London, 1993), pp. 283, 289
931
Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150–750 (London, 1989), p. 134
932
J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Frankish Church (Oxford, 1983), pp. 187, 245
933
Peter Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, AD 200–1000 (Oxford and Malden, Mass., 1996), pp. 254–57
934
Ibid., pp. 276–302
935
Einard, ‘Life of Charlemagne’, in Lewis Thorpe, trans., Two Lives of Charlemagne (Harmondsworth, UK, 1969), p. 67
936
Karl F. Morrison, Tradition and Authority in the Western Church, 300–1140 (Princeton, 1969), p. 378
937
Rosamund McKitterick, The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751–987 (London and New York, 1983), p. 62
938
Brown, World of Late Antiquity, pp. 134–35
939
Алкуин, Письмо 174; см.: R. W. Southern, Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages (Harmondsworth, UK, 1970), p. 32
940
Строго говоря, это письмо написал за него Алкуин. См.: Алкуин, Письмо 93; Wallace-Hadrill, Frankish Church, p. 186
941
Brown, Rise of Western Christendom, p. 281
942
Talal Asad, ‘On Discipline and Humility in Medieval Christian Monasticism’, in Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam (Baltimore and London, 1993), p. 148
943
Ibid., pp. 130–34
944
Southern, Western Society and the Church, pp. 217–24
945
Georges Duby, ‘The Origins of a System of Social Classification’, in The Chivalrous Society, trans. Cynthia Postan (London, 1977), p. 91
946
Georges Duby, ‘The Origins of Knighthood’, in ibid., p. 165
947
Основополагающая хартия короля Эдгара для нового собора (Винчестер); см.: Southern, Western Society and the Church, pp. 224–25
948
Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150–750 (London, 1989 ed.), pp. 86–87
949
Brown, Rise of Western Christendom, p. 301
950
Georges Duby, The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (London, 1980), p. 151; Riley-Smith, First Crusade, p. 3
951
Marc Bloch, Feudal Society, trans. L. A. Manyon (London, 1961), pp. 296, 298
952
Georges Duby, The Early Growth of the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century, trans. Howard B. Clarke (Ithaca, NY, 1974), p. 49
953
Duby, ‘Origins of a System of Social Classification, ’ pp. 91–92
954
Первая известная нам формулировка этой системы содержится в поэме Адельберона Ланского (ок. 1028–1030 гг.) и в «Деяниях епископов Камбре» Герарда Камбрейского (ок. 1025 г.). Однако она могла возникнуть и раньше: см.: Duby, ‘Origins of Knighthood’, p. 165
955
Епископ Мербад Реннский; см.: J. P. Migne, ed., Patrologia Latina (PL) (Paris 1844–64), 1971, 1483–34; ср.: PL, 162, 1058–59; R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 950–1250 (Oxford, 1987), p. 102
956
Maurice Keen, Chivalry (New Haven and London, 1984), pp. 46–47
957
Thomas Head and Richard Landes, eds, The Peace of God: Social Justice and Religious Response in France around the Year 1000 (Ithaca, NY, 1992); Tomaz Mastnak, Crusading Peace: Christendom, the Muslim World and Western Political Order (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2002), pp. 1–18; Duby, Chivalrous Society, pp. 126–31; H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘The Peace and the Truce of God in the Eleventh Century’, Past and Present, 46 (1970)
958
James Westfall Thompson, Economic and Social History of the Middle Ages (New York, 1928), p. 668
959
Нарбоннский собор 1054 г.; см.: Duby, Chivalrous Society, p. 132
960
Glaber, Historiarum V. i. 25 in Mastnak, Crusading Peace, p. 11
961
Duby, ‘Origins of Knighthood’, p. 169
962
P. A. Sigal, ‘Et les marcheurs de Dieu prirent leurs armes, ’ L’Histoire, 47 (1982); Riley-Smith, First Crusade (London, 1986), p. 10
963
Riley Smith, First Crusade, pp. 7–8
964
Ibid., pp. 17–27.
965
Урбан, Послание князьям Каталонии; ibid., p. 20
966
Мф. 19:29
967
Mastnak, Crusading Peace, pp. 130–36
968
Sigal, ‘Et les marcheurs de Dieu’, p. 23; Riley-Smith, First Crusade, p. 23
969
Riley-Smith, First Crusade, pp. 48–49
970
‘Chronicle of Rabbi Eliezer bar Nathan’, in Schlomo Eidelberg, trans. and ed., The Jews and the Crusaders: The Hebrew Chronicles of the First and Second Crusades (London, 1977), p. 80
971
Guibert of Nogent, De Vita Sua, II. 1, in Joseph McAlhany and Jay Rubinstein, trans. and ed., Monodies and On the Relics of the Saints: The Autobiography and a Manifesto of a French Monk from the Time of the Crusades (London, 2011), p. 97
972
Henri Pirenne, Economic and Social History of Europe (New York, 1956), pp. 7, 10–12
973
John H. Kautsky, The Political Consequences of Modernization (New York, London, Sydney, Toronto, 1972), p. 48
974
Georges Duby, ‘The Transformation of the Aristocracy’, in Chivalrous Society, p. 82
975
Norman Cohn, Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages (London, 1984), pp. 68–70
976
Duby, ‘The Juventus, ’ in Chivalrous Society, pp. 112–21
977
Ibid., p. 120
978
Cohn, Pursuit of the Millennium, p. 63
979
Riley-Smith, First Crusade, p. 46
980
Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi, Recueil des Historiens des Croisade (RHC), ed. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (1841–1906), 3 in ibid., p. 36
981
E. O. Blake, ‘The Formation of the “Crusade Idea” ’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 21, 1 (1970); Mastnak, Crusading Peace, pp. 56–57
982
The Deeds of the Franks and the Other Pilgrims to Jerusalem, trans. Rosalind Hill (London, 1962), p. 27
983
Fulcher of Chartres, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 1098–1127, trans. and ed. Frances Rita Ryan (Knoxville, 1969), p. 96
984
Riley-Smith, First Crusade, p. 91
985
Ibid., pp. 84–85
986
Ibid., p. 117
987
John Fowles, The Magus, revised edition (London, 1997), p. 413. [Перевод Б. Кузьминского. Цит. по: Фаулз Дж. Волхв. – М.: Эксмо, 2009. – Прим. пер.]
988
Mastnak, Crusading Peace, p. 66
989
Deeds of the Franks, p. 91
990
Раймунд Ажильский, История франков, которые взяли Иерусалим; см.: August C. Krey, ed. and trans., The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Participants (Princeton, NJ, and London, 1921), p. 266. [Перевод М. Заборова. Здесь и далее цит. по: Заборов М. История крестовых походов в документах и материалах. – М.: Высшая школа, 1977. – Прим. пер.]
991
Fulcher, History of the Expedition, p. 102
992
Раймунд Ажильский, История франков; см.: Krey, ed., First Crusade, p. 266
993
Robert the Monk, Historia Iherosolimitana (Paris, 1846), RHC, 3, p. 741
994
Fulcher, History of the Expedition, pp. 66–67; Robert the Monk, Historia, p. 725; Riley-Smith, First Crusade, p. 143
995
Keegan, History of Warfare, p. 295
996
Бернард Клервосский, Похвала новому рыцарству, 2.3; 2,1; см.: M. Conrad Greenia, RHC, trans., In Praise of the New Knighthood: A Treatise on the Knights Templar and the Holy Places of Jerusalem (Collegeville, Minn., 2008)
997
Ibid., 3, 5
998
Amin Maalouf, The Crusades through Arab Eyes, trans. Jon Rothschild (London, 1984), pp. 38–39. Конечно, цифры, которые приводит Ибн аль-Асир, завышены. На тот момент численность жителей этого города не превышала 10 000 человек
999
Michael Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History (Princeton and Oxford, 2006), pp. 137–38
1000
Ибн аль-Асир, Полный свод истории, X. 92; см.: Francesco Gabrieli, ed., Arab Historians of the Crusades, trans. E. J. Costello (London, Melbourne and Henley, 1978)
1001
Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (Edinburgh, 1999), pp. 75–81 (Хильдебранд К. Крестовые походы. Взгляд с Востока. – СПб.: Диля, 2008.)
1002
Maalouf, Crusades through Arab Eyes, pp. 2–3
1003
Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, pp. 139–40; Emanuel Sivan, ‘Genèse de contre-croisade: une traité damasquine de début du XIIe siècle’, Journal Asiatique, 254 (1966)
1004
R. A. Nicholson, The Mystics of Islam (London, 1963 ed.), p. 105. [Перевод З. Миркиной. Цит. по: Фильштинский И. М. Арабская поэзия средних веков. – М.: Художественная литература, 1975. – Прим. пер.]
1005
Ибн аль-Каланиси, История Дамаска, 173; см.: Gabrieli, ed., Arab Historians of the Crusades
1006
Камаль ад-Дин, Сливки истории Алеппо, II, 187–90; см.: Gabrieli, ed., Arab Historians of the Crusades.
1007
Maalouf, Crusades through Arab Eyes, p. 147
1008
Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 113
1009
Здесь и далее факты изложены по: Ибн аль-Асир, Полный свод истории, XI, 264–67; см.: Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades
1010
Баха ад-Дин, Салах ад-Дин; ibid., p. 100. [Цит. по: Баха ад-Дин. Саладин, победитель крестоносцев. – М.: Диля, 2009. – Прим. пер.]
1011
Ибн аль-Асир, Полный свод истории; ibid., pp. 141–42
1012
Ибн аль-Асир, Полный свод истории; Maalouf, Crusades through Arab Eyes, pp. 205–06
1013
Christopher J. Tyerman, ‘Sed nihil fecit? The Last Capetians and the Recovery of the Holy Land’, in J. Gillingham and J. C. Holt, eds, War and Government in the Middle Ages: Essays in Honour of J. O. Prestwich (Totowa, NJ, 1984); Norman Housley, The Later Crusades, 1274–1580: From Lyons to Alcazar (Oxford, 1992), pp. 12–30; Mastnak, Crusading Peace, pp. 139–40
1014
Ср. Противоположные точки зрения в: R. W. Southern, The Making of the Middle Ages (London, Melbourne, Sydney, Auckland, Johannesburg, 1967), pp. 56–62; Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 3 vols (Cambridge, 1954), pp. 474–77
1015
Hillenbrand, Crusades, pp. 249–50
1016
David Abulafia, Frederick II: A Medieval Emperor (New York and Oxford, 1992), pp. 197–98
1017
From John Esposito, Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam (Oxford, 2002), pp. 43–46; David Cook, Understanding Jihad (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2005), pp. 63–66; Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, pp. 143–44; Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilisation (Chicago and London, 1974), pp. 468–71; Natana J. Delong-Bas, Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad (Cairo, 2005), pp. 247–55; Hillenbrand, Crusades, pp. 241–43
1018
R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe 950–1250 (Oxford, 1987)
1019
Ibid., pp. 26–43
1020
H. G. Richardson, The English Jewry under the Angevin Kings (London, 1960), p. 8; John H. Mundy, Liberty and Political Power in Toulouse (New York, 1954), p. 325
1021
Moshe Gil, A History of Palestine, 634–1099, trans. Ethel Broido (Cambridge, UK, 1992), pp. 370–80; F. E. Peters, The Distant Shrine: The Islamic Centuries in Jerusalem (New York, 1993), pp. 73–74; 92–96. Греки называли этот храм храмом Воскресения, а крестоносцы переименовали его в храм Гроба Господня
1022
Cohn, Pursuit of the Millennium, pp. 76–78, 80, 86–87
1023
Ibid., pp. 87–88
1024
Moore, Formation of Persecuting Society, pp. 105–06
1025
Ibid., pp. 84–85; Richardson, English Jewry, pp. 50–63
1026
Пьер Абеляр, Диалог, 51; см.: P. J. Payer, trans., A Dialogue of a Philosopher with a Jew and a Christian (Toronto, 1979), p. 33. [Пер. С. Неретиной. Цит. по: Пьер Абеляр. Теологические трактаты. – М.: Прогресс, 1995. – Прим. пер.]
