Примечания книги Homo Deus. Краткая история будущего. Автор книги Юваль Ной Харари

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Там же, 53. См. также: J. Neumann and S. Lindgrén, ‘Great Historical Events Tat Were Signifcantly Afected by the Weather: 4, Te Great Famines in Finland and Estonia, 1695–1697’, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 60 (1979), 775–787; Andrew B. Appleby, ‘Epidemics and Famine in the Little Ice Age’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10:4 (1980): 643–663; Cormac Ó Gráda and Jean-Michel Chevet, ‘Famine and Market in Ancien Régime France’, Journal of Economic History 62:3 (2002), 706–773.

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Niall P. A. S. Johnson and Juergen Mueller, ‘Updating the Accounts: Global Mortality of the 1918–1920 “Spanish” Infuenza Pandemic’, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 76:1 (2002), 105–115; Stacey L. Knobler, Alison Mack, Adel Mahmoud et al., ed., Te Treat of Pandemic Infuenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary (Washington DC: National Academies Press 2005), 57–110; David van Reybrouck, Congo: Te Epic History of a People (New York: HarperCollins, 2014), 164; Siddharth Chandra, Goran Kuljanin and Jennifer Wray, ‘Mortality from the Infuenza Pandemic of 1918–1919: Te Case of India’, Demography 49:3 (2012), 857–865; George C. Kohn, Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present, 3rd edn (New York: Facts on File, 2008), 363.

12

В 2005–2010 гг. уровень детской смертности в мире составил 4,6 %; при этом в Африке он достигал 7,9 %, а в Европе и Северной Америке – 0,7 %.См: ‘Infant Mortality Rate (Both Sexes Combined) by Major Area, Region and Country, 1950–2010 (Infant Deaths for 1000 Live Births), estimates’, World Population Prospects: the 2010 Revision, UN Department of Economic and Social Afairs, April 2011, accessed 26 May 2012, http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm. См. также: Alain Bideau, Bertrand Desjardins, and Hector Perez-Brignoli, ed., Infant and Child Mortality in the Past (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997); Edward Anthony Wrigley et al., English Population Historyfrom Family Reconstitution, 1580–1837 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 295–296, 303.

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В официальных документах в графе «Причина смерти» никогда не пишут «Преклонный возраст». Если ослабленный организм пожилой женщины не справится с инфекцией, причиной смерти будет объявлена инфекция. Именно поэтому статистика относит более 20 % ежегодных смертей на планете на счет инфекционных заболеваний. Впрочем, это достаточно скромная цифра, если вспомнить, какое огромное число детей и взрослых умирали от подобных заболеваний в прошлом.

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Alfonso J. Alanis, ‘Resistance to Antibiotics: Are We in the Post-Antibiotic Era?’, Archives of Medical Research 36:6 (2005), 697–705; Stephan Harbarth and Matthew H. Samore, ‘Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants and Future Control’, Emerging Infectious Diseases 11:6 (2005), 794–801; Hiroshi Yoneyama and Ryoichi Katsumata, ‘Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria and Its Future for Novel Antibiotic Development’, Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 70:5 (2006), 1060–1075; Cesar A. Arias and Barbara E. Murray, ‘Antibiotic-Resistant Bugs in the 21st Century – A Clinical Super-Challenge’, New England Journal of Medicine 360 (2009), 439–443; Brad Spellberg, John G. Bartlett and David N. Gilbert, ‘Te Future of Antibiotics and Resistance’, New England Journal of Medicine 368 (2013), 299–302.

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Van Reybrouck, Congo, 456–457.

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Подробнее о смертельно опасном ожирении см.: ‘Global Burden of Disease, Injuries and Risk Factors Study 2013’, Lancet, 18 December 2014, accessed 18 December 2014, http://www.thelancet.com/themed/global-burden-of-disease; Stephen Adams, ‘Obesity Killing Tree Times As Many As Malnutrition’, Telegraph, 13 December 2012, accessed 18 December 2014, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/9742960/Obesity-killing-three-times-as-many-as-malnutrition.html. Deaths from terrorism: Global Terrorism Database, http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/,accessed16January2016.

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Сооснователи корпорации Google.

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M. Csikszentmihalyi, Finding Flow: Te Psychology of Engagement with Everyday Life (New York: Basic Books, 1997).

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html, accessed 4 January 2016; Sarah Harris, ‘Number of Children Given Drugs for ADHD Up Ninefold with Patients As Young As Three Being Prescribed Ritalin’, Daily Mail, 28 June 2013, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2351427/Number-children-given-drugs-ADHD-ninefold-patients-young-THREE-prescribed-Ritalin.html, accessed 4 January 2016; International Narcotics Control Board (UN), Psychotropics Substances, Statistics for 2013, Assessments of Annual Medical and Scientifc Requirements 2014, 39–40.

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Убедительных доказательств того, что учащиеся злоупотребляют подобными препаратами, на данный момент не существует, однако проведенное в 2013 г. исследование показало: от 5 до 15 % студентов американских колледжей по меньшей мере раз в жизни принимали не прописанные врачом стимуляторы. См.: C. Ian Ragan, Imre Bard and Ilina Singh, ‘What Should We Do about Student Use of Cognitive Enhancers? An Analysis of Current Evidence’, Neuropharmacology 64 (2013), 589.

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Bradley J. Partridge, ‘Smart Drugs “A s Common as Cofee”: Media Hype about Neuroenhancement’, PLoS One 6:11 (2011), e28416.

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47

Дейта, Кирк – персонажи научно-фантастического телесериала «Звездный путь». – Здесь и далее, за исключением особо оговоренных случаев, прим. перев.

48

NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation) – американская биржа, специализирующаяся на акциях высокотехнологичных компаний (производство электроники, программного обеспечения и т. п.).

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Meika Loe, Te Rise of Viagra: How the Little Blue Pill Changed Sex in America (New York: New York University Press, 2004).

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Brian Morgan, ‘Saints and Sinners: Sir Harold Gillies’, Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 95:6 (2013), 204–205; Donald W. Buck II, ‘A Link to Gillies: One Surgeon’s Quest to Uncover His Surgical Roots’, Annals of Plastic Surgery 68:1 (2012), 1–4.

51

Paolo Santoni-Rugio, A History of Plastic Surgery (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2007); P. Niclas Broer, Steven M. Levine and Sabrina Juran, ‘Plastic Surgery: Quo Vadis? Current Trends and Future Projections of Aesthetic Plastic Surgical Procedures in the United States’, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 133:3 (2014): 293e–302e.

52

Евгеника (от др.-греч. εὐγενής – «хорошего рода, благородный») – учение о селекции применительно к человеку, а также о путях улучшения его наследственных свойств.

53

В пробирке (лат.).

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Holly Firfer, ‘How Far Will Couples Go to Conceive?’, CNN, 17 June 2004, accessed 3 May 2015, http://edition.cnn.com/2004/HEALTH/03/12/infertility.treatment/index.html?iref=allsearch.

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Rowena Mason and Hannah Devlin, ‘MPs Vote in Favour of “Three-Person Embryo” Law’, Guardian, 3 February 2015, accessed 3 May 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/feb/03/mps-vote-favour-three-person-embryo-law.

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Этот слоган предвыборной кампании Билла Клинтона был придуман его политическим советником Джеймсом Карвиллом.

57

Новое время (или Новая история) – условное историческое понятие, обозначающее период истории человечества, следующий за Средневековьем.

58

Lionel S. Smith and Mark D. E. Fellowes, ‘Towards a Lawn without Grass: Te Journey of the Imperfect Lawn and Its Analogues’, Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscape 33:3 (2013), 158–159; John Dixon Hunt and Peter Willis, ed., Te Genius of the Place: Te English Landscape Garden 1620–1820, 5th edn (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000), 1–45; Anne Helmriech, Te English Garden and National Identity: Te Competing Styles of Garden Design 1870–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 1–6.

