Примечания книги Счастливый мозг. Как работает мозг и откуда берется счастье. Автор книги Дин Бернетт

Онлайн книга

Книга Счастливый мозг. Как работает мозг и откуда берется счастье
У каждого из нас свое представление о счастье: для одних – это семья, дом и успех на работе, для других – свобода и возможность путешествовать, а для нейробиолога, стендапера, колумниста в The Guardian и автора бестселлера «Идиотский бесценный мозг» Дина Бернетта – это результат формирования нейронных связей. В увлекательной форме он рассказывает, как функционирует счастливый мозг, и пытается понять, что именно вызывает в нем ощущение счастья. Его книга – настоящий синтез научной достоверности, личного опыта и историй разных людей, в которых читатель сможет точно узнать и самого себя.

Примечания книги

1

На всякий случай предупреждаю: не пытайтесь физически разделить мозг на компоненты. Это будет означать мгновенную смерть для испытуемого и пожизненное заключение для вас.

2

Научные новости все еще считаются «нишевыми» на большинстве популярных платформ, поэтому о них часто пишут люди, не занимающие высокого положения. Однажды я давал интервью журналисту, которому предстояло написать научную статью для крупной английской газеты. Бедолага признался мне, что всего неделю назад он работал в отделе, освещавшем развлекательные события.

3

Для ясности скажу, что мозг состоит из левого и правого полушарий, о чем уже говорилось. Одно полушарие обычно «доминирующее», то есть человек может быть либо левшой, либо правшой. Но по структуре полушария практически одинаковы. Поэтому, когда я упоминаю какую-то конкретную область, например гиппокамп, то нужно помнить, что в мозге их два – один в левом, другой в правом полушарии. Параллельные участки часто работают совместно либо подменяют друг друга. В мозге вообще много избыточности. Но в данном контексте легче упоминать их в единственном числе.

4

Чтобы вы не решили, что это дорога с односторонним движением, хочу вас уверить, что мозг часто доминирует над пищеварительной системой и управляет ею самым удивительным и порой вредоносным образом. Об этом я рассказал в своей первой книге «Идиотский бесценный мозг».

5

Прекрасный автор научно-популярной литературы Эд Йонг подробно осветил важную и сложную роль кишечных бактерий в книге «Во мне живет целая толпа» (I Contain Multitudes. 2016, The Bodley Head). Если эта тема вас заинтересовала, прочтите ее.

6

Примерно 1 200 000 рублей (прим. науч. ред.).

7

Хуже того, фМРТ этого даже не делает. Сам характер действия аппарата фМРТ, который определяет, как атомы излучают радиоволны и все такое, означает, что он регистрирует изменения в уровне содержания кислорода в крови в очень конкретных участках мозга. Мозговой ткани, как любой другой, для деятельности необходим кислород. Чем активнее участок мозга, тем больше кислорода он потребляет, и это приводит к значительному изменению в уровне содержания кислорода в крови в этой области. Именно этот показатель и фиксирует фМРТ. Это ценный способ оценки мозговой активности, но более косвенный, чем можно было бы ожидать.

8

Конечно, мы не говорим об экстремальных ситуациях пищевых расстройств.

9

Восторженную реакцию ученый оценивал по количеству выделяемой слюны – надежному индикатору ожидания пищи у собак. Да-да, один из самых знаменитых психологических экспериментов в истории связан со сбором и оценкой количества собачьей слюны. А никто и не говорил, что наука – это сплошной гламур!

10

У некоторых видов это явление доведено до крайности. Лучший пример – однополушарный сон (Rattenborg, N.C., C. J. Amlaner, and S. L. Lima, Behavioral, neurophysiological and evolutionary perspectives on unihemispheric sleep. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2000. 24 (8): p. 817–842.), когда одно полушарие мозга спит, а другое бодрствует и позволяет организму делать то, что ему необходимо. Так спят дельфины и перелетные птицы над океаном (Mascetti, G.G., Unihemispheric sleep and asymmetrical sleep: behavioral, neurophysiological, and functional perspectives. Nature and Science of Sleep, 2016. 8: p. 221–238.).

11

Честно говоря, нейроны решетки, выполняющие подобные функции, были обнаружены у животных, крыс и обезьян, но пока еще не выявлены у человека. Возможно, мы пользуемся ими, как любой другой вид, а может быть, у нас более сложная и гибкая система. В любом случае это очень интересно.

12

В Англии это состояние называют «пивным такси»: когда просыпаешься наутро после пьянки и не можешь вспомнить, как добрался до дома.

13

Вполне понятно, что многие люди меняют жилье по причинам, не поддающимся контролю: из-за финансовых проблем, катастроф, смены работы и т. п. Я говорю здесь о тех, кто переезжает по собственному желанию.

14

Это же справедливо и для Лондона, где мне было бы гораздо легче работать. Но, как британец, который не живет там, я слышать не могу о Лондоне! Так что забудьте.

15

Особенно ученые. Человек, который делает карьеру в весьма конкурентной исследовательской среде, просто вынужден отправляться туда, где есть финансирование и работа по специальности. А такие центры редко находятся рядом с тем местом, где он живет.