1027
M. Montgomery Watt, The Influence of Islam on Medieval Europe (Edinburgh, 1972), pp. 74–86
1028
Duby, ‘Introduction’, in Chivalrous Society, pp. 9–11
1029
Jonathan and Louise Riley-Smith, The Crusades: Idea and Reality, 1095–1274 (London, 1981), pp. 78–79
1030
Ibid., pp. 83, 85
1031
Zoe Oldenbourg, Le Bucher de Montségur (Paris, 1959), pp. 115–16
1032
Ibid., p. 89
1033
J. D. Mansi, Sacrorum Consiliorum nova et amplissima collectio (Paris and Leipzig, 1903), Vol. 21, 843 in Moore, Formation of Persecuting Society, p. 111
1034
Norman Cohn, Warrant for Genocide (London, 1967), p. 12 (Кон Н. Благословение на геноцид. Миф о всемирном заговоре евреев и «протоколах сионских мудрецов». – М.: Прогресс, 1990.)
1035
Peter the Venerable, Summary of the Whole Heresy of the Diabolic Sect of the Saracens in Norman Daniel, Islam and the West: The Making of an Image (Edinburgh, 1960), p. 124
1036
Benjamin Kedar, Crusade and Mission: European Approaches to the Muslims (Princeton, NJ, 1984), p. 101.
1037
Moore, Formation of Persecuting Society, pp. 60–67
1038
Ibid., pp. 102, 110–11
1039
Larry Benson, ed. and trans., King Arthur’s Death: The Middle English Stanzaic Morte d’Arthur and the Alliterative Morte d’Arthur (Kalamazoo, Mich., 1994), line 247
1040
Песнь о Роланде, строка 2196. см.: Dorothy L. Sayers, trans., The Song of Roland (Harmondsworth, 1957). [Перевод Ю. Корнеева. Здесь и далее цит. по: Песнь о Роланде. Коронование Людовика. Нимская телега. Песнь о Сиде. Романсеро. – М.: Художественная литература, 1976. – Прим. пер.]
1041
Ibid., строки 2344–2352
1042
Ibid., строки 1881–1882
1043
Keen, Chivalry, pp. 60–63
1044
P. M. Matarasso, trans. and ed., The Quest of the Holy Grail (Harmondsworth, 1969), pp. 119–20
1045
Franco Cardini, ‘The Warrior and the Knight’, in James Le Goff, ed., The Medieval World, trans. Lydia C. Cochrane (London, 1990), p. 95
1046
Keith Busby, trans., Raoul de Hodence, Le roman des eles: The Anonymous Ordene de Cevalerie (Philadelphia, 1983), p. 175
1047
Richard W. Kaeuper, Holy Warrior: The Religious Ideology of Chivalry (Philadelphia, 2009), pp. 53–57
1048
A. T. Holden, S. Gregory and David Crouch, trans. and eds, History of William Marshal, 2 vols (London, 2002–06), lines 16, 853–63
1049
Kaeuper, Holy Warrior, pp. 38–49
1050
Henry of Lancaster, ‘Book of Holy Remedies’ in A. J. Arnold, ed., Le Livre de Seyntz Medicines: The Unpublished Devotional Treatises of Henry of Lancaster (Oxford, 1940), p. 4
1051
Geoffroi de Charny, The Book of Chivalry of Geoffroi de Charny: Text, Context and Translation, trans. Richard W. Kaeuper and Elspeth Huxley (Philadelphia, 1996), p. 194
1052
Ibid., pp. 174, 176–77
1053
Ibid.
1054
Mastnak, Crusading Peace, pp. 233–39
1055
Malcolm Barber, The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Templars (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 280–313; Norman Cohn, Europe’s Inner Demons: The Demonization of Christians in Medieval Christendom (London, 1975), pp. 79–101
1056
Brian Tierney, The Crisis of Church and State, 1050–1300 (Toronto, 1988), p. 172; J. H. Shennon, The Origins of the Modern European State 1450–1725 (London, 1974); Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, 2 vols (Cambridge, UK, 1978), 1, p. xxiii; A. Fall, Medieval and Renaissance Origins: Historiographical Debates and Demonstrations (London, 1991), p. 120
1057
Mastnak, Crusading Peace, pp. 244–46
1058
J. N. Hillgarth, Ramon Lull and Lullism in Fourteenth-Century France (Oxford, 1971), pp. 107–11, 120.
1059
Christopher J. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 1095–1588 (Chicago, 1988), pp. 324–43; William T. Cavanaugh, Migrations of the Holy: God, State and the Political Meanings of the Church (Grand Rapids, Mich., 2011)
1060
John Barnie, War in Medieval English Society: Social Values in the Hundred Years War (Ithaca, NY, 1974), pp. 102–03
1061
Mastnak, Crusading Peace, pp. 248–51; Thomas J. Renna, ‘Kingship in the Disputatio inter clericum et militem’, Speculum, 48 (1973)
1062
Ernst K. Kantorowicz¸ ‘Pro Patria Mori in Medieval Political Thought’, American Historical Review, 56, 3 (1951), pp. 244, 256
1063
Felipe Fernández-Armesto, 1492: The Year Our World Began (New York, 2009), pp. 9–11, 52
1064
Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, 3 vols (Chicago and London, 1974), 3, pp. 14–15
1065
Ibid., 2, pp. 334–60
1066
John H. Kautsky, The Politics of the Aristocratic Empire, 2nd ed. (New Brunswick and London, 1997), p. 146
1067
Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London, 1974), p. 505
1068
Fernandez-Armesto, 1492, pp. 2–4
1069
Timothy H. Parsons, The Rule of Empires: Those Who Built Them, Those Who Endured Them, and Why They Always Fail (Oxford, 2010), p. 117; Peter Jay, Road to Riches or The Wealth of Man (London, 2000), p. 147.
1070
Jay, Road to Riches, p. 151
1071
Ibid., pp. 152–53
1072
Henry Kamen, Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492–1763 (New York, 2003), p. 83
1073
Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States: From 1492 to the Present, 2nd ed. (New York, 1996), p. 11 (Говард Зинн. Народная история США. – М.: Весь мир, 2006.)
1074
Massimo Livi-Bacci, A Concise History of World Population (Oxford, 1997), pp. 56–59 (Ливи-Баччи М. Демографическая история Европы. – Рязань: Александрия, 2010.)
1075
Parsons, Rule of Empires, p. 121
1076
Ibid., p. 117
1077
Jay, Road to Riches, p. 150
1078
Mark Levene, Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State: The Rise of the West and the Coming of Genocide (London and New York, 2005), pp. 15–29
1079
Каэтан, На «Вторую часть второй части» Аквината, вопрос 66, пункт 8; см.: Richard Tuck, The Rights of War and Peace: Political Thought and the International Order from Grotius to Kant (Oxford, 1999), p. 70
1080
Francisco de Vitoria, Political Writings, ed. Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrence (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 225–26
1081
Thomas More, Utopia, ed. George M. Logan and Robert M. Adams (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 89–90. [Перевод А. Малеина и Ф. Петровского. Здесь и далее Цит. по: Мор Т. Утопия. – М.: Издательство Академии наук СССР, 1953. – Прим. пер.]
1082
Ibid., p. 58
1083
Ibid.
1084
Tuck, Rights of War and Peace, p. 15. Макс Вебер высказывал аналогичную мысль в 1906 году; см.: H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, trans. and ed., From Max Weber (London, 1948), pp. 71–72
1085
Отрывок из Тацита цитируется в сочинении Джентили «О праве войны»; см.: Gentili, The Rights of War and Peace, in Three Books (London, 1738), 2.2.17; Tuck, Rights of War and Peace, pp. 47–48
1086
Аристотель, Политика, 1256; см.: Richard McKeon, ed., The Basic Works of Aristotle (New York, 1941). [Перевод С. Жебелева. Цит. по: Аристотель. Сочинения: в 4 томах. Том 4. – М.: Мысль, 1983. – Прим. пер.]
1087
Henry Kamen, The Spanish Inquisition: An Historical Revision (London, 1997), pp. 45, 68, 137
1088
Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews (London, 1987), pp. 225–29.
1089
Haim Beinart, Conversos on Trial: The Inquisition in Ciudad Real (Jerusalem, 1981), pp. 3–6
1090
Norman Roth, Conversos, Inquisition and the Expulsion of Jews from Spain (Madison, 1995), pp. 283–84.
1091
Ibid., p. 19
1092
Fernández-Armesto, 1492, pp. 94–96
1093
Johnson, History of the Jews, p. 229; Yirmiyahu Yovel, Spinoza and Other Heretics: I. The Marrano of Reason (Princeton, NJ, 1989), pp. 17–18
1094
Johnson, History of the Jews, pp. 225–29
1095
Kamen, Spanish Inquisition, pp. 57–59; William Monter, Frontiers of Heresy: The Spanish Inquisition from the Basque Lands to Sicily (Cambridge, UK, 1990), p. 53
1096
Kamen, Spanish Inquisition, p. 69
1097
Robin Briggs, ‘Embattled Faiths: Religion and Natural Philosophy’, in Euan Cameron, ed., Early Modern Europe: An Oxford History (Oxford, 1999), pp. 197–205
1098
Jay, Road to Riches, pp. 160–63
1099
Henri Pirenne, Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade (Princeton, 1946), pp. 168–212; Bert F. Hoselitz, Sociological Aspects of Economic Growth (New York, 1960), pp. 163–72
1100
Norman Cohn, Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages (London, 1984 ed.) pp. 107–16
1101
Euan Cameron, ‘The Power of the Word: Renaissance and Reformation’, in Cameron, Early Modern Europe, pp. 87–90
1102
Richard Marius, Martin Luther: The Christian between God and Death (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1999), pp. 73–74, 214–15, 486–87
1103
Joshua Mitchell, Not By Reason Alone: History and Identity in Early Modern Political Thought (Chicago, 1993), pp. 23–30
1104
Martin Luther, ‘Temporal Authority: To What Extent It Should Be Obeyed’, trans. J. J. Schindel, revised by Walther I. Brandt in J. M. Porter, ed., Luther: Selected Political Writings (SPW) (Eugene, Oreg., 2003), p. 54
1105
Ibid., p. 55
1106
Ibid.
1107
Ibid., p. 56
1108
Martin Luther, ‘Whether Soldiers, Too, Can Be Saved’, trans. Charles M. Jacobs, revised by Robert C. Schultz in SPW, p. 108
1109
J. W. Allen, A History of Political Thought in the Sixteenth Century (London, 1928), p. 16; Sheldon S. Wolin, Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought (Boston, 1960), p. 164
1110
Cohn, Pursuit of the Millennium, pp. 245–50
1111
Martin Luther, ‘Admonition to Peace: A Reply to the Twelve Articles of the Peasants in Swabia’ (1525), trans. J. J. Schindel, revised by Walther I. Brandt, in SPW, p. 72
1112
Ibid., p. 78
1113
Ibid., p. 82
1114
Martin Luther, ‘Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants’ (1525), trans. Charles M. Jacobs, revised by Robert C. Schultz in SPW, p. 86
1115
Steven Ozment, The Reformation of the Cities: The Appeal of Protestantism to Sixteenth Century Germany and Switzerland (New Haven, 1975), pp. 10–11, 123–25, 148–50
1116
Charles A. McDaniel, Jr., ‘Violent Yearnings for the Kingdom of God: Münster’s Militant Anabaptism’, in James K. Wellman, ed., Belief and Bloodshed: Religion and Violence across Time and Tradition (Lanham, Md., 2007), p. 74. Социальная опасность сохранялась, хотя в последние дни мюнстерских анабаптистов их вождь Иоанн Лейденский стал называть себя королем, устроил псевдоимперский двор и прибегал к крутым мерам.