59

Фавелы – трущобы в городах Бразилии, часто расположенные на склонах гор.

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Robert J. Lake, ‘Social Class, Etiquette and Behavioral Restraint in British Lawn Tennis’, International Journal of the History of Sport 28:6 (2011), 876–894; Beatriz Colomina, ‘Te Lawn at War: 1941–1961’, in Te American Lawn, ed. Georges Teyssot (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999), 135–153; Virginia Scott Jenkins, Te Lawn: History of an American Obsession (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1994).

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Anthony D. Barnosky, ‘Megafauna Biomass Tradeof as a Driver of Quaternary and Future Extinctions’, PNAS 105:1 (2008), 11543–11548; for wolves and lions: William J. Ripple et al., ‘Status and Ecological Efects of the World’s Largest Carnivores’, Science 343:6167 (2014), 151; если верить доктору Стэнли Корену, сегодня на планете живет около 500 млн собак. См.: Stanley Coren, ‘How Many Dogs Are There in the World’, Psychology Today, 19 September 2012, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/canine-corner/201209/how-many-dogs-are-there-in-the-world; о мировой популяции кошек см.: Nicholas Wade, ‘DNA Traces 5 Matriarchs of 600 Million Domestic Cats’, New York Times, 29 June 2007, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/health/29iht-cats.1.6406020.html; подробнее об африканских буйволах см.: ‘Syncerus cafer’, IUCN Red List of Treatened Species, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/21251/0; подробнее о популяции крупного рогатого скота см.: David Cottle and Lewis Kahn, ed., Beef Cattle Production and Trade (Collingwood: Csiro, 2014), 66; подробнее о домашних курах см.: ‘Live Animals’, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Statistical Division, accessed December 20, 2014, http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QA/E; подробнее о популяции шимпанзе см.: ‘Pan troglodytes’, IUCN Red List of Treatened Species, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/15933/0.

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Graham Harvey, Animism: Respecting the Living World (Kent Town: Wakefeld Press, 2005); Rane Willerslev, Soul Hunters: Hunting, Animism and Personhood Among the Siberian Yukaghirs (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007); Elina Helander-Renvall, ‘Animism, Personhood and the Nature of Reality: Sami Perspectives’, Polar Record 46:1 (2010), 44– 56; Istvan Praet, ‘Animal Conceptions in Animism and Conservation’, in Routledge Handbook of Human-Animal Studies, ed. Susan McHaugh and Garry Marvin (New York: Routledge, 2014), 154–167; Nurit Bird-David, ‘Animism Revisited: Personhood, Environment, and Relational Epistemology’, Current Anthropology 40 (1999): s67–91; N. Bird-David, ‘Animistic Epistemology: Why Some Hunter-Gatherers Do Not Depict Animals’, Ethnos 71:1 (2006): 33–50.

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Быт., 3: 19.

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71

Согласно теории американского нейрофизиолога Пола Маклина, человеческий мозг состоит из трех частей, насаженных одна на другую по принципу матрешки. Центральная часть – это так называемый древний мозг, мозг рептилий.

72

Давление отбора – показатель интенсивности действия естественного отбора. Зависит от внешних факторов среды, межвидовой и внутривидовой конкуренции.

73

Jerome H. Barkow, Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, ed., Te Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992); Richard W. Bloom and Nancy Dess, ed., Evolutionary Psychology and Violence: A Primer for Policymakers and Public Policy Advocates (Westport: Praeger, 2003); Charles Crawford and Catherine Salmon, ed., Evolutionary Psychology, Public Policy and Personal Decisions (New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2008); Patrick McNamara and David Trumbull, An Evolutionary Psychology of Leader – Follower Relations (New York: Nova Science, 2007); Joseph P. Forgas, Martie G. Haselton and William von Hippel, ed., Evolution and the Social Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and Social Cognition (New York: Psychology Press, 2011).

74

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75

I. Horrell and J. Hodgson, ‘Te bases of sow-piglet identifcation. 2. Cues used by piglets to identify their dam and home pen’, Applied Animal Behavior Science, 33 (1992), 329–343; D. M. Weary and D. Fraser, ‘Calling by domestic piglets: Reliable signals of need?’, Animal Behaviour 50:4 (1995), 1047–1055; H. H. Kristensen et al., ‘Te use of olfactory and other cues for social recognition by juvenile pigs’, Applied Animal Behaviour Science 72 (2001), 321–333.

76

M. Helf, ‘Pig video arcades critique life in the pen’, Wired, 6 June 1997, http://archive.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/1997/06/4302 retrieved 27 January 2016.

77

Humane Society of the United States, ‘A n HSUS Report: Welfare Issues with Gestation Crates for Pregnant Sows’, February 2013, http://www.humanesociety.org/assets/pdfs/farm/HSUS-Report-on-Gestation-Crates-for-Pregnant-Sows.pdf, retrieved 27 January 2016.

78

Turnbull and Solms, Brain and the Inner World, 90–92.

79

David Harel, Algorithmics: Te Spirit of Computers, 3rd edn [in Hebrew] (Tel Aviv: Open University of Israel, 2001), 4–6; David Berlinski, Te Advent of the Algorithm: Te 300-Year Journey from an Idea to the Computer (San Diego: Harcourt, 2000); Hartley Rogers Jr, Teory of Recursive Functions and Efective Computability, 3rd edn (Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press, 1992), 1–5; Andreas Blass and Yuri Gurevich, ‘Algorithms: A Quest for Absolute Defnitions’, Bulletin of European Association for Teoretical Computer Science 81 (2003), 195–225; Donald E. Knuth, Te Art of Computer Programming, 2nd edn (New Jersey: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1973).

80

Daniel Kahneman, Tinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2011); Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational (New York: Harper, 2009).

81

Justin Gregg, Are Dolphins Really Smart? The Mammal Behind the Myth (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 81–87; Jaak Panksepp, ‘Afective Consciousness: Core Emotional Feelings in Animals and Humans’, Consciousness and Cognition 14:1 (2005), 30–80.

82

A. S. Fleming, D. H. O’Day and G. W. Kraemer, ‘Neurobiology of Mother – Infant Interactions: Experience and Central Nervous System Plasticity Across Development and Generations’, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 23:5 (1999), 673–685; K. D. Broad, J. P. Curley and E. B. Keverne, ‘Mother – Infant Bonding and the Evolution of Mammalian Relationship’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 361:1476 (2006), 2199–2214; Kazutaka Mogi, Miho Nagasawa and Takefumi Kikusui, ‘Developmental Consequences and Biological Signifcance of Mother-Infant Bonding’, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 35:5 (2011), 1232–1241; Shota Okabe et al., ‘Te Importance of Mother– Infant Communication for Social Bond Formation in Mammals’, Animal Science Journal 83:6 (2012), 446–452.

83

Бихевиоризм (от англ. behavior – поведение) – одна из самых распространенных теорий в западной психологии первой половины XX века. Ее основатель – американский психолог Джон Бродес Уотсон (1878–1958).

84

Jean O’Malley Halley, Boundaries of Touch: Parenting and Adult– Child Intimacy (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007), 50–51; Ann Taylor Allen, Feminism and Motherhood in Western Europe, 1890–1970: Te Maternal Dilemma (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 190.

85

Lucille C. Birnbaum, ‘Behaviorism in the 1920s’, American Quarterly 7:1 (1955), 18.

86

US Department of Labor (1929), ‘Infant Care’, Washington: United States Government Printing Ofce, http://www.mchlibrary.info/history/chbu/3121–1929.PDF.