16

Подобные слова обычно говорятся с таким радостным самодовольством, что бывает очень трудно удержаться от соблазна придушить этого человека его веселеньким новым галстуком.

17

Это лишь средняя цифра. Возраст людей постоянно увеличивается, а вместе с ним увеличивается и количество перепробованных работ.

18

Но не бегите немедленно записывать ребенка в футбольную секцию. Делает ли спорт детей умнее? Или умные и упорные дети добиваются успехов и в спорте, и в учебе? Как это всегда бывает в нейробиологии, дать однозначный ответ невозможно.

19

Не совсем. Если деньги в назначенное время не поступят, вы отреагируете на это очень серьезно. Отсутствие ожидаемой награды считается формой наказания, и мозг это отлично осознает и реагирует на это.

20

Конечно, это не всегда так. Для некоторых чувство контроля становится значительно более серьезным стрессом. Они чувствуют личную ответственность за все ошибки и промахи. Ощущение отсутствия контроля, напротив, снимает внешнее давление. Все люди разные.

21

Я не большой любитель кофе, так что не могу точно сказать, бывает ли такое. Но звучит неплохо.

22

Самозанятость, казалось бы, решает эту проблему, но порождает неопределенность. Ваш доход зависит от прихоти клиентов и покупателей, так что проблемы только усугубляются.

23

Природа вряд ли позволит вам выйти на пенсию беременной, но одному богу известно, каким сильным стрессом ЭТО стало бы для вас.

24

Впрочем, что же тут удивительного? У садовника есть самостоятельность, компетентность, видимые результаты труда. И не забывайте о психологических преимуществах работы на природе, о чем мы говорили в предыдущей главе.

25

Существует устойчивый миф о том, что крупный мозг говорит о высоком интеллекте, но гораздо более точный показатель – соотношение между размером тела и размером мозга (т. е. более крупный мозг относительно размеров тела, чем у среднего представителя вида).

26

За редким исключением вроде меня. Чаще всего у меня отбоя нет от поклонниц.

27

«Лучший друг навеки», если вы не знаете. Поразительно оптимистическая формула, учитывая, что люди вовсе не бессмертны.

28

И визуальным. Многие считают, что речь возникла из физических жестов. Действительно, сигналы языка жестов активизируют в мозге те же участки, что и слова.

29

Технически мыслящие читатели наверняка уже завопили про серверы и процессоры, и все такое. В свою защиту скажу: я – нейробиолог. Если вас это не устраивает, то ничем не могу быть вам полезен.

30

Возможно, вы слышали об этом в связи с аутизмом. Некоторые считают, что у людей с аутизмом имеется определенный дефицит зеркальных нейронов и способности моделировать разум других людей.

31

Надо сказать, что с развитием интернета и социальных сетей можно довольно точно оценить свою известность по количеству друзей, подписчиков, лайков, репостов и т. п.

32

Примерно в 2005 году Шарлотта с классики переключилась на более популярную музыку.

33

У самок млекопитающих молочные железы увеличиваются только во время лактации, когда они вскармливают детенышей. Только у женщин грудь увеличена всю взрослую жизнь. А никто и не говорил, что эволюция – это процесс тактичный.

34

Несмотря на то что тестостерон в определенном количестве присутствует у всех, следует отметить, что самые доступные исследования касались гетеросексуальных мужчин по ряду важных (хотя порой и угнетающих) причин.

35

Существует также сексуальная дисфункция, когда мы хотим секса, но наше тело не распознает этого и не реагирует соответствующим образом. И это ведет к огорчению и несчастью.

36

Это довольно сложная сфера для исследований, поскольку неясно, является ли «болезненная зависимость» от секса клиническим расстройством или это нечто более тонкое, вроде сочетания нескольких факторов. В результате психиатры не признают такое состояние болезнью.

37

Суперзлодей из американских комиксов (прим. ред.).

38

Рак очень опасен, потому что влияет на активность пораженных клеток и тканей, увеличивая или снижая выделение определенных химических веществ, выполняющих в организме регуляторные функции. Кисспептин изначально назывался «метастином» – говорящее название.

39

Этот вид широко используется для подобных исследований, поскольку эти мыши моногамны в отличие от очень сходных с ними (физически и генетически) видов, например горных полевок. Поэтому ученые получают возможность сравнить мозг двух видов и выявить тонкие различия, которые говорят о склонности к формированию долгосрочных отношений.

40

Интересный момент: впервые я написал это в первой (и, по просьбе жены, последней) валентинке для своей жены.

41

В США и других странах этот гормон называют «норэпинефрином», а адреналин – «эпинефрином». Я таких названий не признаю и из-за этого дерусь с людьми (в буквальном смысле слова).

42

Поэтому сердце стало символом любви и главной темой миллиардов валентинок и всякой прочей чепухи.

43

Посмотрите хотя бы «Секс в большом городе»!

44

Чтобы расставить все по местам, уточню: ДИС пишет о сексе, а не получает деньги более древним, но все еще незаконным в нашей стране способом.

45

Игра слов в английском языке: слово «hole» означает одновременно дырку и лунку на поле для гольфа (прим. ред.).

46

The famous grouse – марка шотландского виски.