1117
Cohn, Pursuit of the Millennium, pp. 255–79
1118
Я подробно обсуждала это в книге: The Case for God (London and New York, 2009) (Армстронг К. Биография Бога. Все, что человечество успело узнать. – М.: Эксмо, 2012.). См. также: Wilfred Cantwell Smith, The Meaning and End of Religion: A New Approach to the Religious Traditions of Mankind (New York, 1962); Belief in History (Charlottesville, Va., 1985); Faith and Belief (Princeton, NJ, 1987)
1119
William T. Cavanaugh, The Myth of Religious Violence (Oxford, 2009), pp. 72–74
1120
Thomas More, A Dialogue Concerning Heresies, ed. Thomas M. C. Lawlor (New Haven, 1981), p. 416
1121
François-André Isambert, ed., Recueil général des anciennes lois françaises depuis l’an 420 jusqu’à la Révolution de 1789 (Paris, 1821–33), 12, p. 819
1122
Brad S. Gregory, Salvation at Stake: Christian Martyrdom in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1999), p. 201
1123
Raymund F. Mentzer, Heresy Proceedings in Languedoc, 1500–1560 (Philadelphia, 1984), p. 172
1124
Philip Spierenberg, The Spectacle of Suffering: Executions and the Evolution of Repression: From a Pre-Industrial Metropolis to the European Experience (Cambridge, UK, 1984); Lionello Puppi, Torment in Art: Pain, Violence and Martyrdom (New York, 1991), pp. 11–69
1125
Gregory, Salvation at Stake, pp. 77–79
1126
David Nicholls, ‘The Theatre of Martyrdom in the French Reformation’, Past and Present, 121 (1998); Susan Brigdon, London and the Reformation (Oxford, 1989), p. 607; Mentzer, Heresy Proceedings, p. 71
1127
Gregory, Salvation at Stake, pp. 80–81
1128
Втор. 13:1–3, 5, 6–11 цитируется Иоганном Экком в «Учебнике общих положений» (1525), а также Кальвином в оправдание казни антитринитария Мигеля Сервета
1129
Gregory, Salvation at Stake, pp. 84–87
1130
Ibid., pp. 111, 154
1131
Ibid., pp. 261–69
1132
Allen, Apologie of the English College (Douai, 1581); Gregory, Salvation at Stake, p. 283
1133
Gregory, Salvation at Stake, pp. 285–86
1134
Kamen, Spanish Inquisition, pp. 204–13
1135
Ibid., p. 203
1136
Ibid., p. 98
1137
Ibid., pp. 223–45
1138
Ibid.
1139
Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, p. 122
1140
J. V. Poliskensky, War and Society in Europe, 1618–1848 (Cambridge, 1978), pp. 77, 154, 217
1141
Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, pp. 142–55
1142
Richard S. Dunn, The Age of Religious Wars, 1559–1689 (New York, 1970), p. 6 (Данн Р. Эпоха религиозных войн. – М.: Центрополиграф, 2011.); James D. Tracy, Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics (Cambridge, 2002), pp. 45–47, 306
1143
William Blockmans, Emperor Charles V, 1500–1558 (London and New York, 2002), pp. 95, 110; William Maltby, The Reign of Charles V (New York, 2002), pp. 112–13
1144
Tracy, Charles V, p. 307; Blockmans, Emperor Charles V, p. 47
1145
Klaus Jaitner, ‘The Pope and the Struggle for Power during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries’, in Klaus Bussman and Heinz Schilling, eds, War and Peace in Europe, 3 vols (Münster, 1998), 1, p. 62
1146
Maltby, Reign of Charles V, p. 62; Tracy, Charles V, pp. 209–15
1147
Tracy, Charles V, pp. 32–34; 46
1148
Maltby, Reign of Charles V, pp. 60–62
1149
Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, p. 164
1150
Dunn, Age of Religious Wars, p. 49
1151
Ibid., pp. 50–51
1152
Steven Gunn, ‘War, Religion and the State’, in Cameron, Early Modern Europe, p. 244
1153
Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, pp. 145–47, 153–58
1154
James Westfall Thompson, The Wars of Religion in France, 1559–1576: The Huguenots, Catherine de Medici, Philip II, 2nd ed. (New York, 1957); Lucien Romier, ‘A Dissident Nobility under the Cloak of Religion’, in J. H. M. Salmon, ed., The French Wars of Religion: How Important Were Religious Factors? (Lexington, Mass., 1967); Henri Hauser, ‘Political Anarchy and Social Discontent’, ibid.
1155
Natalie Zemon Davis, ‘The Rites of Violence: Religious Riot in Sixteenth-Century France’, Past and Present, 59 (1973)
1156
Mack P. Holt, ‘Putting Religion Back into the Wars of Religion’, French Historical Studies, 18, 2 (Autumn 1993); John Bossy, ‘Unrethinking the Sixteenth-Century Wars of Religion’, in Thomas Kselman, ed., Belief in History: Innovative Approaches in European and American Religion (Notre Dame, Ind., 1991); Denis Crouzet, Les guerriers de Dieu: La violence en temps des troubles de religion (Seyssel, 1990); Barbara Diefendorf, Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots in Sixteenth-Century Paris (New York, 1991). Некоторые ученые пытаются доказать, что Дэвис ошибалась, описывая данный конфликт как «глубоко религиозный», поскольку в то время религия все еще охватывала все стороны человеческой деятельности; см.: Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, pp. 159–60
1157
M. P. Holt, The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629 (Cambridge, UK, 1995), pp. 17–18
1158
Bossy, ‘Unrethinking the Sixteenth-Century Wars of Religion’, pp. 278–80
1159
Virginia Reinberg, ‘Liturgy and Laity in Late Medieval and Reformation France, ’ Sixteenth-Century Journal, 23 (Autumn 1992)
1160
Holt, French Wars of Religion, pp. 18–21
1161
Ibid., pp. 50–51
1162
J. H. M. Salmon, Society in Crisis: France in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1975), p. 198; Henry Heller, Iron and Blood: Civil Wars in Sixteenth-Century France (Montreal, 1991), p. 63
1163
Holt, French Wars of Religion, p. 99; Salmon, Society in Crisis, pp. 176; 197.
1164
Salmon, Society in Crisis, pp. 204–05
1165
Holt, French Wars of Religion, pp. 50–51
1166
Heller, Iron and Blood, pp. 209–11
1167
Ibid., p. 126
1168
Holt, French Wars of Religion, pp. 156–57; Salmon, Society in Crisis, pp. 282–91
1169
Salmon, Society in Crisis, pp. 3–4, 126, 168–69; Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, pp. 173–74
1170
Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, pp. 147–50
1171
Geoffrey Parker, The Thirty Years War (London, 1984), pp. 29–33, 59–64
1172
Ibid., p. 195
1173
Dunn, Age of Religious Wars, pp. 71–72
1174
William H. McNeill, Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force and Society since AD 1000 (Chicago, 1982), pp. 120–23; Robert L. O’Connell, Of Arms and Men: A History of War, Weapons and Aggression (New York and Oxford, 1999), pp. 143–44
1175
McNeill, Pursuit of Power, pp. 121–23
1176
Parker, Thirty Years War, pp. 127–28
1177
Jeremy Black, ‘Warfare, Crisis and Absolutism’, in Cameron, Early Modern Europe, p. 211
1178
Parker, Thirty Years War, p. 142
1179
Ibid., pp. 216–17
1180
Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, p. 159; John Bossy, Christianity in the West, 1400–1700 (Oxford, 1985), pp. 170–1
1181
Andrew R. Murphy, ‘Cromwell, Mather and the Rhetoric of Puritan Violence’, in Andrew R. Murphy, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence (Chichester, 2011), pp. 528–34
1182
Thomas Carlyle, ed., Oliver Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches, 3 vols (New York, 1871), 1, p. 154
1183
Ibid., 2, pp. 153–54
1184
Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, p. 172
1185
Ann Hughes, The Causes of the English Civil War (London, 1998), p. 25
1186
Ibid., pp. 10–25, 58–59, 90–97
1187
Ibid., p. 89
1188
Ibid., p. 85. [Цит. по: Законодательство Английской революции. – М.: Издательство АН СССР, 1946. – Прим. пер.]
1189
Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, pp. 160–72
1190
Parker, Thirty Years War, p. 172
1191
Jan N. Brenner, ‘Secularization: Notes toward the Genealogy’, in Henk de Vries, ed., Religion: Beyond a Concept (New York, 2008), p. 433
1192
Heinz Schilling, ‘War and Peace at the Emergence of Modernity: Europe between State Belligerence, Religious Wars and the Desire for Peace in 1648’, in Bussman and Schilling, War and Peace in Europe, p. 14
1193
Thomas Ertman, Birth of the Leviathan: Building States and Regimes in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1997), p. 4
1194
Salmon, Society in Crisis, p. 13
1195
Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, pp. 72–85; Russell T. McCutcheon, ‘The Category “Religion” and the Politics of Tolerance’, in Arthur L. Greil and David G. Bromley, eds, Defining Religion: Investigating the Boundaries between the Sacred and the Secular (Oxford, 2003), pp. 146–52; Derek Peterson and Darren Walhof, ‘Rethinking Religion’, in Peterson and Walhof, eds, The Invention of Religion, pp. 3–9; David E. Gunn, ‘Religion, Law and Violence’, in Murphy, Blackwell Companion, pp. 105–07
1196
Edward, Lord Herbert, De Veritate, trans. Meyrick H. Carre (Bristol, UK, 1937), p. 303
1197
Ibid., p. 298
1198
Edward, Lord Herbert, De Religio Laici, trans. and ed. Harold L. Hutcheson (New Haven, Conn., 1944), p. 127
1199
Thomas Hobbes, Behemoth; or, The Long Parliament, ed. Frederick Tönnies (Chicago, 1990), p. 55
1200
Ibid., p. 95
1201
Thomas Hobbes, On the Citizen, ed. Richard Tuck and Michael Silverthorne (Cambridge, 1998), 3.26; Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. Richard Tuck (Cambridge, 1991), p. 223 (Гоббс Т. Левиафан. – М.: Мысль, 2001.)
1202
Hobbes, Leviathan, pp. 315, 431–34
1203
Ibid., p. 31
1204
Ibid., p. 27
1205
Ibid., p. 17
1206
John Locke, A Letter Concerning Toleration (Indianapolis, 1955), p. 15.
1207
John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge, 1988), ‘Second Treatise’, 5. 24 (Локк Дж. Два трактата о правлении. – М.: Канон+, 2014.)
1208
Ibid., 5.120–21
1209
Ibid., 5.3
1210
Hugo Grotius, Rights of War and Peace, in Three Books (London, 1738), 2.2.17, 2.20.40 (Гроций Г. О праве войны и мира. – М.: Ладомир, 1994.); Tuck, Rights of War and Peace, pp. 103–04
1211
Hobbes, On the Citizen, ed. Tuck, 30
1212
Donne, Sermons of John Donne, ed. George R. Potter and Evelyn M. Simpson (Berkeley, 1959), 4, p. 274
1213
John Cotton and Thomas Morton, ‘New English Canaan’ (1634–35) and John Cotton, ‘God’s Promise to His Plantations’ (1630), in Alan Heimart and Andrew Delbanco, eds, The Puritans in America: A Narrative Anthology (Cambridge, Mass., 1985), pp. 49–50
1214
Kevin Phillips, The Cousins’ Wars: Religious Politics and the Triumph of Anglo-America (New York, 1999), pp. 3–32; Carla Garden Pesteria, Protestant Empire: Religion and the Making of the British Atlantic World (Philadelphia, 2004), pp. 503–15; Clement Fatoric, ‘The Anti-Catholic Roots of Liberal and Republican Conception of Freedom in English Political Thought’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 66 (January 2005)
1215
John Winthrop, ‘A Model of Christian Charity’, in Heimart and Delbanco, Puritans in America, p. 91
1216
John Winthrop, ‘Reasons to Be Considered for… the Intended Plantation in New England’ (1629), in ibid., p. 71
1217
Winthrop, ‘Model of Christian Charity’, in ibid., p. 82
1218
John Cotton, ‘God’s Promise’, in ibid., p. 77
1219
Cushman, ‘Reasons and Considerations Touching the Lawfulness of Removing out of England into the Parts of America’, in ibid., pp. 43–44
1220
Perry Miller, ‘The Puritan State and Puritan Society’, in Errand into the Wilderness (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1956), pp. 148–49
1221
John Smith, ‘A True Relation’, in Edwin Arber and A. C. Bradley, eds, John Smith: Works (Edinburgh, 1910), p. 957
1222
Perry Miller, ‘Religion and Society in the Early Literature of Virginia’, in Errand, pp. 104–05
1223
William Crashaw, A Sermon Preached in London before the right honourable Lord werre, Lord Gouernour and Captaine Generall of Virginea (London, 1610), in ibid., pp. 111, 138
1224
Ibid., p. 101
1225
David S. Lovejoy, Religious Enthusiasm in the New World: Heresy to Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1985), pp. 11–13; Louis B. Wright, Religion and Empire: The Alliance between Piety and Commerce in English Expansion, 1558–1625 (Chapel Hill, 1943); Miller, ‘Religion and Society’, pp. 105–08.