87

Harry Harlow and Robert Zimmermann, ‘Afectional Responses in the Infant Monkey’, Science 130:3373 (1959), 421–432; Harry Harlow, ‘Te Nature of Love’, American Psychologist 13 (1958), 673–685; Laurens D. Young et al., ‘Early Stress and Later Response to Sepаration in Rhesus Monkeys’, American Journal of Psychiatry 130:4 (1973), 400–405; K. D. Broad, J. P. Curley and E. B. Keverne, ‘Mother – Infant Bonding and the Evolution of Mammalian Social Relationships’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Soceity B 361:1476(2006), 2199–2214; Florent Pittet et al., ‘Efects of Maternal Experience on Fearfulness and Maternal Behavior in a Precocial Bird’, Animal Behavior 85:4(2013), 797–805.

88

Jacques Cauvin, Te Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Tim Ingord, ‘From Trust to Domination: An Alternative History of Human – Animals Relations’, in Animals and Human Society: Changing Perspectives, ed. Aubrey Manning and James Serpell (New York: Routledge, 2002), 1–22; Roberta Kalechofsky, ‘Hierarchy, Kinship and Responsibility’, in A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Religion, Science and Ethics, ed. Kimberley Patton and Paul Waldau (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 91–102; Nerissa Russell, Social Zooarchaeology: Humans and Animals in Prehistory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 207–258; Margo DeMello, Animals and Society: An Introduction to Human – Animal Studies (New York: University of Columbia Press, 2012).

89

Olivia Lang, ‘Hindu Sacrifce of 250,000 Animals Begins’, Guardian, 24 November 2009, accessed 21 December 2014,http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/24/hindu-sacrifce-gadhimai-festival-nepal.

90

Перевод с аккадского И. М. Дьяконова.

91

Benjamin R. Foster, ed., Te Epic of Gilgamesh (New York, London: W. W. Norton, 2001), 90.

92

Noah J. Cohen, Tsa’ar Ba’ale Hayim: Prevention of Cruelty to Animals: Its Bases, Development and Legislation in Hebrew Literature (Jerusalem, New York: Feldheim Publishers, 1976); Roberta Kalechofsky, Judaism and Animal Rights: Classical and Contemporary Responses (Marblehead: Micah Publications, 1992); Dan Cohen-Sherbok, ‘Hope for the Animal Kingdom: A Jewish Vision’, in A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Religion, Science and Ethics, ed. Kimberley Patton and Paul Waldau (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 81–90; Ze’ev Levi, ‘Ethical Issues of Animal Welfare in Jewish Tought’, in Judaism and Environmental Ethics: A Reader, ed. Martin D. Yafe (Plymouth: Lexington, 2001), 321–332; Norm Phelps, Te Dominion of Love: Animal Rights According to the Bible (New York: Lantern Books, 2002); Dovid Sears, Te Vision of Eden: Animal Welfare and Vegetarianism in Jewish Law Mysticism (Spring Valley: Orot, 2003); Nosson Slifin, Man and Beast: Our Relationships with Animals in Jewish Law and Tought (New York: Lambda, 2006).

93

Talmud Bavli, Bava Metzia, 85:71.

94

Christopher Chapple, Nonviolence to Animals, Earth and Self in Asian Tr a dit i on s (New York: State University of New York Press, 1993); Panchor Prime, Hinduism and Ecology: Seeds of Truth (London: Cassell, 1992); Christopher Key Chapple, ‘Te Living Cosmos of Jainism: A Traditional

Science Grounded in Environmental Ethics’, Daedalus 130:4 (2001), 207–224; Norm Phelps, The Great Compassion: Buddhism and Animal Rights (New York: Lantern Books, 2004); Damien Keown, Buddhist Ethics: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), ch. 3; Kimberley Patton and Paul Waldau, ed., A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Religion, Science and Ethics (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), esp. 179–250; Pragati Sahni, Environmental Ethics in Buddhism: A Virtues Approach (New York: Routledge, 2008); Lisa Kemmerer and Anthony J. Nocella II, ed., Call to Compassion: Refections on Animal Advocacy from the World’s Religions (New York: Lantern, 2011), esp. 15–103; Lisa Kemmerer, Animals and World Religions (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), esp. 56–126; Irina Aristarkhova, ‘Tou Shall Not Harm All Living Beings: Feminism, Jainism and Animals’, Hypatia 27:3 (2012): 636–650; Eva de Clercq, ‘Karman and Compassion: Animals in the Jain Universal History’, Religions of South Asia 7 (2013): 141–157.

95

Naveh, ‘Changes in the Perception of Animals and Plants’, 11.

96

Понятие было популяризировано американским документальным телесериалом о природе уникальности человека («Человеческая искра», 2010), где ведущим выступает актер Алан Алда.

97

Выражение пошло от названия книги «Сила есть право, или Выживание наиболее приспособленных», выпущенной неизвестным автором под псевдонимом Рагнар Редбёрд в 1896 году.

98

‘Evolution, Creationism, Intelligent Design’, Gallup, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.gallup.com/poll/21814/evolution-creationism-intelligent-design.aspx; Frank Newport, ‘In US, 46 per cent Hold Creationist View of Human Origins’, Gallup, 1 June 2012, accessed 21 December 2014, http://www.gallup.com/poll/155003/hold-creationist-view-human-origins.aspx.

99

Gregg, Are Dolphins Really Smart?, 82–83.

100

Stanislas Dehaene, Consciousness and the Brain: Deciphering How the Brain Codes Our Toughts (New York: Viking, 2014); Steven Pinker, How the Mind Works (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997).

101

Теория «глобального нейронного рабочего пространства» предложена американским ученым Бернардом Баарсом.

102

Dehaene, Consciousness and the Brain.

103

Эрудиты могут вспомнить здесь теорему Гёделя о неполноте: если формальная арифметика непротиворечива, то в ней существует невыводимая и неопровержимая формула. Популяризаторы науки иногда привлекают эту теорему в качестве доказательства существования сознания, утверждая, что, не обладай мы им, наш мозг был бы не в состоянии справляться со всевозможными невыводимыми и неопровержимыми данностями. Однако практика показывает, что для выживания и воспроизводства живым организмам вовсе не требуется разгадывать математические загадки. Большая часть принимаемых нами осознанных решений не имеет никакого отношения к вопросам опровержимо-сти и неопровержимости.

104

Christopher Steiner, Automate Tis: How Algorithms Came to Rule Our World (New York: Penguin, 2012), 215; Tom Vanderbilt, ‘Let the Robot Drive: Te Autonomous Car of the Future is Here’, Wired, 20 January 2012, accessed 21 December 2014, http://www.wired.com/2012/01/f_autonomouscars/all/; Chris Urmson, ‘Te Self-Driving Car Logs More Miles on New Wheels’, Google Ofcial Blog, 7 August 2012, accessed 23 December 2014, http://googleblog.blogspot.hu/2012/08/the-self-driving-car-logs-more-miles-on.html; Matt Richtel and Conor Dougherty, ‘Google’s Driverless Cars Run Into Problem: Cars With Drivers’, New York Times, 1 September 2015, accessed 2 September 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/02/technology/personaltech/google-says-its-not-the-driverless-cars-fault-its-other-drivers.html?_r=1.

105

Деннет Дэниел (р. 1942) – американский философ и когнитивист.

106

Деан Станислас (р. 1965) – французский нейробиолог.

107

Dehaene, Consciousness and the Brain.

108

Там же, ch. 7.

109

‘Te Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness’, 7 July 2012, accessed 21 December 2014,https://web.archive.org/web/20131109230457/ http:// fcmconference.org/img/CambridgeDeclarationOnConsciousness.pdf.