47

Вообще-то, это скорее означает, что для людей социальное неприятие значительно более вероятно, чем встреча со змеей или ядовитым пауком. В современном обществе вы с большей вероятностью выставите себя полным идиотом на презентации, чем наступите на разъяренного тарантула.

48

Всемирная федерация реслинга времен Халка Хогана и Мачо-Мэна Рэнди Сэвиджа.

49

Т.е. обладающая «эмоциональной ценностью», которая может быть позитивной (например, радость) или негативной (например, страх).

50

Мы уже говорили об этих участках, поскольку их роль в обеспечении эмоциональных реакций и работе системы вознаграждения очень велика.

51

Или это просто поддерживает систему в рабочем состоянии. Многие биологические функции поддерживаются двумя противоположными системами, например, симпатической и парасимпатической нервными системами. Для продолжения жизни клеток необходима определенная активность каждой из них.

52

В вашей стране такого может и не быть, но в Великобритании подобных проповедников хватает.

53

В моей жизни был период, когда я считал яркие, кричащие рубашки в гавайском стиле чрезвычайно классными и веселыми. У меня собралась целая коллекция таких рубашек. Вот только она таинственным образом исчезла, с тех пор как мы с женой стали жить вместе.

54

Ну, по крайней мере, мне так говорили. Я никогда сам не состоял в таких группах. Да мне и не нужно. Я – пухлый Адонис.

55

Помните, как в четвертой главе мы говорили об опасностях социальной изоляции? А в шестой – о важности игр со сверстниками? Человеческий мозг предрасположен к такому общению и стремится к нему.

56

Исследований этого процесса у основных опекунов, которые не являются биологическими матерями, почти не было, но мы не можем утверждать, что в мозге этих людей не происходит того же самого.

57

Уже после того, как поучаствовал в чирлидинге.

58

Джерри Спрингер (род. 1944) – британский актер, продюсер, телеведущий и политик; «Шоу Джерри Спрингера» затрагивало скандальные темы и отличалось грубостью и драками среди участников (прим. ред.).

1

Burnett, D., Role of the hippocampus in configural learning. 2010: Cardiff University (United Kingdom).

2

Arias-Carrion, O. and E. Poppel, Dopamine, learning, and reward-seeking behavior. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars), 2007. 67 (4): p. 481–488.

3

Zald, D. H., et al., Midbrain dopamine receptor availability is inversely associated with novelty-seeking traits in humans. The Journal of Neuroscience, 2008. 28 (53): p. 14372–14378.

4

Bardo, M. T., R. L. Donohew, and N. G. Harrington, Psychobiology of novelty seeking and drug seeking behavior. Behavioural Brain Research, 1996. 77 (1): p. 23–43.

5

Berns, G. S., et al., Predictability modulates human brain response to reward. Journal of neuroscience, 2001. 21 (8): p. 2793–2798.

6

Hawkes, C., Endorphins: the basis of pleasure? Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 1992. 55 (4): p. 247–250.

7

Pert, C. B. and S. H. Snyder, Opiate receptor: demonstration in nervous tissue. Science, 1973. 179 (4077): p. 1011–1014.

8

Lyon, A. R., et al., Stress (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy – a novel pathophysiological hypothesis to explain catecholamine-induced acute myocardial stunning. Nature Reviews. Cardiology, 2008. 5 (1): p. 22.

9

Okur, H., et al., Relationship between release of beta-endorphin, cortisol, and trauma severity in children with blunt torso and extremity trauma. J Trauma, 2007. 62 (2): p. 320–324; discussion 324.

10

Esch, T. and G. B. Stefano, The neurobiology of stress management. Neuro Endocrinol Lett, 2010. 31 (1): p. 19–39.

11

Weizman, R., et al., Immunoreactive [beta] -Endorphin, Cortisol, and Growth Hormone Plasma Levels in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 1990. 13 (4): p. 297–302.

12

Galbally, M., et al., The role of oxytocin in mother-infant relations: a systematic review of human studies. Harv Rev Psychiatry, 2011. 19 (1): p. 1–14.

13

Renfrew, M.J., S. Lang, and M. Woolridge, Oxytocin for promoting successful lactation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2000 (2): p. Cd000156.

14

Scheele, D., et al., Oxytocin modulates social distance between males and females. The Journal of Neuroscience, 2012. 32 (46): p. 16074–16079.

15

De Dreu, C.K., et al., Oxytocin promotes human ethnocentrism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011. 108 (4): p. 1262–1266.

16

Dayan, P. and Q. J. Huys, Serotonin, inhibition, and negative mood. PLoS computational biology, 2008. 4 (2): p. e4.

17

Harmer, C.J., G. M. Goodwin, and P. J. Cowen, Why do antidepressants take so long to work? A cognitive neuropsychological model of antidepressant drug action. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 2009. 195 (2): p. 102–108.

18

Jorgenson, L.A., et al., The BRAIN Initiative: developing technology to catalyse neuroscience discovery. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 2015. 370 (1668): p. 20140164.

19

Zivkovic, M., Brain Culture: Neuroscience and Popular Media. 2015, Taylor & Francis.

20

Pearl, S., Species, Serpents, Spirits, and Skulls: Science at the Margins in the Victorian Age, by Sherrie Lynne Lyons. Victorian Studies, 2010. 53 (1): p. 141–143.