1226
Samuel Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumous, or Purchas His Pilgrim, 3 vols (Glasgow, 1905–06), 1, pp. 1–45.
1227
‘A True Declaration of the Estate of the Colonie in Virginia’ (1610), in Peter Force, ed., Tracts (New York, 1844), 3, pp. 5–6
1228
Miller, ‘Religion and Society’, pp. 116–17
1229
Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States: From 1492 to the Present, 2nd ed. (London and New York, 1996), p. 12
1230
Ibid., p. 13
1231
Andrew Preston, Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith: Religion in American War and Diplomacy (New York and Toronto, 2012), pp. 15–17
1232
Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumous, 1, pp. xix, 41–45, 220–22, 224, 229
1233
Ibid., pp. 138–39
1234
Preston, Sword of the Spirit, pp. 31–38
1235
Ibid., p. 33
1236
Ibid., p. 35
1237
Bradford, History of the Plymouth Plantation, in Zinn, People’s History, p. 15
1238
Ronald Dale Kerr, ‘Why Should You Be So Furious? The Violence of the Pequot War’, Journal of American History, 85 (December 1998)
1239
Preston, Sword of the Spirit, pp. 41–45; Andrew R. Murphy, ‘Cromwell, Mather and the Rhetoric of Puritan Violence’, in Murphy, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence (Chichester, 2011), pp. 525–35
1240
Miller, ‘Puritan State’, pp. 150–51
1241
Sherwood Eliot Wirt, ed., Spiritual Awakening: Classic Writings of the Eighteenth-Century Devotios to Inspire and Help the Twentieth-Century Reader (Tring, 1988), p. 110
1242
Alan Heimert, Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), p. 43
1243
Miller, ‘Puritan State’, p. 150
1244
Stoddard, ‘An Examination of the Power of the Fraternity’ (1715), in Heimart and Delbanco, Puritans in America, p. 388
1245
Perry Miller, ‘Jonathan Edwards and the Great Awakening’, in Errand, pp. 162–66
1246
Ibid., p. 165
1247
Ruth H. Bloch, Visionary Republic: Millennial Themes in American Thought, 1756–1800 (Cambridge, UK, 1985), pp. 14–15
1248
В первоначальном проекте Декларации упоминались такие самоочевидные права, как «жизнь, свобода и собственность». Лишь впоследствии появилось упоминание о «стремлении к счастью»
1249
Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1990), p. 198
1250
Bloch, Visionary Republic, pp. 81–88
1251
Timothy Dwight, A Valedictory Address to the Young Gentlemen Who Commenced Bachelors of Arts, July 27 1776 (New Haven, Conn., 1776), p. 14
1252
Lovejoy, Religious Enthusiasm in the New World, p. 226
1253
Ibid.
1254
Thomas Paine, Common Sense and the Crisis (New York, 1975), p. 59
1255
Bloch, Visionary Republic, p. 55
1256
Ibid., pp. 60–63
1257
Ibid., pp. 29, 31
1258
Edwin S. Gaustad, Faith of Our Fathers: Religion and the New Nation (San Francisco, 1987), p. 38
1259
Madison to William Bradford, 1 April 1774, in William T. Hutchinson and William M. E. Rachal, eds, The Papers of James Madison (Chicago, 1962), 1, pp. 212–13
1260
Madison, ‘Memorial and Remonstrance’ (1785), 7, in Gaustad, Faith of Our Fathers, p. 145
1261
Jefferson, Statute for Establishing Religious Freedom (1786), in ibid., p. 150
1262
Henry S. Stout, ‘Rhetoric and Reality in the Early Republic: The Case of the Federalist Clergy’, in Mark A. Noll, ed., Religion and American Politics: From the Colonial Period to the 1980s (Oxford and New York, 1990), pp. 65–66, 75
1263
Nathan O. Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1989), p. 22
1264
Ibid., pp. 25–29
1265
John F. Wilson, ‘Religion, Government and Power in the New American Nation’, in Noll, Religion and American Politics
1266
Gaustad, Faith of Our Fathers, p. 44
1267
Perry Miller, Roger Williams: His Contribution to the American Tradition, 2nd ed. (New York, 1962), p. 192
1268
Miller, ‘Puritan State’, p. 146
1269
Джефферсон – Уильяму Болдуину, 19 января 1810 г.; см.: Dickenson W. Adams, ed., Jefferson’s Extracts from the Gospels (Princeton, 1983), p. 345; Джефферсон – Чарльзу Клею, 29 января 1816 г., ibid., p. 364
1270
Hatch, Democratization of American Christianity, pp. 68–157
1271
Daniel Walker Howe, ‘Religion and Politics in the Antebellum North’, in Noll, Religion and American Politics, pp. 132–33; George Marsden, ‘Afterword’, ibid., pp. 382–83
1272
Mark A. Noll, ‘The Rise and Long Life of the Protestant Enlightenment in America’, in William M. Shea and Peter A. Huff, eds, Knowledge and Belief in America: Enlightenment Traditions and Modern Religious Thought (New York, 1995); ср. D. W. Bebbington, Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s (London, 1989), p. 74; Michael Gauvreau, ‘Between Awakening and Enlightenment’, in The Evangelical Century: College and Creed in English Canada from the Great Revival to the Great Depression (Kingston and Montreal, 1991), pp. 13–56
1273
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. and trans. Harvey Claflin Mansfield and Delba Winthrop (Chicago, 2000), p. 43; курсив де Токвиля (Токвиль А. Демократия в Америке. – М.: Прогресс, 1992.)
1274
Henry F. May, The Enlightenment in America (New York, 1976); Mark A. Noll, America’s God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln (Oxford and New York, 2002), pp. 93–95
1275
Mark A. Noll, The Civil War as a Theological Crisis (Chapel Hill, 2006), pp. 24–25
1276
John M. Murrin, ‘A Roof without Walls: The Dilemma of American National Identity’, in Richard Beeman, Stephen Botein and Edward E. Carter II, eds, Beyond Confederation: Origins of the Constitution and American Identity (Chapel Hill, 1987), pp. 344–47
1277
Noll, Civil War, pp. 25–28
1278
Claude E. Welch, Jr., Political Modernization (Belmont, Calif. 1967), pp. 2–6
1279
John H. Kautsky, The Political Consequences of Modernization (New York, London, Sydney, Toronto, 1972), pp. 45–47
1280
T. C. W. Blanning, ‘Epilogue: The Old Order Transformed’, in Euan Cameron, ed., Early Modern Europe: An Oxford History (Oxford, 1999), pp. 345–60; Michael Burleigh, Earthly Powers: The Clash of Religion and Politics from the French Revolution to the Great War (New York, 1995), pp. 48–66
1281
M. G. Hutt, ‘The Role of the Curés in the Estates General of 1789’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 6 (1955).
1282
George Lefebvre, The Great Fear of 1789, trans. R. R. Farmer and Joan White (Princeton, NJ, 1973)
1283
Philip G. Dwyer, Talleyrand (London, 2002), p. 24
1284
Ibid., pp. 61–62
1285
Mark Noll, The Old Religion in a New World: The History of North American Christianity (Grand Rapids, Mich., 2002), pp. 82–83; Gertrude Himmelfarb, The Roads to Modernity (New York, 2004), pp. 18–19
1286
Burleigh, Earthly Powers, pp. 96–101; Claude Petitfrere, ‘The Origins of the Civil War in the Vendée’, French History, 2 (1998), pp. 99–100
1287
Инструкции Комитета общественной безопасности (1794 г.); см.: Burleigh, Earthly Powers, p. 100
1288
Reynald Secher, Le Génocide franco-français: La Vendée-vengé (Paris, 1986), pp. 158–59
1289
Jonathan North, ‘General Hocte and Counterinsurgency’, Journal of Military History, 67 (2003)
1290
Mircea Eliade, Patterns in Comparative Religion, trans. Rosemary Sheed (London, 1958), p. 11 (Элиаде М. Очерки сравнительного религиоведения. – М.: Ладомир, 1999.)
1291
Burleigh, Earthly Powers, pp. 79–80
1292
Ibid., p. 76
1293
Jules Michelet, Historical View of the French Revolution from its Earliest Indications to the Flight of the King in 1791, trans. C. Cooks (London, 1888), p. 393
1294
Burleigh, Earthly Powers, p. 81
1295
Boyd C. Schafer, Nationalism: Myth and Reality (New York, 1952), p. 142
1296
Ibid.
1297
Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution, ed. François Furet and Françoise Melonio (Chicago, 1998), 1, p. 101. [Пер. М. Федоровой. Цит. по: Токвиль А. Старый порядок и революция. – М.: Московский философский фонд, 1997. – Прим. пер.]
1298
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Politics and the Arts, Letter to M. D’Alembert on the Theatre, trans. Alan Bloom (Ithaca, NY, 1960), p. 126. [Ж.-Ж. Руссо. Избранные сочинения. Том 1. – М.: Художественная литература, 1961. – Прим. пер.]
1299
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract and Other Later Political Writings, ed. Victor Gourevitch (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 150–51
1300
Donald Greer, The Incidence of Terror in the French Revolution (Gloucester, Mass., 1935)
1301
John Keegan, A History of Warfare (London and New York, 1993), pp. 348–59; Robert L. O’Connell, Of Arms and Men: A History of Weapons and Aggression (New York and Oxford, 1989), pp. 174–88; William H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force and Society Since AD 1000 (Chicago, 1982), pp. 185–215
1302
Russell Weighley, The Age of Battles (Bloomington, Ind., 1991); O’Connell, Arms and Men, pp. 148–50
1303
John U. Neff, War and Human Progress: An Essay in the Rise of Industrial Civilisation (New York, 1950), pp. 204–05; Theodore Ropp, War in the Modern World (Durham, NC, 1959), pp. 25–26
1304
Keegan, History of Warfare, p. 344; O’Connell, Arms and Men, pp. 157–66; McNeill, Pursuit of Power, p. 172
1305
См. перевод Крейна Бринтона в: McNeill, Pursuit of Power, p. 192. [Цит. по: Хрестоматия по всеобщей истории государства и права. Учебное пособие. – М., 1994. – Прим. пер.]
1306
Keegan, History of Warfare, p. 350
1307
Ibid., pp. 351–52
1308
O’Connell, Arms and Men, p. 185
1309
George Annesley, The Rise of Modern Egypt: A Century and a Half of Egyptian History (Durham, UK, 1997), p. 7.
1310
Gaston Wait, ed. and trans., Nicholas Turc, Chronique D’Egypte: 1798–1804 (Cairo, 1950), p. 78
1311
Peter Jay, Road to Riches or The Wealth of Man (London, 2000), pp. 205–36; Gerhard E. Lenski, Power and Privilege: A Theory of Social Stratification (Chapel Hill and London, 1966), pp. 297–392; Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, 3 vols (Chicago and London, 1974), 3, pp. 195–201
1312
Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 3, p. 194
1313
John H. Kautsky, The Politics of Aristocratic Empires, 2nd ed. (New Brunswick and London, 1997), p. 349; даже фашистские правительства были коалициями.