110

John F. Cyran, Rita J. Valentino and Irwin Lucki, ‘Assessing Substrates Underlying the Behavioral Efects of Antidepressants Using the Modifed Rat Forced Swimming Test’, Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews, 29:4–5 (2005), 569–574; Benoit Petit-Demoulière, Frank Chenu and Michel Bourin, ‘Forced Swimming Test in Mice: A Review of Antidepressant Activity’, Psychopharmacology 177:3 (2005), 245–255; Leda S. B. Garcia et al.,‘Acute Administration of Ketamine Induces Antidepressant-like Effects in the Forced Swimming Test and Increases BDNF Levels in the Rat Hippocampus’, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 32:1 (2008), 140–144; John F. Cryan, Cedric Mombereau and Annick Vassout, ‘Te Tail Suspension Test as a Model for Assessing Antidepressant Activity: Review of Pharmacological and Genetic Studies in Mice’, Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews 29:4–5 (2005), 571–625; James J. Crowley, Julie A. Blendy and Irwin Lucki, ‘Strain-dependent Antidepressant-like Efects of Citalopram in the Mouse Tail Suspension Test’, Psychopharmacology 183:2 (2005), 257–264; Juan C. Brenes, Michael Padilla and Jaime Fornaguera, ‘A Detailed Analysis of Open-Field Habituation and Behavioral and Neurochemical Antidepressant-like Efects in Postweaning Enriched Rats’, Behavioral Brain Research 197:1 (2009), 125–137; Juan Carlos Brenes Sáenz, Odir Rodríguez Villagra and Jaime Fornaguera Trías, ‘Factor Analysis of Forced Swimming Test, Sucrose Preference Test and Open Field Test on Enriched, Social and Isolated Reared Rats’, Behavioral Brain Research 169:1 (2006), 57–65.

111

Marc Bekof, ‘Observations of Scent-Marking and Discriminating Self from Others by a Domestic Dog (Canis familiaris): Tales of Displaced Yellow Snow’, Behavioral Processes 55:2 (2011), 75–79.

112

Подробнее о разных уровнях самосознания см.: Gregg, Are Dolphins Really Smart?, 59–66.

113

Carolyn R. Raby et al., ‘Planning for the Future by Western Scrub Jays’, Nature 445:7130 (2007), 919–921.

114

Michael Balter, ‘Stone-Throwing Chimp is Back – And This Time It’s Personal’, Science, 9 May 2012, accessed 21 December 2014,http://news.sciencemag.org/2012/05/stone-throwing-chimp-back-and-time-its-personal; Sara J. Shettleworth, ‘Clever Animals and Killjoy Explanations in Comparative Psychology’, Trends in Coginitive Sciences 14:11 (2010), 477–481.

115

Gregg, Are Dolphins Really Smart?; Nicola S.Clayton, Timothy J. Bussey, and Anthony Dickinson, ‘Can Animals Recall the Past and Plan for the Future?’, Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4:8 (2003), 685–691; William A. Roberts, ‘Are Animals Stuck in Time?’, Psychological Bulletin 128:3 (2002), 473–489; Endel Tulving, ‘Episodic Memory and Autonoesis: Uniquely Human?’, in The Missing Link in Cognition: Evolution of Self-Knowing Consciousness, ed. Herbert S. Terrace and Janet Metcalfe (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 3–56; Mariam Naqshbandi and William A. Roberts, ‘Anticipation of Future Events in Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and Rats (Rattus norvegicus): Tests of the Bischof-Kohler Hypothesis’, Journal of Comparative Psychology 120:4 (2006), 345–357.

116

I. B. A. Bartal, J. Decety and P. Mason, ‘Empathy and Pro-Social Behavior in Rats’, Science 334: 6061 (2011), 1427–1430; Gregg, Are Dolphins Really Smart?, 89.

117

Karl Krall, Denkende Tiere: Beiträge zur Tierseelenkunde auf Grund eigener Versuche (Leipzig: F. Engelmann, 1912).

118

Christopher B. Ruf, Erik Trinkaus and Trenton W. Holliday, ‘Body Mass and Encephalization in Pleistocene Homo’, Nature 387:6629 (1997), 173–176; Maciej Henneberg and Maryna Steyn, ‘Trends in Cranial Capacity and Cranial Index in Subsaharan Africa During the Holocene’, American Journal of Human Biology 5:4 (1993), 473–479; Drew H. Bailey and David C. Geary, ‘Hominid Brain Evolution: Testing Climatic, Ecological, and Social Competition Models’, Human Nature 20:1 (2009), 67–79; Daniel J. Wescott and Richard L. Jantz, ‘Assessing Craniofacial Secular Change in American Blacks and Whites Using Geometric Morphometry’, in Modern Morphometrics in Physical Anthropology: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects, ed. Dennis E. Slice (New York: Plenum Publishers, 2005), 231–245.

119

См. также: Edward O. Wilson, Te Social Conquest of the Earth (New York: Liveright, 2012).

120

Cyril Edwin Black, ed., Te Transformation of Russian Society: Aspects of Social Change since 1861 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970), 279.

121

NAEMI09, ‘Nicolae Ceauşescu LAST SPEECH (english subtitles) part 1 of 2, 22 April 2010, accessed 21 December 2014, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wWIbCtz_Xwk.

122

Tom Gallagher, Tef of a Nation: Romania since Communism (London: Hurst, 2005).

123

Robin Dunbar, Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).

124

TVP University, ‘Capuchin monkeys reject unequal pay’, 15 December 2012, accessed 21 December 2014, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKhAd0Tyny0.

125

Цит. по: Christopher Dufy, Military Experience in the Age of Reason (London: Routledge, 2005), 98–99.

126

Serhii Ploghy, Te Last Empire: Te Final Days of the Soviet Union (London: Oneworld, 2014), 309.

127

Время сновидений – термин, введенный этнографом Адольфусом Питером Элкином и обозначающий общее для всех австралийских аборигенов представление о своеобразной мифологической эре, эпохе творения, продолжающей существовать в потусторонней реальности.

128

Fekri A. Hassan, ‘Holocene Lakes and Prehistoric Settlements of the Western Fayum, Egypt’, Journal of Archaeological Science 13:5 (1986), 393–504; Gunther Garbrecht, ‘Water Storage (Lake Moeris) in the Fayum Depression, Legend or Reality?’, Irrigation and Drainage Systems 1:3 (1987), 143–157; Gunther Garbrecht, ‘Historical Water Storage for Irrigation in the Fayum Depression (Egypt)’, Irrigation and Drainage Systems 10:1 (1996), 47–76.

129

Yehuda Bauer, A History of the Holocaust (Danbur: Franklin Watts, 2001), 249.

130

Jean C. Oi, State and Peasant in Contemporary China: Te Political Economy of Village Government (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), 91; Jasper Becker, Hungry Ghosts: China’s Secret Famine (London: John Murray, 1996); Frank Dikkoter, Mao’s Great Famine: Te History of China’s Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–1962 (London: Bloomsbury, 2010).

131

Martin Meredith, Te Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair: A History of Fify Years of Independence (New York: Public Affairs, 2006); Sven Rydenfelt, ‘Lessons from Socialist Tanzania’, Te Freeman 36:9 (1986); David Blair, ‘Africa in a Nutshell’, Telegraph, 10 May 2006, accessed 22 December 2014, http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/davidblair/3631941/Africa_in_a_nutshell/.

132

Roland Anthony Oliver, Africa since 1800, 5th edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 100–123; David van Reybrouck, Congo: Te Epic History of a People (New York: HarperCollins, 2014), 58–59.

133

Ben Wilbrink, ‘Assessment in Historical Perspective’, Studies in Educational Evaluation 23:1 (1997), 31–48.

134

M. C. Lemon, Philosophy of History (London and New York: Routledge, 2003), 28–44; Siep Stuurman, ‘Herodotus and Sima Qian: History and the Anthropological Turn in Ancient Greece and Han China’, Journal of World History 19:1 (2008), 1–40.

135

William Kelly Simpson, The Literature of Ancient Egypt (Yale: Yale University Press, 1973), 332–333.