21

Greenblatt, S.H., Phrenology in the science and culture of the 19th century. Neurosurgery, 1995. 37 (4): p. 790–804; discussion 804–805.

22

Sample, I. Updated map of the human brain hailed as a scientific tour de force. 2016 2016–07–20; Available from: http://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/jul/20/updated-map-of-the-human-brain-hailed-as-a-scientific-tour-de-force.

23

Aggleton, E.J.P., et al., The amygdala: a functional analysis. 2000.

24

Oonishi, S., et al., Influence of subjective happiness on the prefrontal brain activity: an fNIRS study, in Oxygen transport to tissue XXXVI. 2014, Springer. p. 287–293.

25

Kringelbach, M.L. and K. C. Berridge, The Neuroscience of Happiness and Pleasure. Social research, 2010. 77 (2): p. 659–678.

26

Berridge, K.C. and M. L. Kringelbach, Towards a Neuroscience of Well-Being: Implications of Insights from Pleasure Research, in Human Happiness and the Pursuit of Maximization: Is More Always Better? H. Brockmann and J. Delhey, Editors. 2013, Springer Netherlands: Dordrecht. p. 81–100.

27

Witek, M.A., et al., Syncopation, body-movement and pleasure in groove music. PloS one, 2014. 9 (4): p. e94446.

28

Zhou, L. and J. A. Foster, Psychobiotics and the gut-brain axis: in the pursuit of happiness. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 2015. 11: p. 715–723.

29

Foster, J.A. and K. – A. M. Neufeld, Gut – brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression. Trends in neurosciences, 2013. 36 (5): p. 305–312.

30

Aschwanden, C. How Your Gut Affects Your Mood | FiveThirtyEight. 2016 2016–05–19T11:00:05+00:00; Available from: https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/gut-week-gut-brain-axis-can-fixing-my-stomach-fix-me/.

31

Chambers, C., The seven deadly sins of psychology: A manifesto for reforming the culture of scientific practice. 2017: Princeton University Press.

32

Cohen, J., The statistical power of abnormal-social psychological research: a review. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1962. 65 (3): p. 145.

33

Engber, D., Sad Face: Another Classic Psychology Finding – That You Can Smile Your Way to Happiness – Just Blew Up. 2016, Slate: slate.com.

34

Raderschall, C.A., R. D. Magrath, and J. M. Hemmi, Habituation under natural conditions: model predators are distinguished by approach direction. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 2011. 214 (24): p. 4209.

35

Oswald, I., Falling Asleep Open-eyed During Intense Rhythmic Stimulation. British Medical Journal, 1960. 1 (5184): p. 1450–1455.

36

Schultz, W., Multiple reward signals in the brain. Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 2000. 1 (3): p. 199.

37

Almeida, T.F., S. Roizenblatt, and S. Tufik, Afferent pain pathways: a neuroanatomical review. Brain research, 2004. 1000 (1): p. 40–56.

38

Dickinson, A. and N. Mackintosh, Classical conditioning in animals. Annual review of psychology, 1978. 29 (1): p. 587–612.

39

Parasuraman, R. and S. Galster, Sensing, assessing, and augmenting threat detection: behavioral, neuroimaging, and brain stimulation evidence for the critical role of attention. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2013. 7: p. 273.

40

Larson, C.L., et al., Recognizing Threat: A Simple Geometric Shape Activates Neural Circuitry for Threat Detection. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2008. 21 (8): p. 1523–1535.

41

Durham, R.C. and A. A. Turvey, Cognitive therapy vs behaviour therapy in the treatment of chronic general anxiety. Behaviour research and therapy, 1987. 25 (3): p. 229–234.

42

Szekely, A., S. Rajaram, and A. Mohanty, Context learning for threat detection. Cognition and Emotion, 2016: p. 1–18.

43

Suitor, J.J. and K. Pillemer, The Presence of Adult Children: A Source of Stress for Elderly Couples’ Marriages? Journal of Marriage and Family, 1987. 49 (4): p. 717–725.

44

Dinges, D.F., et al., Cumulative sleepiness, mood disturbance, and psychomotor vigilance performance decrements during a week of sleep restricted to 4–5 hours per night. Sleep, 1997. 20 (4): p. 267–277.

45

Agnew, H.W., W. B. Webb, and R. L. Williams, The First Night Effect: An EEG Study of Sleep. Psychophysiology, 1966. 2 (3): p. 263–266.

46

Sample, I., Struggle to sleep in a strange bed? Scientists have uncovered why. 2016, @guardian.

47

Burt, W.H., Territoriality and home range concepts as applied to mammals. Journal of mammalogy, 1943. 24 (3): p. 346–352.

48

Eichenbaum, H., The role of the hippocampus in navigation is memory. J Neurophysiol, 2017. 117 (4): p. 1785–1796.

49

Hartley, T., et al., Space in the brain: how the hippocampal formation supports spatial cognition. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2013. 369 (1635).

50

Jacobs, J., et al., Direct recordings of grid-like neuronal activity in human spatial navigation. Nature neuroscience, 2013. 16 (9): p. 1188–1190.

51

Rowe, W.B., et al., Reactivity to novelty in cognitively-impaired and cognitively-unimpaired aged rats and young rats. Neuroscience, 1998. 83 (3): p. 669–680.