1314
Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 3, pp. 199–201; G. W. F. Hegel, The Philosophy of Right, paragraphs 246, 248
1315
Kautsky, Political Consequences of Modernization, pp. 60–61
1316
Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 3, p. 208; Bassam Tibi, The Crisis of Political Islam: A Pre-Industrial Culture in the Scientific-Technological Age (Salt Lake City, Utah, 1988), pp. 1–25
1317
Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 33, pp. 210–12
1318
O’Connell, Arms and Men, p. 235; Percival Spear, India (Ann Arbour, Mich., 1961), p. 270
1319
Daniel Gold, ‘Organized Hinduisms: From Vedic Truth to Hindu Nation’, in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds, Fundamentalisms Observed (Chicago and London, 1991), pp. 534–37
1320
Wilfred Cantwell Smith, The Meaning and End of Religion: A New Approach to the Religious Traditions of Mankind (New York, 1964), pp. 61–62
1321
Patwant Singh, The Sikhs (New York, 1999), p. 28
1322
Guru Garth Sahib, 1136, in ibid., p. 18
1323
John Clark Archer, The Sikhs in Relation to Hindus, Christians and Ahmadiyas (Princeton, NJ, 1946), p. 170
1324
T. N. Madan, ‘Fundamentalism and the Sikh Religious Tradition’, in Marty and Appleby, eds, Fundamentalisms Observed, 602
1325
Kenneth W. Jones, ‘The Arya Samaj in British India, 1875–1947’, in Robert D. Baird, ed., Religion in Modern India (Delhi, 1981), pp. 50–52
1326
Madan, ‘Fundamentalism’, p. 605
1327
Ibid., pp. 603–6
1328
Harjot S. Oberoi, ‘From Ritual to Counter Ritual: Rethinking the Hindu – Sikh Question, 1884–1915’, in Joseph T. O’Connell, ed., Sikh History and Religion in the Twentieth Century (Toronto, 1988), pp. 136–40
1329
N. Gould Barrier, ‘Sikhs and Punjab Politics’, in O’Connell, Sikh History
1330
Madan, ‘Fundamentalism’, p. 617
1331
Mumtaz Ahmad, ‘Islamic Fundamentalism in South Asia: The Jama’at-i-Islami and the Tablighi Jamaat’, in Marty and Appleby, eds, Fundamentalisms Observed, p. 460
1332
O’Connell, Arms and Men, pp. 231–35
1333
Ibid., p. 191
1334
Ibid., p. 233
1335
G. W. Steevans, With Kitchener to Khartoum (London, 1898), p. 300.
1336
Speech of Sir John Ardagh, 22 June 1899, in The Proceedings of the Hague Peace Conference (London, 1920), pp. 286–87
1337
Elbridge Colby, ‘How to Fight Savage Tribes’, American Journal of International Law, 21, 2 (1927); выделено автором
1338
Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (New Perspectives on the Past) (Oxford, 1983).
1339
Anthony Giddens, The Nation-State and Violence (Berkeley, 1987), p. 89
1340
Ibid., pp. 85–89; William T. Cavanaugh, Migrations of the Holy: God, State, and the Political Meaning of the Church (Grand Rapids, Mich., 2011), pp. 18–19
1341
Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London and New York, 2003) (Андерсон Б. Воображаемые сообщества. – М.: Канон-Пресс-Ц, 2001.)
1342
Mark Levene, Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State. Vol. III: The Rise of the West and the Coming of Genocide (London and New York, 2005), pp. 26–27, 112–20; David Stannard, American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World (New York and Oxford, 1992), p. 120; Ward Churchill, A Little Matter of Genocide: Holocaust and Denial in the Americas, 1492 to the Present (San Francisco, 1997), p. 150; Anthony F. C. Wallace, Jefferson and the Indians: The Tragic Fate of the First Americans (Cambridge, Mass., 1999)
1343
Norman Cantor, The Sacred Chain: A History of the Jews (London, 1995), pp. 236–37
1344
John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, Liberty, and Representational Government (London, 1910), pp. 363–64 (Милль Дж. С. Утилитаризм. – Ростов-на-Дону: Донской издательский дом, 2013.)
1345
Цит. по: Antony Smith, Myths and Memories of the Nation (Oxford, 1999), p. 33
1346
Цит. по: Levene, Genocide, pp. 150–51; ср. C. A. Macartney, National States and National Minorities (London, 1934), p. 17
1347
Bruce Lincoln, Holy Terrors: Thinking about Religion after September 11, 2nd ed. (Chicago and London, 2006), pp. 62–63
1348
Johann Gottlieb Fichte, ‘What a People Is, and What Is Love of Fatherland’, in Fichte, Addresses to the German Nation, ed. and trans. Gregory Moore (Cambridge, 2008), p. 105 (Фихте И.-Г. Речи к немецкой нации. – Рязань: Канон+, 2008.)
1349
Zinn, People’s History, pp. 23–58; Basil Davidson, The African Slave Trade (Boston, 1961); Stanley Elkins, Slavery: A Problem of American Institutional and Intellectual Life (Chicago, 1959); Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (New York, 1975).
1350
Лев. 25:45–46; Быт. 9:25–27, 17:12; Втор. 20:10–11; 1 Кор. 7:21; Рим. 13:1, 7; Кол. 3:22, 4:1; 1 Тим. 6:1–2; Фил., passim
1351
Thornhill, ‘Our National Sins’, in Fast Day Sermons or The Pulpit on the State of the Country, ed. anonymous (Charleston, SC, 2009 ed.), p. 48
1352
Beecher, ‘Peace Be Still’, in ibid., p. 276
1353
Van Dyke, ‘The Character and Influence of Abolitionism’, in ibid., p. 137
1354
Lewis, ‘Patriarchal and Jewish Servitude: No Argument for American Slavery’, in ibid., p. 180
1355
Noll, Civil War, pp. 1–8
1356
Ibid., pp. 19–22; ‘The Rise and Long Life of the Protestant Enlightenment in America’, in William M. Shea and Peter A. Huff, Knowledge and Belief in America: Enlightenment Trends and Modern Thought (New York, 1995), pp. 84–124; May, Enlightenment in America, passim.
1357
James M. McPherson, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (New York, 1997), p. 63; ‘Afterword’, in Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout and Charles Reagan Wilson, eds, Religion and the American Civil War (New York, 1998), p. 412
1358
Noll, Civil War, pp. 52–79
1359
Beecher, ‘Abraham Lincoln’, in Patriotic Addresses (New York, 1887), p. 711
1360
Bushnell, ‘Our Obligations to the Dead’, in Building Eras in Religion (New York, 1881), pp. 328–29
1361
O’Connell, Arms and Men, pp. 189–96
1362
Grady McWhiney and Perry D. Jamieson, Attack and Die: The Civil War, Military Tactics, and Southern Heritage (Montgomery, Ala., 1982), pp. 4–7
1363
Bruce Cotton, Grant Takes Command (Boston, 1968), p. 262
1364
O’Connell, Arms and Men, pp. 198–99
1365
Noll, Civil War, pp. 90–92
1366
Alastair McGrath, The Twilight of Atheism: The Rise and Fall of Disbelief in the Modern World (London and New York), pp. 52–55, 60–66.
1367
James R. Moore, ‘Geologists and Interpreters of Genesis in the Nineteenth Century’, in David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers, eds, God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter between Christianity and Science (New York, 1986), pp. 341–43
1368
Noll, Civil War, pp. 159–62
1369
Richard Maxwell Brown, Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence and Vigilantism (New York, 1975), pp. 217–18
1370
O’Connell, Arms and Men, 202–10; McNeill, Pursuit of Power, pp. 242–55
1371
I. F. Clarke, Voices Prophesying War: Future Wars 1763–3749, rev. ed. (Oxford and New York, 1992), pp. 37–88
1372
Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews (London, 1987), p. 365
1373
Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust (Ithaca, NY, 1989), pp. 40–77
1374
Amos Elon, The Israelis: Founders and Sons, 2nd ed. (London, 1981), p. 112
1375
Ibid., p. 338
1376
Eric J. Leed, No Man’s Land: Combat and Identity in World War I (Cambridge, UK, 1979), pp. 39–72
1377
Stefan Zweig, The World of Yesterday: An Autobiography (New York, 1945), p. 224. [Пер. Г. Кагана. Цит. по: Цвейг С. Вчерашний мир. – М.: Вагриус, 2004. – Прим. пер.]
1378
Leed, No Man’s Land, p. 55
1379
Zweig, World of Yesterday, p. 24; ср. Leed, No Man’s Land, p. 47
1380
Цит. по: H. Hafkesbrink, Unknown Germany: An Inner Chronicle of the First World War Based on Letters and Diaries (New Haven, Conn., 1948), p. 37
1381
Rudolf Binding, Erlebtes Leben (Frankfurt, 1928), p. 237
1382
Carl Zuckmayer, Pro Domo (Stockholm, 1938), pp. 34–35
1383
Franz Schauwecker, The Fiery Way (London and Toronto, 1921), p. 29
1384
Цит. по: Carl Schorske, German Social Democracy, 1905–1917 (Cambridge, Mass., 1955), p. 390
1385
Leed, No Man’s Land, p. 29
1386
P. Witkop, ed. Kriegsbriefe gefallener Studenten (Munich, 1936), p. 100
1387
Lawrence, The Mint (New York, 1963), p. 32
1388
De Beauvoir, Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter (New York, 1974), p. 180 (де Бовуар С. Воспоминания благовоспитанной девицы. – М.: Согласие, 2004.)
1389
Emilio Lussu, Sardinian Brigade (New York, 1939), p. 167
1390
Подробнее см.: мою книгу: The Battle for God: A History of Fundamentalism (London and New York, 2000). (Армстронг К. Битва за Бога. История фундаментализма. – М.: Альпина нон-фикшн, 2013.)
1391
Кальвин, Комментарий на Быт. 1:6; см.: The Commentaries of John Calvin on the Old Testament, 30 vols, Calvin Translation Society, 1643–48, 1, p. 86. Подробнее о древних иудейских и христианских истолкованиях Библии, которые не придерживались буквалистского подхода, см.: мою книгу: The Bible: The Biography (London and New York, 2007) (Армстронг К. Библия. Биография книги. – М.: АСТ, 2008)
1392
Hodge, What Is Darwinism? (Princeton, NJ, 1874), p. 142
1393
2 Фес 2:3–12; Откр 16:15; Paul Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture (Cambridge, Mass., 1992), p. 192; George Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism, 1870–1925 (New York and Oxford, 1980), pp. 154–55
1394
Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, pp. 90–92; Robert C. Fuller, Naming the Antichrist: The History of an American Obsession (Oxford and New York, 1995), p. 119
1395
Marsden, Fundamentalism, pp. 184–89; R. Lawrence Moore, Religious Outsiders and the Making of Americans (Oxford and New York, 1986), pp. 160–63; Ronald L. Numbers, The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1992), pp. 41–44, 48–50; Ferenc Morton Szasz, The Divided Mind of Protestant America, 1880–1930 (University, Ala., 1982), pp. 117–35
1396
Marsden, Fundamentalism in America, pp. 187–88
1397
Aurobindo Ghose, Essays on the Gita (Pondicherry, 1972), p. 39
1398
Louis Fischer, ed., The Essential Gandhi (New York, 1962), p. 193
1399
Mahatma Gandhi, ‘My Mission’, Young India, 3 April 1924, in Judith M. Brown, ed., Mahatma Gandhi: Essential Writings (Oxford and New York, 2008), p. 5
1400
Mahatma Gandhi, ‘Farewell’, An Autobiography, in ibid., p. 65
1401
Kenneth W. Jones, ‘The Arya Samaj in British India, 1875–1947’, in Robert D. Baird, ed., Religion in Modern India (Delhi, 1981), pp. 44–45
1402
Radhey Shyam Pareek, Contribution of Arya Samaj in the Making of Modern India, 1875–1947 (New Delhi, 1973), pp. 325–26
1403
Daniel Gold, ‘Organized Hinduisms: From Vedic Truth to Hindu Nation’, in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds, Fundamentalisms Observed (Chicago and London, 1991), pp. 533–42
1404
Vinayak Damodar Savakar, Hindutva (Bombay, 1969), p. 1
1405
Gold, ‘Organized Hinduisms, ’ pp. 575–80
1406
M. S. Golwalkar, We or Our Nationhood Defined (Nagpur, 1939), pp. 47–48
1407
Ibid., p. 35
1408
Sudhir Kakar, The Colours of Violence: Cultural Identities, Religion, and Conflict (Chicago and London, 1996), p. 31
1409
Ibid., p. 38
1410
Gold, ‘Organized Hinduisms’, pp. 531–32; Sushil Srivastava, ‘The Ayodhya Controversy: A Third Dimension’, Probe India, January 1988
1411
Abul Ala Mawdudi, The Islamic Way of Life (Lahore, 1979), p. 37
1412
Charles T. Adams, ‘Mawdudi and the Islamic State’, in John Esposito, Voices of Resurgent Islam (New York and Oxford, 1983); Youssef M. Choueiri, Islamic Fundamentalism (London, 1970), pp. 94–139
1413
Mumtaz Ahmad, ‘Islamic Fundamentalisms in South Asia, ’ in Marty and Appleby, Fundamentalisms Observed, pp. 487–500
1414
Abul Ala Mawdudi, Tafhim-al-Qur’an, in Mustansire Mir, ‘Some Features of Mawdudi’s Tafhim al-Quran’, American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 2, 2 (1985), p. 242
1415
Introducing the Jamaat-e Islami Hind, in Ahmad ‘Islamic Fundamentalism in South Asia, ’ pp. 505–06.