136

Естественные права – права, которыми люди обладают от природы, то есть без каких-либо договоренностей или при отсутствии каких-либо политических или юридических институтов. Их нужно отличать от позитивных прав, которые гарантирует конкретная правовая система.

137

C. Scott Dixon, Protestants: A History from Wittenberg to Pennsylvania, 1517–1740 (Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 15; Peter W. Williams, America’s Religions: From Teir Origins to the Twenty-First Century (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008), 82.

138

Glenn Hausfater and Sarah Blafer, ed., Infanticide: Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives (New York: Aldine, 1984), 449; Valeria Alia, Names and Nunavut: Culture and Identity in the Inuit Homeland (New York: Berghahn Books, 2007), 23; Lewis Petrinovich, Human Evolution, Reproduction and Morality (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998), 256; Richard A. Posner, Sex and Reason (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 289.

139

Ronald K. Delph, ‘Valla Grammaticus, Agostino Steuco, and the Donation of Constantine’, Journal of the History of Ideas 57:1 (1996), 55–77; Joseph M. Levine, ‘Reginald Pecock and Lorenzo Valla on the Donation of Constantine’, Studies in the Renaissance 20 (1973), 118–143.

140

Смысл существования (фр.).

141

Gabriele Boccaccini, Roots of Rabbinic Judaism (Cambridge: Eerdmans, 2002); Shaye J. D. Cohen, From the Maccabees to the Mishnah, 2nd edn (Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2006), 153–157; Lee M. McDonald and James A. Sanders, ed., The Canon Debate (Peabody: Hendrickson, 2002), 4.

142

Sam Harris, Te Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Va l u e s (New York: Free Press, 2010).

143

Ковенант (от англ. covenant) – соглашение, договор. В религиозном контексте: торжественное, священное соглашение между Богом и человеком.

144

Gerald S. Wilkinson, ‘The Social Organization of the Common Vampire Bat II’, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 17:2 (1985), 123–134; Gerald S. Wilkinson, ‘Reciprocal Food Sharing in the Vampire Bat’, Nature 308:5955 (1984), 181–184; Raul Flores Crespo et al., ‘Foraging Behavior of the Common Vampire Bat Related to Moonlight’, Journal of Mammalogy 53:2 (1972), 366–368.

145

Goh Chin Lian, ‘Admin Service Pay: Pensions Removed, National Bonus to Replace GDP Bonus’, Straits Times, 8 April 2013, retrieved 9 February 2016, http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/admin-service-pay-pensions-removed-national-bonus-to-replace-gdp-bonus.

146

Edward Wong, ‘In China, Breathing Becomes a Childhood Risk’, New York Times, 22 April 2013, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/23/world/asia/pollution-is-radically-changing-childhood-in-chinas-cities.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0; Barbara Demick, ‘China Entrepreneurs Cash in on Air Pollution’, Los Angeles Times, 2 February 2013, accessed 22 December 2014, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/feb/02/world/la-fg-china-pollution-20130203.

147

UNEP, Te Emissions Gap Report 2012 (Nairobi: UNEP, 2012); IEA, Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Te United States (Paris: IEA, 2008).

148

1 июня 2017 года президент Трамп объявил о выходе США из Парижского соглашения по климату.

149

Подробнее см.: Ha-Joon Chang, 23 Tings Tey Don’t Tell You About Capitalism (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2010).

150

Перевод с фр. П.Д. Первова.

151

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile, ou de l’éducation (Paris, 1967), 348.

152

«Диагностическое и статистическое руководство по психическим расстройствам» – принятая в США номенклатура психических расстройств. Разрабатывается и публикуется Американской психиатрической ассоциацией (АПА). Последняя версия классификатора выпущена в 2013 году.

153

‘Journalists Syndicate Says Charlie Hebdo Cartoons “Hurt Feelings”, Washington Okays’, Egypt Independent, 14 January 2015, accessed 12 August 2015, http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/journalists-syndicate-says-charlie-hebdo-cartoons-percentE2percent80percent98hurt-feelings-washington-okays.

154

Naomi Daron, ‘Evolution on Steroids’, Haaretz, 13 June 2014.

155

«Don’t be evil» – неофициальный слоган корпорации Google до апреля 2018 года.

156

Дорога из Желтого Кирпича – дорога, ведущая в Изумрудный город, в детской книге «Удивительный волшебник из страны Оз» американского писателя Л.Ф. Баума (1900) и в фильме «Волшебник страны Оз» (1939).

157

В формуле использован знак умножения, потому что элементы влияют друг на друга. Согласно средневековой схоластике, без логики Библию понять нельзя. Если у вас в голове ноль логики, то, сколько бы вы Библию ни читали, сумма ваших знаний будет равна нулю. И наоборот, если у вас в голове ноль Писания, никакая логика вам не поможет. Если бы в формуле стоял знак сложения, из этого следовало бы, что у обладателей мощной логики много знаний и без Писания – с чем мы с вами, наверно, согласились бы, но средневековые схоласты не соглашались никак. (Примеч. автора.)

158

Из писем жене, Каролине фон Гумбольдт.

159

Walter Horace Bruford, The German Tradition of Self-Cultivation: ‘Bildung’ from Humboldt to Tomas Mann (London, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1975), 24, 25.

160

Рейтинг Нильсена – система измерения величины аудитории телевизионных программ в США.

161

‘All-Time 100 TV Shows: Survivor’, Time, 6 September 2007, retrieved 12 August 2015, http://time.com/3103831/survivor/.

162

Капитаны Кирк и Жан-Люк Пикар – персонажи научно-фантастического телесериала «Звездный путь».

163

«Беспечный ездок» («Easy Rider») – художественный фильм Денниса Хоппера (1969), один из первых в жанре «роуд-муви».

164

Вальтер, Иоганн Якоб (или Жан-Жак; 1600–1679) – немецкий художник.

165

Снайерс, Питер (1599–1667) – фламандский художник-баталист.

166

«Взвод» («Platoon») – фильм режиссера и сценариста Оливера Стоуна о войне во Вьетнаме (1986), удостоенный четырех премий «Оскар».

167

«Апокалипсис сегодня» («Apocalypse Now») – фильм Фрэнсиса Форда Копполы, построенный на теме войны во Вьетнаме (1979).

168

«Цельнометаллическая оболочка» («Full Metal Jacket») – кинофильм Стэнли Кубрика о войне во Вьетнаме (1987).

169

«Черный ястреб» («Black Hawk Down», 2001) – военная драма, основанная на реальных событиях сражения в Могадишо, снята по одноименной книге Марка Боудена (1999).

170

Phil Klay, Redeployment (London: Canongate, 2015), 170.

171

Yuval Noah Harari, Te Ultimate Experience: Battlefeld Revelations and the Making of Modern War Culture, 1450–2000 (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008); Yuval Noah Harari, ‘Armchairs, Cofee and Authority: Eye-witnesses and Flesh-witnesses Speak about War, 1100–2000’, Journal of Military History 74:1 (January 2010), 53–78.

172

От лат. liberalis – свободный.

173

В американской политике либерализм часто трактуется более узко и противопоставляется консерватизму. Однако в широком смысле слова большинство американских политиков – либералы. (Примеч. автора.)

174

‘Angela Merkel Attacked over Crying Refugee Girl’, BBC, 17 July 2015, accessed 12 August 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33555619.

175

«Третий человек» («Te Tird Man») – фильм Кэрола Рида по сценарию Грэма Грина, получивший Гран-при 3-го Каннского кинофестиваля (1949).

176

Laurence Housman, War Letters of Fallen Englishmen (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania State, 2002), 159.

177

Mark Bowden, Black Hawk Down: Te Story of Modern Warfare (New York: New American Library, 2001), 301–302.

178

Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, trans. Ralph Manheim (Boston: Houghton Mifin, 1943), 165.