52

Travaini, A., et al., Evaluation of neophobia and its potential impact upon predator control techniques: a study on two sympatric foxes in southern Patagonia. Behav Processes, 2013. 92: p. 79–87.

53

Misslin, R. and M. Cigrang, Does neophobia necessarily imply fear or anxiety? Behavioural processes, 1986. 12 (1): p. 45–50.

54

Quintero, E., et al., Effects of context novelty vs. familiarity on latent inhibition with a conditioned taste aversion procedure. Behavioural processes, 2011. 86 (2): p. 242–249.

55

Brocklin, E.V., The Science of Homesickness. 2014, Duke Alumni.

56

Bhugra, D. and M. A. Becker, Migration, cultural bereavement and cultural identity. World psychiatry, 2005. 4 (1): p. 18–24.

57

Silove, D., P. Ventevogel, and S. Rees, The contemporary refugee crisis: an overview of mental health challenges. World Psychiatry, 2017. 16 (2): p. 130–139.

58

Holmes, T., Rahe R. Holmes-Rahe life changes scale. Journal of psychosomatic research, 1967. 11: p. 213–218.

59

Zhang, R., T. J. Brennan, and A. W. Lo, The origin of risk aversion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014. 111 (50): p. 17777–17782.

60

Ickes, B.R., et al., Long-term environmental enrichment leads to regional increases in neurotrophin levels in rat brain. Experimental neurology, 2000. 164 (1): p. 45–52.

61

Young, D., et al., Environmental enrichment inhibits spontaneous apoptosis, prevents seizures and is neuroprotective. Nature medicine, 1999. 5 (4).

62

Hicklin, A., How Brooklyn became a writers’ mecca. 2012, Guardian.

63

Quintero, E., et al., Effects of context novelty vs. familiarity on latent inhibition with a conditioned taste aversion procedure. Behavioural Processes, 2011. 86 (2): p. 242–249.

64

Bouter, L.M., et al., Sensation seeking and injury risk in downhill skiing. Personality and individual differences, 1988. 9 (3): p. 667–673.

65

Smith, S.G., The essential qualities of a home. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 1994. 14 (1): p. 31–46.

66

Hall, E.T., The Hidden Dimension. 1966, Doubleday.

67

Aiello, J.R. and D. E. Thompson, Personal space, crowding, and spatial behavior in a cultural context, in Environment and culture. 1980, Springer. p. 107–178.

68

Lourenco, S.F., M. R. Longo, and T. Pathman, Near space and its relation to claustrophobic fear. Cognition, 2011. 119 (3): p. 448–453.

69

Kennedy, D.P., et al., Personal space regulation by the human amygdala. Nature neuroscience, 2009. 12 (10): p. 1226–1227.

70

Evans, G.W. and R. E. Wener, Crowding and personal space invasion on the train: Please don’t make me sit in the middle. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2007. 27 (1): p. 90–94.

71

Schwartz, B., The social psychology of privacy. American Journal of Sociology, 1968: p. 741–752.

72

Berman, M.G., J. Jonides, and S. Kaplan, The Cognitive Benefits of Interacting With Nature. Psychological Science, 2008. 19 (12): p. 1207–1212.

73

Ulrich, R., View through a window may influence recovery. Science, 1984. 224 (4647): p. 224–225.

74

Dobbs, D., The Green Space Cure: The Psychological Value of Biodiversity. 2007, November.

75

‘Tiny house movement’ – Wikipedia, 2017. Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_house_movement.

76

Bouchard, T.J., Genes, environment, and personality. SCIENCE-NEW YORK THEN WASHINGTON-, 1994: p. 1700–1700.

77

Oishi, S. and U. Schimmack, Residential mobility, well-being, and mortality. Journal of personality and social psychology, 2010. 98 (6): p. 980.

78

Jang, Y. and D. E. Huber, Context retrieval and context change in free recall: recalling from long-term memory drives list isolation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2008. 34 (1): p. 112.

79

Rubinstein, R.L., The home environments of older people: A description of the psychosocial processes linking person to place. Journal of Gerontology, 1989. 44 (2): p. S45-S53.

80

Winograd, E. and W. A. Killinger, Relating age at encoding in early childhood to adult recall: Development of flashbulb memories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 1983. 112 (3): p. 413.

81

Lollar, K., The liminal experience: loss of extended self after the fire. Qualitative Inquiry, 2009.

82

Jones, R.T. and D. P. Ribbe, Child, adolescent, and adult victims of residential fire: Psychosocial consequences. Behavior Modification, 1991. 15 (4): p. 560–580.

83

Kim, K. and M. K. Johnson, Extended self: medial prefrontal activity during transient association of self and objects. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 2010: p. nsq096.

84

Proshansky, H.M., A. K. Fabian, and R. Kaminoff, Place-identity: Physical world socialization of the self. Journal of environmental psychology, 1983. 3 (1): p. 57–83.

85

Anton, C.E. and C. Lawrence, Home is where the heart is: The effect of place of residence on place attachment and community participation. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2014. 40: p. 451–461.

86

University of Bologna – Wikipedia. 2017; Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna.