1416
Ibid., pp. 500–01
1417
Khurshid Ahmad and Zafar Ushaq Ansari, Islamic Perspectives (Leicester, 1979), pp. 378–81
1418
Abul Ala Maududi, ‘Islamic Government’, reprinted in Asia 20 (September 1981), p. 9.
1419
Rafiuddin Ahmed, ‘Redefining Muslim Identity in South Asia: The Transformation of the Jama’at-i-Islami’, in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds, Accounting for Fundamentalisms: The Dynamic Character of Movements (Chicago and London, 1994), p. 683
1420
Ахмадиты считались еретиками, поскольку Ахмад (ум. 1908 г.), их основатель, объявил себя пророком.
1421
Ahmad, ‘Islamic Fundamentalism in South Asia, ’ pp. 587–8
1422
Abul Ala Maududi, ‘How to Establish Islamic Order in the Country? ’, The Universal Message, May 1983, pp. 9–10.
1423
Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, 3 vols (Chicago and London, 1974), 3, 218–19
1424
George Annesley, The Rise of Modern Egypt: A Century and a Half of Egyptian History, p. 62
1425
Ibid., pp. 51–56
1426
Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 3, p. 71
1427
Nikkie R. Keddie, Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1981), pp. 72–73, 82
1428
John Kautsky, The Political Consequences of Modernisation (New York, London, Sydney and Toronto, 1972), pp. 146–47
1429
Bruce Lincoln, Holy Terrors: Thinking about Religion after September 11, 2nd ed. (Chicago and London, 2006), pp. 63–65
1430
Daniel Crecelius, ‘Non-Ideological Responses of the Ulema to Modernization’, in Nikki R. Keddie, ed, Scholars, Saints and Sufis: Muslim Religious Institutions in the Middle East since 1500 (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1972), pp. 181–82
1431
Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, trans. Anthony F. Roberts, 4th ed. (London, 2009), p. 53
1432
Alastair Crooke, Resistance: The Essence of the Islamist Revolution (London, 2009), pp. 54–58
1433
Bobby Sayyid, A Fundamental Fear: Eurocentrism and the Emergence of Islamism (London, 1997), p. 57
1434
Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 3, p. 262
1435
Donald Bloxham, The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians (Oxford, 2007), p. 59
1436
Цит. по: Joanna Bourke, ‘Barbarisation vs. Civilisation in Time of War’, in George Kassimeris, ed., The Barbarisation of Warfare (London, 2006), p. 29
1437
Moojan Momen, An Introduction to Shii Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiism (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1985), p. 251; Keddie, Roots of Revolution, pp. 93–94
1438
Azar Tabari, ‘The Role of Shii Clergy in Modern Iranian Politics’, in Nikki R. Keddie, ed., Religion and Politics in Iran: Shiism from Quietism to Revolution (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1983), p. 63
1439
Shahrough Akhavi, Religion and Politics in Contemporary Islam: Clergy – State Relations in the Pahlavi Period (Albany, NY, 1980), pp. 58–59
1440
Majid Fakhry, A History of Islamic Philosophy (New York and London, 1970), pp. 376–81; Bassam Tibi, Arab Nationalism: A Critical Inquiry, trans. Marion Farouk Slugett and Peter Slugett, 2nd ed. (London, 1990), pp. 90–93; Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, pp. 130–61; Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 3, pp. 274–76
1441
Evelyn Baring, Lord Cromer, Modern Egypt, 2 vols (New York, 1908), 2, p. 184
1442
Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, pp. 224, 230, 240–43
1443
John Esposito, ‘Islam and Muslim Politics’, in Esposito, ed., Voices of Resurgent Islam, p. 10; Richard P. Mitchell, The Society of Muslim Brothers (New York and Oxford, 1969), passim
1444
Mitchell, Society of Muslim Brothers, p. 8; даже если эта история и эта речь апокрифичны, они отражают дух раннего братства
1445
Ibid., 9–13, 328
1446
Anwar Sadat, Revolt on the Nile (New York, 1957), pp. 142–43
1447
Mitchell, Society of Muslim Brothers, pp. 205–06
1448
Ibid., p. 302
1449
John O. Voll, ‘Fundamentalisms in the Sunni Arab World: Egypt and the Sudan’, in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds, Fundamentalisms Observed (Chicago and London, 1991), pp. 369–74; Yvonne Haddad, ‘Sayyid Qutb’, in Esposito, ed., Voices of Resurgent Islam; Choueiri, Islamic Fundamentalism, pp. 96–151
1450
Qutb, Fi Zilal al-Quran, 2, 924–25
1451
Harold Fisch, The Zionist Revolution: A New Perspective (Tel Aviv and London, 1968), pp. 77, 87 (Фиш Г. Еврейская революция. – М.: Амана, 1993.)
1452
Theodor Herzl, The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl, ed. R. Patai, 2 vols (London and New York, 1960), 2, pp. 793–94
1453
Mircea Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane, trans. Willard J. Trask (New York, 1959), p. 21 (Элиаде М. Священное и мирское. – М.: МГУ.)
1454
Meir Ben Dov, The Western Wall (Jerusalem, 1983), p. 146
1455
Ibid., p. 148
1456
Ibid., p. 146
1457
Meron Benvenisti, Jerusalem: The Torn City (Jerusalem, 1975), p. 84
1458
Ibid., p. 119
1459
Пс. 71:4
1460
Michael Rosenak, ‘Jewish Fundamentalism in Israeli Education’, in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds, Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family, and Education (Chicago and London, 1993), p. 392
1461
Gideon Aran, ‘The Father, the Son and the Holy Land’, in R. Scott Appleby, ed., Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders in the Middle East (Chicago, 1997), p. 310
1462
Ibid.
1463
Ibid., p. 311
1464
Ibid., p. 310
1465
Интервью газете «Маарив» (14 нисана 5723 / 1963 г.). см.: Aviezer Ravitsky, Messianism, Zionism, and Jewish Religious Radicalism, trans. Michael Swirsky and Jonathan Chipman (Chicago and London, 1993), p. 85.
1466
Ian S. Lustick, For the Land and the Lord: Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel (New York, 1988), p. 85; Aran, ‘Father, Son and the Holy Land, ’ p. 310
1467
Samuel C. Heilman, ‘Guides of the Faithful: Contemporary Religious Zionist Rabbis’, in Appleby, ed., Spokesmen for the Despised, p. 357
1468
Ehud Sprinzak, ‘Three Models of Religious Violence: The Case of Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel’, in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds. Fundamentalism and the State: Remaking Politics, Economics and Militance (Chicago and London, 1993), p. 472
1469
Gideon Aran, ‘Jewish Zionist Fundamentalism’, in Marty and Appleby, eds., Fundamentalisms Observed, p. 290.
1470
Gideon Aran, ‘Jewish Religious Zionist Fundamentalism’, in ibid., p. 280
1471
Ibid., p. 308
1472
Keddie, Roots of Revolution, pp. 160–80
1473
Mehrzad Borujerdi, Iranian Intellectuals and the West: The Tormented Triumph of Nativism (Syracuse, NY, 1996), p. 26; Choueiri, Islamic Fundamentalism, p. 156
1474
Michael J. Fischer, ‘Imam Khomeini: Four Levels of Understanding’, in Esposito, ed., Voices of Resurgent Islam, p. 157
1475
Keddie, Roots of Revolution, pp. 154–56
1476
Ibid., pp. 158–59; Momen, Introduction to Shii Islam, p. 254; Hamid Algar, ‘The Oppositional Role of the Ulema in Twentieth-Century Iran’, in Nikki R. Keddie, ed., Scholars, Saints and Sufis: Muslim Religious Institutions in the Middle East since 1500 (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1972), p. 248
1477
Willem M. Floor, ‘The Revolutionary Character of the Ulama: Wishful Thinking or Reality’, in Keddie, ed. Religion and Politics in Iran, Appendix, p. 97
1478
Хамид Алгар. «Смешение мистического и политического в личности и судьбе имама Хомейни»: лекция, прочитанная в Школе востоковедения и африканистики Лондонского университета (Лондон, 9 июня 1998 г.).
1479
John XXIII, Mater et Magistra, ‘Christianity and Social Progress’, in Claudia Carlen, ed., The Papal Encyclicals, 1740–1981, 5 vols (Falls Church, Va., 1981), 5, pp. 63–64
1480
Camilo Torres, ‘Latin America: Lands of Violence’, in J. Gerassi, ed., Revolutionary Priest: The Complete Writings and Messages of Camilo Torres (New York, 1971), pp. 422–23
1481
Thia Cooper, ‘Liberation Theology and the Spiral of Violence’, in Andrew R. Murphy, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence (Chichester, UK, 2011), pp. 543–55
1482
Andrew Preston, Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith: Religion in American War and Diplomacy (New York, 2012), pp. 502–2
1483
Ibid., p. 510
1484
Martin Luther King, Jr., Strength to Love (Philadelphia, 1963), p. 50
1485
Keddie, Roots of Revolution, pp. 282–83; Borujerdi, Iranian Intellectuals, pp. 29–42
1486
Akhavi, Religion and Politics in Contemporary Iran, pp. 129–31
1487
Algar, ‘Oppositional Role of the Ulema’, p. 251
1488
Keddie, Roots of Revolution, pp. 215–59; Sharough Akhavi, ‘Shariati’s Social Thought’, in Keddie, Religion and Politics in Iran; Abdulaziz Sachedina, ‘Ali Shariati: Ideologue of the Islamic Revolution, ’ in Esposito, ed., Voices of Resurgent Islam; Michael J. Fischer, Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1980), pp. 154–67; Borujerdi, Iranian Intellectuals, pp. 106–15
1489
Sayeed Ruhollah Khomeini, Islam and Revolution, trans. and ed. Hamid Algar (Berkeley, 1981), p. 28
1490
Keddie, Roots of Revolution, p. 242; Fischer, Iran, p. 193
1491
Gary Sick, All Fall Down: America’s Fateful Encounter with Iran (London, 1985), p. 30
1492
Keddie, Roots of Revolution, p. 243
1493
Fischer, Iran, p. 195
1494
Momen, Introduction to Shii Islam, p. 288
1495
Fischer, Iran, p. 184
1496
Momen, Introduction to Shii Islam, p. 288
1497
Fischer, Iran, pp. 198–99
1498
Ibid., p. 199; Sick, All Fall Down, p. 51; Keddie, Roots of Revolution, p. 250. По правительственным сводкам, погибло лишь 120 демонстрантов, а 2000 получили ранения. Другие источники называют цифру от 500 до 1000 погибших.
1499
Fischer, Iran, p. 204
1500
Ibid., p. 205; Keddie (Roots of Revolution, pp. 252–53), однако, считает, что участвовало около миллиона человек.
1501
Amir Taheri, The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution (London, 1985), p. 227
1502
Baqir Moin, Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah (London, 1999), pp. 227–28
1503
Daniel Brumberg, ‘Khomeini’s Legacy: Islamic Rule and Islamic Social Justice’, in R. Scott Appleby, ed., Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders of the Middle East (Chicago, 1997)
1504
Joos R. Hiltermann, A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq and the Gassing of Halabja (Cambridge, 2007), pp. 22–36
1505
Homa Katouzian, ‘Shiism and Islamic Economics: Sadr and Bani Sadr’, in Keddie, ed., Religion and Politics in Iran, pp. 161–62.
1506
Michael J. Fischer, ‘Imam Khomeini: Four Levels of Understanding’, in Esposito, ed., Voices of Resurgent Islam, p. 171
1507
Sick, All Fall Down, p. 165
1508
Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (New York, 1963), p. 18 (Арендт Х. О революции. – М.: Европа, 2011.)
1509
Kautsky, Political Consequences of Modernisation, pp. 60–127.