179

Evan Osnos, Age of Ambition: Chasing Fortune, Truth and Faith in the New China (London: Vintage, 2014), 95.

180

«Бремя белых» – стихотворение Редьярда Киплинга. Его название стало нарицательным обозначением миссии империалистов в колониальных владениях.

181

Mark Harrison, ed., Te Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 3–10; John Ellis, World War II: A Statistical Survey (New York: Facts on File, 1993); I. C. B Dear, ed., Te Oxford Companion to the Second World War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).

182

Калифорнийский университет в Беркли. Во второй половине 60-х годов многие университеты называли себя в честь маоистского Китая Народными Республиками. Народная Республика Беркли – самая известная из них.

183

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD).

184

В 1992 году вышла в свет книга американского философа и политолога Фрэнсиса Фукуямы «Конец истории и последний человек». В ней Фукуяма утверждает, что распространение в мире либеральной демократии западного образца свидетельствует о конечной точке социокультурной эволюции человечества и формировании окончательной формы правительства. В представлении Фукуямы конец истории – это не конец событийной истории, а конец века идеологических противостояний, глобальных революций и войн и вместе с ними – искусства и философии.

185

Теория «слишком большие, чтобы лопнуть» («to big to fail») состоит в следующем: некоторые корпорации и банки настолько огромны и взаимоинтегрированы, что их крах повлечет за собой катастрофу всей финансово-экономической системы и потому в тяжелые времена кризисов они должны получать поддержку от государства.

186

Здесь подразумевается антиутопический сатирический роман английского писателя Олдоса Хаксли (1932) «О, дивный новый мир» («Brave New World»).

187

Понятием «идеологический дискурс» обозначается в науке взаимодействие идеологий на политическом пространстве.

188

Donna Haraway, ‘A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century’, in Simians, Cyborgs and Women: Te Reinvention of Nature, ed. Donna Haraway (New York: Routledge, 1991), 149–181.

189

Подробнее см.: Michael S. Gazzaniga, Who's in Charge?: Free Will and the Science of the Brain (New York: Ecco, 2011).

190

Паддингтон – крупный железнодорожный узел в Лондоне.

191

Chun Siong Soon et al., ‘Unconscious Determinants of Free Decisions in the Human Brain’, Nature Neuroscience 11:5 (2008), 543–545. См. также: Daniel Wegner, Te Illusion of Conscious Will (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002); Benjamin Libet, ‘Unconscious Cerebral Initiative and the Role of Conscious Will in Voluntary Action’, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8 (1985), 529–566.

192

Sanjiv K. Talwar et al., ‘Rat Navigation Guided by Remote Control’, Nature 417:6884 (2002), 37–38; Ben Harder, ‘Scientists “Drive” Rats by Remote Control’, National Geographic, 1 May 2012, accessed 22 December 2014, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/05/0501_020501_roborats.html; Tom Clarke, ‘Here Come the Ratbots: Desire Drives Remote-Controlled Rodents’, Nature, 2 May 2002, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.nature.com/news/1998/020429/full/news020429–9.html; Duncan Graham-Rowe, ‘“Robo-rat” Controlled by Brain Electrodes’, New Scientist, 1 May 2002, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2237–roborat-controlled-by-brain-electrodes.html#.UwOPiNrNtkQ.

193

http://fusion.net/story/204316/darpa-is-implanting-chips-in-soldiers-brains/; http://www.theverge.com/2014/5/28/5758018/darpa-teams-begin-work-on-tiny-brain-implant-to-treat-ptsd.

194

Smadar Reisfeld, ‘Outside of the Cuckoo’s Nest’, Haaretz, 6 March 2015.

195

Dan Hurley, ‘US Military Leads Quest for Futuristic Ways to Boost IQ’, Newsweek, 5 March 2014, http://www.newsweek.com/2014/03/14/us-military-leads-quest-futuristic-ways-boost-iq-247945.html, accessed 9 January 2015; Human Effectiveness Directorate, http://www.wpafb.af.mil/afrl/rh/index.asp; R. Andy McKinley et al., ‘Acceleration of Image Analyst Training with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation’, Behavioral Neuroscience 127:6 (2013): 936–946; Jeremy T. Nelson et al., ‘Enhancing Vigilance in Operators with Prefrontal Cortex Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS)’, NeuroImage 85 (2014): 909–917; Melissa Scheldrup et al., ‘Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Facilities Cognitive Multi-Task Performance Diferentially Depending on Anode Location and Subtask’, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8 (2014); Oliver Burkeman, ‘Can I Increase my Brain Power?’, Guardian, 4 January 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/jan/04/can-i-increase-my-brain-power, accessed 9 January 2016; Heather Kelly, ‘Wearable Tech to Hack Your Brain’, CNN, 23 October 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/22/tech/innovation/brain-stimulation-tech/. accessed 9 January 2016.

196

Sally Adee, ‘Zap Your Brain into the Zone: Fast Track to Pure Focus’, New Scientist, 6 February 2012, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21328501.600–zap-your-brain-into-the-zone-fast-track-to-pure-focus.html. See also: R. Douglas Fields, ‘Amping Up Brain Function: Transcranial Stimulation Shows Promise in Speeding Up Learning’, Scientifc American, 25 November 2011, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.scientifcamerican.com/article/amping-up-brain-function.

197

Sally Adee, ‘How Electrical Brain Stimulation Can Change the Way We Think’, The Week, 30 March 2012, accessed 22 December 2014, http://theweek.com/article/index/226196/how-electrical-brain-stimulation-can-change-the-way-we-think/2.

198

E. Bianconi et al., ‘A n Estimation of the Number of Cells in the Human B o d y,’ Annals of Human Biology 40:6 (2013): 463–471.

199

Oliver Sacks, The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat (London: Picador, 1985), 73–75.

200

Joseph E. LeDoux, Donald H. Wilson, Michael S. Gazzaniga, ‘A Divided Mind: Observations on the Conscious Properties of the Separated Hemispheres’, Annals of Neurology 2:5 (1977), 417–421. См. также: D. Galin, ‘Implications for Psychiatry of Left and Right Cerebral Specialization: A Neurophysiological Context for Unconscious Processes’, Archives of General Psychiatry, 31:4 (1974), 572–583; R. W. Sperry, M. S. Gazzaniga and J. E. Bogen, ‘Interhemispheric relationships: Te Neocortical Commisures: Syndromes of Hemisphere Disconnection’, in Handbook of Clinical Neurology, ed. P. J. Vinken and G. W. Bruyn (Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Co., 1969), vol. 4.

201

Michael S. Gazzaniga, The Bisected Brain (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofs, 1970); Gazzaniga, Who’s in Charge?; Carl Senior, Tamara Russell, and Michael S. Gazzaniga, Methods in Mind (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006); David Wolman, ‘Te Split Brain: A Tale of Two Halves’, Nature 483 (14 March 2012): 260–263.

202

Galin, ‘Implications for Psychiatry of Left and Right Cerebral Specialization’, 573–574.

203

Springer and Deutsch, Lef Brain, Right Brain, 3rd edn (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1989), 32–36.

204

Kahneman, Tinking, Fast and Slow, 377–410. See also Gazzaniga, Who’s in Charge?, ch. 3.

205

Eran Chajut et al., ‘In Pain Tou Shalt Bring Forth Children: Te Peak-and-End Rule in Recall of Labor Pain’, Psychological Science 25:12 (2014), 2266–2271.

206

Ulla Waldenström, ‘Women’s Memory of Childbirth at Two Months and One Year afer the Birth’, Birth 30:4 (2003), 248–254; Ulla Waldenström, ‘Why Do Some Women Change Teir Opinion about Childbirth over Time?’, Birth 31:2 (2004), 102–107.

207

Gazzaniga, Who's in Charge?, ch. 3.