87

Wilson, M. Stunning Documentary Looks At Life Inside A Marble Mine. 2014 2014–11–14; Available from: https://www.fastcodesign.com/3038512/stunning-documentary-looks-at-life-inside-a-marble-mine.

88

ReviseSociology, What Percentage of Your Life Will You Spend at Work? in ReviseSociology. 2016, @realsociology.

89

Statistics – Work related stress, anxiety and depression statistics in Great Britain (GB). 2017; Available from: http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/causdis/stress/.

90

Statistics, B.o.L. Number of Jobs, Labor Market Experience, and Earnings Growth: Results From A Longitudinal Survey. 2017; Available from: https://www.bls.gov/news.release/nlsoy.toc.htm.

91

Erickson, K.I., C. H. Hillman, and A. F. Kramer, Physical activity, brain, and cognition. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 2015. 4 (Supplement C): p. 27–32.

92

Swaminathan, N., Why Does the Brain Need So Much Power? Scientific American, 2008. 29 (04): p. 2998.

93

Sleiman, S.F., et al., Exercise promotes the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) through the action of the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate. Elife, 2016. 5: p. e15092.

94

Godman, H., Regular exercise changes the brain to improve memory, thinking skills. Harv Health Lett, 2014.

95

White, L.J. and V. Castellano, Exercise and Brain Health – Implications for Multiple Sclerosis. Sports medicine, 2008. 38 (2): p. 91–100.

96

Kohl Iii, H.W. and H. D. Cook, Physical Activity, Fitness, and Physical Education: Effects on Academic Performance. 2013.

97

Gonzalez-Mulé, E., K. M. Carter, and M. K. Mount, Are smarter people happier? Meta-analyses of the relationships between general mental ability and job and life satisfaction. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 2017. 99 (Supplement C): p. 146–164.

98

Thorén, P., et al., Endorphins and exercise: physiological mechanisms and clinical implications. Medicine & science in sports & exercise, 1990.

99

Almeida, R.P., et al., Effect of cognitive reserve on age-related changes in cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer disease. JAMA neurology, 2015. 72 (6): p. 699–706.

100

Scarmeas, N. and Y. Stern, Cognitive Reserve: Implications for Diagnosis and Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease. Current neurology and neuroscience reports, 2004. 4 (5): p. 374–380.

101

Kurniawan, I.T., et al., Effort and Valuation in the Brain: The Effects of Anticipation and Execution. The Journal of Neuroscience, 2013. 33 (14): p. 6160.

102

Hagura, N., P. Haggard, and J. Diedrichsen, Perceptual decisions are biased by the cost to act. Elife, 2017. 6: p. e18422.

103

Herz, R.S. and J. von Clef, The influence of verbal labeling on the perception of odors: evidence for olfactory illusions? Perception, 2001. 30 (3): p. 381–391.

104

Elliott, R., et al., Differential Response Patterns in the Striatum and Orbitofrontal Cortex to Financial Reward in Humans: A Parametric Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. The Journal of Neuroscience, 2003. 23 (1): p. 303.

105

Holmes, T., Rahe R. Holmes-Rahe life changes scale. Journal of psychosomatic research, 1967. 11: p. 213–218.

106

Howell, R.T., M. Kurai, and L. Tam, Money buys financial security and psychological need satisfaction: Testing need theory in affluence. Social Indicators Research, 2013. 110 (1): p. 17–29.

107

Sheldon, K.M. and A. Gunz, Psychological needs as basic motives, not just experiential requirements. Journal of personality, 2009. 77 (5): p. 1467–1492.

108

Roddenberry, A. and K. Renk, Locus of control and self-efficacy: potential mediators of stress, illness, and utilization of health services in college students. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 2010. 41 (4): p. 353–370.

109

Abramowitz, S.I., Locus of Control and Self-Reported Depression among College Students. Psychological Reports, 1969. 25 (1): p. 149–150.

110

Williams, J.S., et al., Health Locus of Control and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Veterans with Type 2 Diabetes. Endocrine, 2016. 51 (1): p. 83–90.

111

Lefcourt, H.M., Locus of control: Current trends in theory & research. 2014: Psychology Press.

112

Pruessner, J.C., et al., Self-esteem, locus of control, hippocampal volume, and cortisol regulation in young and old adulthood. NeuroImage, 2005. 28 (4): p. 815–826.

113

Lewis, M., S. M. Alessandri, and M. W. Sullivan, Violation of expectancy, loss of control, and anger expressions in young infants. Developmental Psychology, 1990. 26 (5): p. 745.

114

Leavitt, L.A. and W. L. Donovan, Perceived infant temperament, locus of control, and maternal physiological response to infant gaze. Journal of Research in Personality, 1979. 13 (3): p. 267–278.

115

Colles, S.L., J. B. Dixon, and P.E. O’brien, Loss of control is central to psychological disturbance associated with binge eating disorder. Obesity, 2008. 16 (3): p. 608–614.

116

Rosen, H.J., et al., Neuroanatomical correlates of cognitive self-appraisal in neurodegenerative disease. Neuroimage, 2010. 49 (4): p. 3358–3364.

117

Maguire, E.A., K. Woollett, and H. J. Spiers, London taxi drivers and bus drivers: a structural MRI and neuropsychological analysis. Hippocampus, 2006. 16 (12): p. 1091–1101.