1510
William Beeman, ‘Images of the Great Satan: Representations of the United States in the Iranian Revolution’, in Keddie, ed., Religion and Politics in Iran, p. 215
1511
Rebecca Moore, ‘Narratives of Persecution, Suffering and Martyrdom: Violence in the People’s Temple and Jonestown’, in James R. Lewis, ed., Violence and New Religious Movements (Oxford, 2011); Moore, ‘America as Cherry-Pie: The People’s Temple and Violence’, in Catherine Wessinger, ed., Millennialism, Persecution and Violence: Historical Circumstances (Syracuse, NY, 1986); Wessinger, How the Millennium Comes Violently: Jonestown to Heaven’s Gate (New York, 2000); Mary Maaga, Hearing the Voices of Jonestown (Syracuse, NY, 1998)
1512
Moore, ‘Narratives of Persecution’, p. 102
1513
Ibid., p. 103
1514
Huey Newton, Revolutionary Suicide (New York, 1973) (Ньютон Х. Революционное самоубийство. – Екатеринбург: Ультракультура, 2003.)
1515
Moore, ‘Narratives of Persecution’, p. 106
1516
Ibid., p. 108
1517
Ibid., p. 110
1518
George Steiner, In Bluebeard’s Castle: Some Notes toward the Re-definition of Culture (New Haven, Conn., 1971), p. 3
1519
Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust (Ithaca, NY, 1989), pp. 77–92
1520
Joanna Bourke, ‘Barbarisation vs. Civilisation in Time of War’, in George Kassimeris, ed., The Barbarisation of Warfare (London, 2006), p. 26
1521
Amir Taheri, The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution (London, 1985), p. 85
1522
Michael Barkun, Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement (Chapel Hill, 1994)
1523
Ibid., pp. 107, 109; возможно, всего лишь 50 тысяч членов.
1524
Ibid., p. 213
1525
William T. Cavanaugh, The Myth of Religious Violence (Oxford, 2009), pp. 34–35
1526
C. Gearty, ‘Introduction’, in Gearty, ed., Terrorism (Aldershot, 1996), p. xi
1527
C. Gearty, ‘What is Terror? ’ in Gearty, Terrorism, p. 495; A. Guelke, The Age of Terrorism and the International Political System (London, 2008), p. 7
1528
Richard English, Terrorism: How to Respond (Oxford, 2009), pp. 19–20
1529
A. H. Kydd and B. F. Walter, ‘The Stratagems of Terrorism’, International Security, 31, 1 (Summer, 2006)
1530
P. Wilkinson, Terrorism versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response (London, 2001), pp. 19, 41; Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (Berkeley, 2001), p. 5; J. Horgan, The Psychology of Terrorism (London, 2005), p. 12; English, Terrorism, p. 6
1531
Hugo Slim, ‘Why Protect Civilians? Innocence, Immunity and Enmity in War’, International Affairs, 79, 3 (2003)
1532
Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (London, 1998), p. 14 (Хоффман Б. Терроризм – взгляд изнутри. – Екатеринбург: Ультракультура, 2003.); C. C. Harmon, Terrorism Today (London, 2008), p. 7; D. J. Whittaker, ed., The Terrorist Reader (London, 2001), p. 9.
1533
Harmon, Terrorism Today, p. 160
1534
Martha Crenshaw, ‘Reflections on the Effects of Terrorism’, in M. Crenshaw, ed., Terrorism, Legitimacy, and Power: The Consequences of Political Violence (Middletown, Conn., 1983), p. 25
1535
Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion (London, 2007), p. 132 (Докинз Р. Бог как иллюзия. – М.: КоЛибри, 2015.)
1536
Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, pp. 24–54
1537
Muhammad Heikal, Autumn of Fury: The Assassination of Sadat (London, 1984), pp. 94–96.
1538
Gilles Kepel, The Prophet and Pharaoh: Muslim Extremism in Egypt, trans. Jon Rothschild (London, 1985), p. 85
1539
Fedwa El Guindy, ‘The Killing of Sadat and After: A Current Assessment of Egypt’s Islamic Movement’, Middle East Insight 2 (January – February 1982).
1540
Kepel, Prophet and Pharaoh, pp. 70–102
1541
Ibid., pp. 152–59
1542
Ibid., pp. 158–59
1543
Patrick D. Gaffney, The Prophet’s Pulpit: Islamic Preaching in Contemporary Egypt (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1994), pp. 97–101
1544
Heikal, Autumn of Fury, pp. 118–19
1545
Ibid., pp. 141–42
1546
Johannes J. G. Jansen, The Neglected Duty: The Creed of Sadat’s Assassins and Islamic Resurgence in the Middle East (New York and London, 1988), pp. 49–88
1547
Ibid., p. 169
1548
Ibid., p. 166
1549
Wilfred Cantwell Smith, Islam in Modern History (Princeton and London, 1957), p. 241
1550
Ibid., pp. 90, 198
1551
Ibid., pp. 90, 198, 201–02
1552
English, Terrorism, p. 51
1553
Abdulaziz A. Sachedina, ‘Activist Shi’ism in Iran, Iraq and Lebanon’, in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds, Fundamentalisms Observed (Chicago and London, 1991), p. 456
1554
Alastair Crooke, Resistance: The Essence of the Islamist Revolution (London, 2009), p. 173
1555
Martin Kramer, ‘Hizbollah: The Calculus of Jihad’, in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds, Fundamentalisms and the State (Chicago and London, 1993), pp. 540–41
1556
Sheikh Muhammad Fadl Allah, Al-Islam wa Muntiq al Quwwa (Beirut, 1976); trans. Crooke, Resistance, p. 173
1557
Kramer, ‘Hizbollah’, p. 542
1558
Sachedina, ‘Activist Shi’ism’, p. 448
1559
Интервью с Фадл-аллахом газете «Кайхан» (14 ноября 1985 г.); см.: Kramer, ‘Hizbollah’, p. 551
1560
Выступление Фадл-аллаха в газете «Аль-Нахар» (14 мая 1985 г.); см.: Kramer, ‘Hizbollah’, p. 550
1561
Kramer, ‘Hizbollah’, pp. 548–49; Ariel Meroni, ‘The Readiness to Kill or Die: Suicide Terrorism in the Middle East’, in Walter Reich, ed., The Origins of Terrorism (Cambridge, UK, 1990), pp. 204–05
1562
Crooke, Resistance, pp. 175–76
1563
Интервью Фадл-аллаха газете «Аль-Шира» (18 марта 1985 г.); Kramer, ‘Hizbollah’, pp. 552–53
1564
Интервью Фадл-аллаха римской газете «Республика» (28 августа 1989 г.); Kramer, ‘Hizbollah’, p. 552
1565
Crooke, Resistance, pp. 175–82
1566
Ibid., p. 182
1567
Ibid., pp. 183–87
1568
Robert Pape, Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism (New York, 2005), pp. xiii, 22
1569
Ehud Sprinzak, The Ascendance of Israel’s Far Right (Oxford and New York, 1991), p. 97; в итоге ранено было лишь двое мэров
1570
Ibid., pp. 94–95
1571
Ibid., p. 96; Aviezar Ravitsky, Messianism, Zionism and Jewish Religious Radicalism, trans. Michael Swirsky and Jonathan Chipman (Chicago and London, 1993), pp. 133–34
1572
Ibid., pp. 97–98.
1573
Gideon Aran, ‘Jewish Zionist Fundamentalism’, in Marty and Appleby, Fundamentalisms Observed, pp. 267–68
1574
Мехильта на Исход 20:13; М. Пирке Авот 6:6; ВТ Хорайот 13а; ВТ Санхедрин 4:5; см.: C. G. Montefiore and H. Loewe, eds, A Rabbinic Anthology (New York, 1974)
1575
Sprinzak, Ascendance of Israel’s Far Right, p. 121
1576
Ibid., p. 22
1577
Amartya Sen, Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny (London and New York, 2006)
1578
Raphael Mergui and Philippe Simonnot, Israel’s Ayatollahs: Meir Kahane and the Far Right in Israel (London, 1987), p. 45
1579
Ibid.
1580
Tom Segev, The Seventh Million: The Israelis and the Holocaust, trans. Haim Watzman (New York, 1991), pp. 515–17
1581
Sprinzak, Ascendance of Israel’s Far Right, p. 221
1582
Ehud Sprinzak, ‘Three Models of Religious Violence: The Case of Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel’, in Marty and Appleby, Fundamentalisms and the State, p. 479
1583
Ibid., p. 480
1584
Ellen Posman, ‘History, Humiliation, and Religious Violence’, in Andrew R. Murphy, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence (Chichester, UK, 2011), pp. 336–37, 339
1585
Sudhir Kakar, The Colours of Violence: Cultural Identities, Religion and Conflict (Chicago and London, 1996), p. 15
1586
Daniel Gold, ‘Organized Hinduisms: From Vedic Truth to Hindu Nation’, in Marty and Appleby, eds, Fundamentalisms Observed, pp. 532, 572–73
1587
Kakar, Colours of Violence, pp. 48–51
1588
Paul R. Brass, Communal Riots in Post-Independence India (Seattle, 2003), pp. 66–67
1589
Kakar, Colours of Violence, pp. 154–57
1590
Ibid., p. 157
1591
Ibid., p. 158
1592
David Cook, Understanding Jihad (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2005), p. 114
1593
Beverley Milton-Edwards, Islamic Politics in Palestine (London and New York, 1996), pp. 73–116
1594
Ibid., p. 118
1595
Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 114
1596
Heilman, ‘Guides of the Faithful: Contemporary Religious Zionist Rabbis’, in R. Scott Appleby, ed., Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders in the Middle East (Chicago, 1997), pp. 352–53
1597
Ibid., p. 354
1598
G. Robinson, Building a Palestinian State: The Incomplete Revolution (Bloomington, Ind., 1997); Jeroen Gunning, ‘Rethinking Religion and Violence in the Middle East’, in Murphy, ed., Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence, p. 519.
1599
Gunning, ‘Rethinking Religion and Violence’, pp. 518–19
1600
Milton-Edwards, Islamic Politics, p. 148
1601
Anne Marie Oliver and Paul F. Steinberg, The Road to Martyrs’ Square: A Journey to the World of the Suicide Bomber (Oxford, 2005), p. 71
1602
Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 116
1603
The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement, Article 1 (Jerusalem, 1988); John L. Esposito, Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam (Oxford, 2002), p. 96
1604
Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 116
1605
Covenant, Article 1; Esposito, Unholy War, p. 96
1606
Talal Asad, On Suicide Bombing: The Wellek Lectures (New York, 2007), pp. 46–47
1607
См. Абдул Азиз Реутизи в: Anthony Shehad, Legacy of the Prophet: Despots, Democrats and the New Politics of Islam (Boulder, Colo., 2001), p. 124
1608
Esposito, Unholy War, pp. 97–98
1609
Bernard Lewis, The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror (New York, 2003); Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York, 2006)
1610
Gunning, ‘Rethinking Religion and Violence’, p. 516
1611
Asad, Suicide Bombing, p. 50
1612
Pape, Dying to Win, p. 130; эти цифры несколько отличаются от тех, что цитировались раннее по другому исследованию. Однако вывод в обоих случаях совпадает.
1613
Robert Pape, ‘Dying to Kill Us’, New York Times, 22 September 2003
1614
См. неопубликованный доклад: May Jayyusi, ‘Subjectivity and Public Witness: An Analysis of Islamic Militance in Palestine’ (2004). Цит. по: Asad, Suicide Bombing
1615
Gunning, ‘Rethinking Religion and Violence’, pp. 518–19
1616
Oliver and Steinberg, Road to Martyrs’ Square, p. 120
1617
Ibid., pp. 101–02; Gunning, ‘Rethinking Religion and Violence’, pp. 518–19
1618
Oliver and Steinberg, Road to Martyrs’ Square, p. 31
1619
Roxanne Euben, ‘Killing (for) Politics: Jihad, Martyrdom, Political Action’, Political Theory, 30, 1 (2002)
1620
Ibid., p. 49
1621
Суд. 16:23–31
1622
John Milton, Samson Agonistes (1671), строки 1710–11. [Здесь и далее цит. по пер. Ю. Корнеева: Мильтон Дж. Потерянный рай. Стихотворения. Самсон-борец. – М.: Художественная литература, 1976. – Прим. пер.]