208

Jorge Luis Borges, Collected Fictions, translated by Andrew Hurley (New York: Penguin Books, 1999), 308–309. Издание на испанском языке см.: Jorge Luis Borges, ‘Un problema’, in Obras completas, vol. 3 (Buenos Aires: Emece Editores, 1968–1969), 29–30.

209

Mark Tompson,Te White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front, 1915–1919 (New York: Basic Books, 2009).

210

Всеобщая мобилизация (фр.).

211

F. M. Anderson, ed., Te Constitutions and Other Select Documents Illustrative of the History of France: 1789–1907, 2nd edn (Minneapolis: H. W. Wilson, 1908), 184–185; Alan Forrest, ‘L’armée de l’an II: la levée en masse et la création d’un mythe républicain’, Annales historiques de la Révolution francais 335 (2004), 111–130.

212

Morris Edmund Spears, ed., World War Issues and Ideals: Readings in Contemporary History and Literature (Boston and New York: Ginn and Company, 1918), 242. Наиболее репрезентативным и широко цитируемым современным исследованием, ставящим целью доказать, что армии демократических государств сражаются успешнее, считается: Dan Reiter and Allan C. Stam, Democracies at War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002).

213

Doris Stevens, Jailed for Freedom (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1920), 290. См. также: Susan R. Grayzel, Women and the First World War (Harlow: Longman, 2002), 101–106; Christine Bolt, Te Women’s Movements in the United States and Britain from the 1790s to the 1920s (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993), 236–276; Birgitta Bader-Zaar, ‘Women’s Sufrage and War: World War I and Political Reform in a Comparative Perspective’, in Sufrage, Gender and Citizenship: International Perspectives on Parliamentary Reforms, ed. Irma Sulkunen, Seija-Leena Nevala-Nurmi and Pirjo Markkola (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009), 193–218.

214

Matt Richtel and Conor Dougherty, ‘Google’s Driverless Cars Run Into Problem: Cars With Drivers’, New York Times, 1 September 2015, accessed 2 September 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/02/technology/personaltech/google-says-its-not-the-driverless-cars-fault-its-other-drivers. html?_r=1; Shawn DuBravac, Digital Destiny: How the New Age of Data Will Transform the Way We Work, Live and Communicate (Washington DC: Regnery Publishing, 2015), 127–156.

215

Bradley Hope, ‘Lawsuit Against Exchanges Over “Unfair Advantage” for High-Frequency Traders Dismissed’, Wall Street Journal, 29 April 2015, accessed 6 October 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/lawsuit-against-exchanges-over-unfair-advantage-for-high-frequency-traders-dismissed-1430326045; David Levine, ‘High-Frequency Trading Machines Favored Over Humans by CME Group, Lawsuit Claims’, Hufngton Post, 26 June 2012, accessed 6 October 2015, http://www.hufngtonpost.com/2012/06/26/high-frequency-trading-lawsuit_n_1625648.html; Lu Wang, Whitney Kisling and Eric Lam, ‘Fake Post Erasing $136 Billion Shows Markets Need Humans’, Bloomberg, 23 April 2013, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013–04–23/fake-report-erasing-136–billion-shows-market-s-fragility.html; Matthew Philips, ‘How the Robots Lost: High-Frequency Trading’s Rise and Fall’, Bloomberg Businessweek, 6 June 2013, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/123468–how-the-robots-lost-high-frequency-tradings-rise-and-fall; Steiner, Automate Tis, 2–5, 11–52; Luke Dormehl, Te Formula: How Algorithms Solve All Our Problems – And Create More (London: Penguin, 2014), 223.

216

Jordan Weissmann, ‘iLawyer: What Happens when Computers Replace Attorneys?’, Atlantic, 19 June 2012, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/06/ilawyer-what-happens-when-computers-replace-attorneys/258688; John Markof, ‘Armies of Expensive Lawyers, Replaced by Cheaper Sofware’, New York Times, 4 March 2011, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/05/science/05legal.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0; Adi Narayan, ‘Te fMRI Brain Scan: A Better Lie Detector?’, Time, 20 July 2009, accessed 22 December 2014, http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1911546–2,00.html; Elena Rusconi and Timothy Mitchener-Nissen, ‘Prospects of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging as Lie Detector’, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7:54 (2013); Steiner, Automate Tis,217; Dormehl, Te Formula, 229.

217

B. P. Woolf, Building Intelligent Interactive Tutors: Student-centered Strategies for Revolutionizing E-learning (Burlington: Morgan Kaufmann, 2010); Annie Murphy Paul, ‘Te Machines are Taking Over’, New York Times, 14 September 2012, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/16/magazine/how-computerized-tutors-are-learning-to-teach-humans.html?_r=0; P. J. Munoz-Merino, C. D. Kloos and M. Munoz-Organero, ‘Enhancement of Student Learning Trough the Use of a Hinting Computer e-Learning System and Comparison With Human Teachers’, IEEE Transactions on Education 54:1 (2011), 164–167; Mindojo, accessed 14 July 2015, http://mindojo.com/.

218

Steiner, Automate Tis, 146–162; Ian Steadman, ‘IBM’s Watson Is Better at Diagnosing Cancer than Human Doctors’, Wired, 11 February 2013, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013–02/11/ibm-watson-medical-doctor; ‘Watson Is Helping Doctors Fight Cancer’, IBM, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www-03.ibm.com/innovation/us/watson/watson_in_healthcare.shtml; Vinod Khosla, ‘Technology Will Replace 80 per cent of What Doctors Do’, Fortune, 4 December 2012, accessed 22 December 2014, http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/12/04/technology-doctors-khosla; Ezra Klein, ‘How Robots Will Replace Doctors’, Washington Post, 10 January 2011, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/post/how-robots-will-replace-doctors/2011/08/25/gIQASA17AL_blog.html.

219

Tzezana, Te Guide to the Future, 62–64.

220

«Рейнджеры» – подразделения глубинной разведки Сухопутных войск США.

221

«Тюлени» (United States Navy SEAL) – основное тактическое подразделение Сил специальных операций ВМС США.

222

Steiner, Automate Tis, 155.

223

http://www.mattersight.com.

224

Steiner, Automate This, 178–182; Dormehl, The Formula, 21–24; Shana Lebowitz, ‘Every Time Yo u Dial into These Call Centers, Your Personality Is Being Silently Assessed’, Business Insider, 3 September 2015, retrieved 31 January 2016, http://www.businessinsider.com/how-mattersight-uses-personality-science-2015-9.

225

Rebecca Morelle, ‘Google Machine Learns to Master Video Games’, BBC, 25 February 2015, accessed 12 August 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-31623427; Elizabeth Lopatto, ‘Google’s AI Can Learn to Play Video Games’, Te Verge, 25 February 2015, accessed 12 August 2015, http://www.theverge.com/2015/2/25/8108399/google-ai-deepmind-video-games; Volodymyr Mnih et al., ‘Human-Level Control through Deep Reinforcement Learning’, Nature, 26 February 2015, accessed 12 August 2015, http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v518/n7540/full/nature14236.html

226

Michael Lewis, Moneyball: Te Art of Winning An Unfair Game (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003). См. также: фильм «Человек, который изменил все» (Moneybal) режиссера Беннета Миллера, с Брэдом Питтом и Билли Бином в ролях.

227

Frank Levy and Richard Murnane, Te New Division of Labor: How Computers are Creating the Next Job Market (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004); Dormehl, Te Formula, 225–229.

228

Tom Simonite, ‘When Your Boss is an Uber Algoritm’, MIT Technology Review, 1 December 2015, retrieved 4 February 2016, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/543946/when-your-boss-is-an-uber-algorithm/.