118

Gaser, C. and G. Schlaug, Brain structures differ between musicians and non-musicians. Journal of Neuroscience, 2003. 23 (27): p. 9240–9245.

119

Castelli, F., D. E. Glaser, and B. Butterworth, Discrete and analogue quantity processing in the parietal lobe: A functional MRI study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2006. 103 (12): p. 4693–4698.

120

Grefkes, C. and G. R. Fink, The functional organization of the intraparietal sulcus in humans and monkeys. Journal of Anatomy, 2005. 207 (1): p. 3–17.

121

Oswald, A.J., E. Proto, and D. Sgroi, Happiness and productivity. Journal of Labor Economics, 2015. 33 (4): p. 789–822.

122

Farhud, D.D., M. Malmir, and M. Khanahmadi, Happiness & Health: The Biological Factors-Systematic Review Article. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 2014. 43 (11): p. 1468.

123

Zwosta, K., H. Ruge, and U. Wolfensteller, Neural mechanisms of goal-directed behavior: outcome-based response selection is associated with increased functional coupling of the angular gyrus. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 2015. 9.

124

Elliot, A.J. and M. V. Covington, Approach and avoidance motivation. Educational Psychology Review, 2001. 13 (2): p. 73–92.

125

Cofer, C.N., The history of the concept of motivation. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 1981. 17 (1): p. 48–53.

126

Lee, W., et al., Neural differences between intrinsic reasons for doing versus extrinsic reasons for doing: An fMRI study. Neuroscience Research, 2012. 73 (1): p. 68–72.

127

Benabou, R. and J. Tirole, Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The review of economic studies, 2003. 70 (3): p. 489–520.

128

Lepper, M.R., D. Greene, and R. E. Nisbett, Undermining children’s intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward: A test of the “overjustification” hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1973. 28 (1): p. 129–137.

129

Lapierre, S., L. Bouffard, and E. Bastin, Personal goals and subjective well-being in later life. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 1997. 45 (4): p. 287–303.

130

Agnew, R., Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 1992. 30 (1): p. 47–88.

131

Higgins, E.T., et al., Ideal versus ought predilections for approach and avoidance distinct self-regulatory systems. Journal of personality and social psychology, 1994. 66 (2): p. 276.

132

Leonard, N.H., L. L. Beauvais, and R. W. Scholl, Work motivation: The incorporation of self-concept-based processes. Human relations, 1999. 52 (8): p. 969–998.

133

Neal, D.T., W. Wood, and A. Drolet, How do people adhere to goals when willpower is low? The profits (and pitfalls) of strong habits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2013. 104 (6): p. 959.

134

Bem, D.J., Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena. Psychological review, 1967. 74 (3): p. 183.

135

Utevsky, A.V. and M. L. Platt, Status and the Brain. PLoS Biology, 2014. 12 (9): p. e1001941.

136

Pezzulo, G., et al., The principles of goal-directed decision-making: from neural mechanisms to computation and robotics. 2014, The Royal Society.

137

Leung, B.K. and B. W. Balleine, The Ventral Striato-Pallidal Pathway Mediates the Effect of Predictive Learning on Choice between Goal-Directed Actions. The Journal of Neuroscience, 2013. 33 (34): p. 13848.

138

Media, O. Home | Nuffield Farming Scholarships Trust. 2017; Available from: http://www.nuffieldscholar.org/.

139

Miron-Shatz, T., ‘Am I Going to Be Happy and Financially Stable?’ How American Women Feel When They Think about Financial Security. 2009.

140

Moesgaard, S. How Money Affects the Brain’s Reward System (Why Money is Addictive). 2013 2013–03–21; Available from: http://reflectd.co/2013/03/21/how-money-affects-the-brain/.

141

Hyman, S.E. and R. C. Malenka, Addiction and the brain: the neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence. Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 2001. 2 (10): p. 695.

142

Sharot, T., The optimism bias: A tour of the irrationally positive brain. 2011: Vintage.

143

Howell, et al., Money buys financial security and psychological need satisfaction: Testing need theory in affluence.

144

Holmes, T., Rahe R. Holmes-Rahe life changes scale.

145

Saarni, C., The development of emotional competence. 1999: Guilford Press.

146

Rodriguez, T., Negative Emotions Are Key to Well-Being, Scientific American. 2013, Tori Rodriguez.

147

Adkins, A., U. S. Employee Engagement Steady in June. 2016, GALLUP.

148

André Spicer, C.C., The Research We’ve Ignored About Happiness at Work. 2015, Harvard Business Review.

149

Van Kleef, G.A., C. K. De Dreu, and A. S. Manstead, The interpersonal effects of anger and happiness in negotiations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 2004. 86 (1): p. 57–76.

150

Ferguson, D., The world’s happiest jobs. 2015, @guardian.

151

Peralta, C.F. and M. F. Saldanha, Can dealing with emotional exhaustion lead to enhanced happiness? The roles of planning and social support. Work & Stress, 2017. 31 (2): p. 121–144.

152

Mauss, I.B., et al., The pursuit of happiness can be lonely. Emotion, 2012. 12 (5): p. 908.