1623
Ibid., строки 1721–24
1624
Ibid., строки 1752–55
1625
Asad, Suicide Bombing, pp. 74–75
1626
Ibid., p. 63
1627
Bourke, ‘Barbarisation vs. Civilisation’, p. 21
1628
Jacqueline Rose, ‘Deadly Embrace’, London Review of Books, 26, 21 (4 November 2004)
1629
Jason Burke, Al-Qaeda (London, 2003), pp. 72–75; Thomas Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism since 1979 (Cambridge, UK, 2010), pp. 7–8, 40–42; Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, trans. Anthony F. Roberts, 4th ed. (London, 2009), pp. 144–47; Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda’s Road to 9 / 11 (New York, 2006), pp. 95–101; David Cook, Understanding Jihad (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2005), pp. 128–31
1630
Абдулла Аззам, «Последняя воля Абдуллы Юсуфа Аззама; кто беден пред Господом»; продиктовано 20 апреля 1986 г. См. перевод в: Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 130
1631
Burke, Al-Qaeda, p. 75
1632
Andrew Preston, Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith: Religion in American War and Diplomacy (New York and Toronto, 2012), p. 585
1633
Kepel, Jihad, pp. 137–40, 147–49; Burke, Al-Qaeda, pp. 58–62; Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia, pp. 58–60.
1634
Abdullah Azzam, ‘Martyrs: The Building Blocks of Nations’; trans. Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 129
1635
Ibid.
1636
Ibid.
1637
Абдулла Аззам, «Последняя воля Абдуллы Юсуфа Аззама». см.: перевод в: Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 130
1638
Abdullah Yusuf Azzam, Join the Caravan (Birmingham, UK, n. d.)
1639
Wright, Looming Tower, p. 96
1640
Ibid., p. 130
1641
Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia, pp. 8–37, 229–33
1642
Natana J. DeLong-Bas, Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad (Cairo, 2005), pp. 35, 194–96, 203–11, 221–24
1643
Hamid Algar, Wahhabism: A Critical Essay (Oneonta, NY, 2002)
1644
DeLong-Bas, Wahhabi Islam, pp. 247–56; Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 74
1645
Kepel, Jihad, pp. 57–59, 69–86; Burke, Al-Qaeda, pp. 56–60; John Esposito, Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam (Oxford, 2002), pp. 106–10
1646
Kepel, Jihad, p. 71
1647
Ibid., p. 70
1648
Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia, pp. 19–24
1649
Ibid., pp. 60–64
1650
Al-Quds al-Arabi, 202 (March 2005); Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia, p. 61
1651
Al-Quds al-Arabi
1652
Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia, p. 61
1653
Ibid., pp. 61–62
1654
Ibid. p. 64
1655
Nasir al-Basri, Al-Quds al-Arabi, in ibid.
1656
Michael A. Sells, The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1996), p. 154
1657
Ibid., p. 9
1658
Ibid., pp. 29–52
1659
Ibid., pp. 1–3
1660
Ibid., p. 72–79, 117
1661
Chris Hedges, War is a Force That Gives Us Meaning (New York, 2003), p. 9
1662
New York Times, 18 October 1995; Sells, Bridge Betrayed, p. 10
1663
S. Burg, ‘The International Community and the Yugoslav Crisis’, in Milton Eshman and Shibley Telham, eds., International Organizations and Ethnic Conflict (Ithaca, NY, 1994); David Rieff, Slaughterhouse: Bosnia and the Failure of the West (New York, 1993)
1664
Thomas L. Friedman, ‘Allies’, New York Times, 7 June 1995
1665
Cook, Understanding Jihad, pp. 119–21
1666
Mahmoun Fandy, Saudi Arabia and the Politics of Dissent (New York, 1999), p. 183
1667
Kepel, Jihad, pp. 223–26
1668
Cook, Understanding Jihad, pp. 135–36; Marc Sageman, Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century (Philadelphia, 2008), pp. 44–46; Burke, Al-Qaeda, pp. 118–35
1669
Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia, pp. 229
1670
Burke, Al-Qaeda, pp. 7–8
1671
Esposito, Unholy War, p. 14
1672
Ibid., pp. 6, 8
1673
Kepel, Jihad, pp. 13–14
1674
Burke, Al-Qaeda, pp. 161–64; DeLong-Bas, Wahhabi Islam, pp. 276–77
1675
Esposito, Unholy War, pp. 21–22; Burke, Al-Qaeda, pp. 175–76
1676
Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia, pp. 102–03
1677
Osama bin Laden, ‘Hunting the Enemy’; Esposito, Unholy War, p. 24
1678
Burke, Al-Qaeda, p. 163
1679
Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia, pp. 133–41
1680
Ibid., p. 133
1681
Ibid., p. 134.
1682
Matthew Purdy and Lowell Bergman, ‘Where the Trail Led: Between Evidence and Suspicion; Unclear Danger: Inside the Lackawanna Terror Case’, New York Times, 12 October 2003
1683
Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 150; Sageman, Leaderless Jihad, p. 81
1684
Cook, Understanding Jihad, pp. 136–41
1685
Abu Daud, Sunan (Beirut, 1988), 3, p. 108, no. 4297; trans. Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 137
1686
Коран 2:249; Burke, Al-Qaeda, pp. 24–25
1687
Коран 2:194; Communiqué from Qaidat al-Jihad, 24 April 2002; Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 178
1688
Sageman, Leaderless Jihad, pp. 81–82
1689
Marc Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks (Philadelphia, 2004), pp. 103–08
1690
Sageman, Leaderless Jihad, pp. 59–60
1691
Ibid., p. 28
1692
Ibid., p. 57
1693
Timothy McDermott, Perfect Soldiers. The 9 / 11 Hijackers: Who They Were, Why They Did It (New York, 2005), p. 65
1694
Fraser Egerton, Jihad in the West: The Rise of Militant Salafism (Cambridge, UK, 2011), pp. 155–56
1695
Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks, p. 105
1696
Antony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Cambridge, UK, 1991), p. 53
1697
Osama bin Laden, ‘Hunting the Enemy’, in Esposito, Unholy War, p. 23
1698
Andrew Sullivan, ‘This Is a Religious War’, New York Times Magazine, 7 October 2001
1699
William T. Cavanaugh, The Myth of Religious Violence (Oxford, 2009), p. 204
1700
Emanuel Sivan, Arab Historiography of the Crusades (Tel Aviv, 1973)
1701
Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia, pp. 104–05
1702
См. перевод текста в: Bruce Lincoln, Holy Terrors: Thinking about Religion after September 11, 2nd ed. (Chicago, 2006), Appendix A, ‘Final Instructions to the Hijackers of September, 11, Found in the Luggage of Muhammad Atta and Two Other Copies’. Найдены были еще две копии: в машине одного из террористов, в которой тот ехал, прежде чем воспользоваться рейсом 77 American Airlines на Вашингтон, и в Пенсильвании на месте падения самолета, следовавшего рейсом 93 United Airlines.
1703
См., напр., пункты 10, 24 и 30 «последних инструкций» в: Lincoln, Holy Terrors, p. 98, 100–101
1704
Ibid., пункт 1; Lincoln, Holy Terrors, p. 97
1705
См… Cook, Understanding Jihad, Appendix 6, p. 196; Lincoln, p. 97
1706
См. пункт 14 в: Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 197; Lincoln, Holy Terrors, p. 98
1707
См. пункт 16 в: Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 197
1708
Ibid., Lincoln, Holy Terrors, p. 200
1709
Ibid.
1710
Ibid., p. 201
1711
Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 234, прим. 37
1712
Коран 3:173–174
1713
Cook, Understanding Jihad, Appendix 6, p. 198
1714
Ibid., p. 201
1715
Louis Atiyat Allah, ‘Moments Before the Crash, By the Lord of the 19’ (22 January 2003), ibid., Appendix 7, p. 203
1716
Ibid., p. 207
1717
Ibid.
1718
Ibid.
1719
Osama bin Laden, videotaped address, 7 October 2001, Appendix C in Lincoln, Holy Terrors, p. 106, para. 1
1720
Hamid Mir, ‘Osama claims he has nukes. If US uses N. Arms it will get the same response’, Dawn: The Internet Edition, 10 November 2001
1721
Ibid., paras 3, 6, 8, 9, 11, in Lincoln, Holy Terrors, pp. 106–07
1722
‘George W. Bush, Address to the Nation, October 7th, 2001’, Appendix B, in ibid.
1723
Remarks by the President at the Islamic Centre of Washington DC, 17 September 2001, http:/usinfo.state.gov/islam/50917016.htm
1724
‘George W. Bush, Address to the Nation’, p. 104
1725
Paul Rogers, ‘The Global War on Terror and its Impact on the Conduct of War’, in George Kassimeris, The Barbarisation of Warfare (London, 2006), p. 188
1726
Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 157. Кук комментирует: «К сожалению, в свете того, что мы узнали о тюрьме Абу-Грейб весной 2004 г., этот рассказ не столь неправдоподобен, как может показаться»
1727
Anthony Dworkin, ‘The Laws of War in the Age of Asymmetric Conflict’, in Kassimeris, Barbarisation of Warfare, pp. 220, 233
1728
Joanna Bourke, ‘Barbarisation vs. Civilisation in Time of War’, in ibid., p. 37
1729
Dworkin, ‘Laws of War’, p. 220
1730
Rogers, ‘Global War on Terror’, p. 192
1731
The Guardian, Datablog, 12 April 2013. ООН начала сообщать статистику потерь среди гражданского населения с 2007 г.
1732
Sageman, Leaderless Jihad, pp. 136–37
1733
White House press release, ‘President Discusses the Future of Iraq’, 26 February 2003
1734
White House press release, ‘President Bush Saluting Veterans at White House Ceremony’, 11 November 2002
1735
Timothy H. Parsons, The Rule of Empires: Those Who Built Them, Those Who Endured Them, and Why They Always Fail (Oxford, 2010), pp. 423–50
1736
Bruce Lincoln, Religion, Empire, and Torture: The Case of Achaemenian Persia, with a Postscript on Abu Ghraib (Chicago and London, 2007), pp. 97–99
1737
Ibid., pp. 97–98
1738
Лк. 4:18–19
1739
Lincoln, Religion, Empire and Torture, pp. 101–07
1740
Ibid., pp. 102–03
1741
Susan Sontag, ‘What Have We Done? ’ Guardian, 24 May 2005
1742
Lincoln, Religion, Empire and Torture, pp. 101–02
1743
Parsons, The Rule of Empires, pp. 423–34
1744
Bashir, Friday Prayers, Umm al-Oura, Baghdad, 11 June 2004 in Edward Coy, ‘Iraqis Put Contempt for Troops on Display’, Washington Post, 12 June 2004; Kassimeris, ‘Barbarisation of Warfare’, p. 16
1745
Rogers, ‘Global War on Terror’, pp. 193–94
1746
Dworkin, ‘Laws of War’, p. 253
1747
Sageman, Leaderless Jihad, pp. 139–42
1748
Ibid., pp. 31–32
1749
Michael Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History (Princeton and Oxford, 2006), p. 164
1750
Sageman, Leaderless Jihad, pp. 156–57
1751
Ibid., p. 159.
1752
John L. Esposito and Dahlia Mogahed, Who Speaks for Islam? What a Billion Muslims Really Think; Based on Gallup’s World Poll – the largest study of its kind (New York, 2007), pp. 69–70
1753
Цит. по: Joos R. Hiltermann, A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq and the Gassing of Halabja (Cambridge, UK, 2007), p. 243
1754
Naureen Shah, ‘Time for the Truth about “targeted killings” ’, Guardian, 22 October 2013
1755
Rafiq ur Rehman, ‘Please tell me, Mr President, why a US drone assassinated my mother’; theguardian.com, 25 October 2013
1756
Коран 29:46. Есть и другие подобные отрывки.
1757
Коран 22:40.
1758
Еще один фактор: господство ваххабитских идей, которые пропагандировались в исламском мире при молчаливом потворстве Соединенных Штатов.
1759
John Fowles, The Magus, revised edition (London, 1987), p. 413.
Автор книги - Карен Армстронг
Карен Армстронг (Karen Armstrong, р. 14.11.1944, Великобритания) - известный историк религии, автор множества книг на религиозные темы, переведенных на сорок языков. Кроме того, она сняла три документальных телефильма и приняла участие в съемках сериала Билла Мойерса «Книга Бытие». После 11 сентября 2001 г. она часто выступает на конференциях, телевидении и радио, в газетах и журналах по обе стороны Атлантики, освещая вопросы, связанные с исламом. Живет Армстронг в Лондоне.