229

Simon Sharwood, ‘Software “Appointed to Board” of Venture Capital Firm’, Te Register, 18 May 2014, accessed 12 August 2015, http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/05/18/software_appointed_to_board_of_venture_capital_firm/; John Bates, ‘I’m the Chairman of the Board’, Huffington Post, 6 April 2014, accessed 12 August 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-bates/im-the-chairman-of-the-bo_b_5440591.html; Colm Gorey, ‘I’m Afraid I Can’t Invest in Tat, Dave: AI Appointed to VC Funding Board’, Silicon Republic, 15 May 2014, accessed 12 August 2015, https://www.siliconrepublic.com/discovery/2014/05/15/im-afraid-i-cant-invest-in-that-dave-ai-appointed-to-vc-funding-board.

230

Steiner, Automate Tis, 89–101; D. H. Cope, Comes the Fiery Night: 2,000 Haiku by Man and Machine (Santa Cruz: Create Space, 2011). See also: Dormehl, Te Formula, 174–180, 195–198, 200–202, 216–220; Steiner, Automate Tis, 75–89.

231

Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael A. Osborne, ‘The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?’, 17 September 2013, accessed 12 August 2015, http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/Te_Future_of_Employment.pdf.

232

E. Brynjolfsson and A. McAfee, Race Againt the Machine: How the Digital Revolution is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity, and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and the Economy (Lexington: Digital Frontier Press, 2011).

233

La la land – несуществующее место, страна грез (англ. сленг). «Ла-Ла Ленд» – американский фильм-мюзикл 2016 года.

234

Nick Bostrom, Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014).

235

Ido Efrati, ‘Researchers Conducted a Successful Experiment with an “Artificial Pancreas” Connected to an iPhone’ [in Hebrew], Haaretz, 17 June 2014, accessed 23 December 2014, http://www.haaretz.co.il/news/health/1.2350956. Moshe Phillip et al., ‘Nocturnal. Glucose Control with an Artifcial Pancreas at a Diabetis Camp’, New England Journal of Medicine 368:9 (2013), 824–833; ‘Artifcial Pancreas Controlled by iPhone Shows Promise in Diabetes Trial’, Today, 17 June 2014, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.todayonline.com/world/artifcial-pancreas-controlled-iphone-shows-promise-diabetes-trial?singlepage=true

236

Dormehl, Te Formula, 7–16.

237

Martha Mendoza, ‘Google Develops Contact Lens Glucose Monitor’, Yahoo News, 17 January 2014, accessed 12 August 2015, http://news.yahoo.com/google-develops-contact-lens-glucose-monitor-000147894.html; Mark Scott, ‘Novartis Joins with Google to Develop Contact Lens That Monitors Blood Sugar’, New York Times, 15 July 2014, accessed 12 August 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/16/business/international/novartis-joins-with-google-to-develop-contact-lens-to-monitor-blood-sugar.html?_r=0; Rachel Barclay, ‘Google Scientists Create Contact Lens to Measure Blood Sugar Level in Tears’, Healthline, 23 January 2014, accessed 12 August 2015, http://www.healthline.com/health-news/diabetes-google-develops-glucose-monitoring-contact-lens-012314.

238

«Рассчитанное «я» (англ.).

239

‘Quantifed Self ’, http://quantifedself.com/; Dormehl, Te Formula, 11–16.

240

Dormehl, Te Formula, 91–95; ‘Bedpost’, http://bedposted.com.

241

Dormehl, Te Formula, 53–59.

242

Angelina Jolie, ‘My Medical Choice’, New York Times, 14 May 2013, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/14/opinion/my-medical-choice.html.

243

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Alistair Barr, ‘Google’s New Moonshot Project: Te Human Body’, Wa l l Street Journal, 24 July 2014, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.wsj.com/articles/google-to-collect-data-to-defne-healthy-human-1406246214;NickSummers, ‘Google Announces Google Fit Platform Preview for Developers’,Next Web, 25 June 2014, accessed 22 December 2014, http://thenextweb.com/insider/2014/06/25/google-launches-google-ft-platform-preview-developers/.

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247

Подробнее об оракулах, исполнителях и властителях см.: Bostrom, Superintelligence.

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251

Странный (англ.). WEIRD также является акронимом из слов «Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic» – западные, образованные, промышленные, богатые и демократические.

252

‘EM spectrum’. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EM_spectrum.svg#/media/File: EM_ spectrum.svg

253

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology – ежемесячный рецензируемый научно-практический журнал, издаваемый Американской психологической ассоциацией с 1965 года.

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Joseph Henrich, Steven J. Heine and Ara Norenzayan, ‘Te Weirdest People in the World’, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33 (2010), 61–135.

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Benny Shanon, Antipodes of the Mind: Charting the Phenomenology of the Ayahuasca Experience (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).

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C. Bushdid et al., ‘Human can Discriminate More than 1 Trillion Olfactory Stimuli’, Science 343:6177 (2014),1370–1372; Peter A. Brennan and Frank Zufall, ‘Pheromonal Communication in Vertebrates’, Nature 444:7117 (2006), 308–315; Jianzhi Zhang and David M. Webb, ‘Evolutionary Deterioration of the Vomeronasal Pheromone Transduction Pathway in Catarrhine Primates’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100:14 (2003), 8337–8341; Bettina Beer, ‘Smell, Person, Space and Memory’, Experiencing New Worlds, ed. Jurg Wassmann and Kathrina Stockhaus (New York: Berghahn Books, 2007), 187–200; Niclas Burenhult and Majid Asifa, ‘Olfaction in Aslian Ideology and Language’, Sense and Society 6:1 (2011), 19–29; Constance Classen, David Howes and Anthony Synnott, Aroma: Te Cultural History of Smell (London: Routledge, 1994); Amy Pei-jung Lee, ‘Reduplication and Odor in Four Formosan Languages’, Language and Linguistics 11:1 (2010): 99–126;Walter E. A. van Beek, ‘Te Dirty Smith: Smell as a Social Frontier among the Kapsiki/ Higi of North Cameroon and North-Eastern Nigeria’, Africa 62:1 (1992), 38–58; Ewelina Wnuk and Asifa Majid, ‘Revisiting the Limits of Language: Te Odor Lexicon of Maniq’, Cognition 131 (2014), 125–138.

Впрочем, некоторые ученые считают, что в ослаблении наших обонятельных способностей повинны куда более древние эволюционные процессы. См.: Yoav Gilad et al., ‘Human Specifc Loss of Olfactory Receptor Genes’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100:6 (2003), 3324–3327; Atushi Matsui, Yasuhiro Go and Yoshihito Niimura, ‘Degeneration of Olfactory Receptor Gene Repertories in Primates: No Direct Link to Full Trichromatic Vision’, Molecular Biology and Evolution 27:5 (2010), 1192–1200; Graham M. Hughes, Emma C. Teeling and Desmond G. Higgins, “Loss of Olfactory Receptor Function in Hominin Evolution”, PLOS One 9:1 (2014), e84714.

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См., к примеру: Kevin Kelly, What Technology Wants (New York: Viking Press, 2010); César Hidalgo, Why Information Grows: Te Evolution of Order, From Atoms to Economies (New York: Basic Books, 2015); Howard Bloom, Global Brain: Te Evolution of Mass Mind from the Big Bang to the 21st Century (Hoboken: Wiley, 2001); DuBravac, Digital Destiny.

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Valery N. Soyfer, ‘New Light on the Lysenko Era’, Nature 339:6224 (1989), 415–420; Nils Roll-Hansen, ‘Wishful Science: Te Persistence of T. D. Lysenko’s Agrobiology in the Politics of Science’, Osiris 23:1 (2008), 166–188.

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Публикации в журналах Nature или Science крайне престижны, так как статьи из них часто цитируются, а автор получает широкую известность даже за пределами своей области науки.

270

‘No More Woof’, https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/no-more-woof.