153

Theeuwes, J., Top – down and bottom – up control of visual selection. Acta Psychologica, 2010. 135 (2): p. 77–99.

154

LoBue, V., et al., What accounts for the rapid detection of threat? Evidence for an advantage in perceptual and behavioral responding from eye movements. Emotion, 2014. 14 (4): p. 816–23.

155

Jabbi, M., J. Bastiaansen, and C. Keysers, A Common Anterior Insula Representation of Disgust Observation, Experience and Imagination Shows Divergent Functional Connectivity Pathways. PLOS ONE, 2008. 3 (8): p. e2939.

156

Clarke, D., Circulation and energy metabolism of the brain. Basic neurochemistry: molecular, cellular and medical aspects, 1999: p. 637–669.

157

Miller, G., The mating mind: How sexual choice shaped the evolution of human nature. 2011: Anchor.

158

Dunbar, R.I., The social brain hypothesis and its implications for social evolution. Ann Hum Biol, 2009. 36 (5): p. 562–72.

159

Flinn, M.V., D. C. Geary, and C. V. Ward, Ecological dominance, social competition, and coalitionary arms races: Why humans evolved extraordinary intelligence. Evolution and Human Behavior, 2005. 26 (1): p. 10–46.

160

Reader, S.M. and K. N. Laland, Social intelligence, innovation, and enhanced brain size in primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2002. 99 (7): p. 4436–4441.

161

Spradbery, J.P., Wasps. An account of the biology and natural history of social and solitary wasps, with particular reference to those of the British Isles. 1973.

162

Gavrilets, S., Human origins and the transition from promiscuity to pair-bonding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2012. 109 (25): p. 9923–9928.

163

West, R.J., The evolution of large brain size in birds is related to social, not genetic, monogamy. Biological journal of the Linnean Society, 2014. 111 (3): p. 668–678.

164

Bales, K.L., et al., Neural correlates of pair-bonding in a monogamous primate. Brain Research, 2007. 1184: p. 245–253.

165

Dunbar, R.I.M. and S. Shultz, Evolution in the social brain. science, 2007. 317 (5843): p. 1344–1347.

166

Pasquaretta, C., et al., Social networks in primates: smart and tolerant species have more efficient networks. Scientific reports, 2014. 4: p. 7600.

167

Van Gestel, S. and C. Van Broeckhoven, Genetics of personality: are we making progress? Molecular psychiatry, 2003. 8 (10): p. 840–852.

168

Matsuzawa, T., Evolution of the brain and social behavior in chimpanzees. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 2013. 23 (3): p. 443–449.

169

Gunaydin, Lisa A., et al., Natural Neural Projection Dynamics Underlying Social Behavior. Cell. 157 (7): p. 1535–1551.

170

Gardner, E.L., Introduction: Addiction and Brain Reward and Anti-Reward Pathways. Advances in psychosomatic medicine, 2011. 30: p. 22–60.

171

Loken, L.S., et al., Coding of pleasant touch by unmyelinated afferents in humans. Nat Neurosci, 2009. 12 (5): p. 547–548.

172

Iggo, A., Cutaneous mechanoreceptors with afferent C fibres. The Journal of physiology, 1960. 152 (2): p. 337–353.

173

Insular cortex – Wikipedia. 2017; Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_cortex.

174

Kalueff, A.V., J. L. La Porte, and C. L. Bergner, Neurobiology of grooming behavior. 2010: Cambridge University Press.

175

Claxton, G., Why can’t we tickle ourselves? Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1975. 41 (1): p. 335–338.

176

Keverne, E.B., N. D. Martensz, and B. Tuite, Beta-endorphin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of monkeys are influenced by grooming relationships. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 1989. 14 (1): p. 155–161.

177

Gispen, W.H., et al., Modulation of ACTH-induced grooming by [DES-TYR1] -γ-endorphin and haloperidol. European Journal of Pharmacology, 1980. 63 (2): p. 203–207.

178

Dumbar, R., Co-Evolution of neocortex size, group size and language inhumans. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1993. 16 (4): p. 681–735.

179

Dunbar, R. and R.I.M. Dunbar, Grooming, gossip, and the evolution of language. 1998: Harvard University Press.

180

Crusco, A.H. and C. G. Wetzel, The Midas Touch. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1984. 10 (4): p. 512–517.

181

Dumas, G., et al., Inter-Brain Synchronization during Social Interaction. PLOS ONE, 2010. 5 (8): p. e12166.

182

Livingstone, M.S. and D. H. Hubel, Anatomy and physiology of a color system in the primate visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 1984. 4 (1): p. 309–356.

183

Rizzolatti, G., et al., 14 From mirror neurons to imitation: facts and speculations. The imitative mind: Development, evolution, and brain bases, 2002. 6: p. 247–266.

184

Wicker, B., et al., Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula. Neuron, 2003. 40 (3): p. 655–664.

185

Schulte-Rüther, M., et al., Mirror Neuron and Theory of Mind Mechanisms Involved in Face-to-Face Interactions: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Approach to Empathy. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2007. 19 (8): p. 1354–1372.

186

Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., J. Aharon-Peretz, and D. Perry, Two systems for empathy: a double dissociation between emotional and cognitive empathy in inferior frontal gyrus versus ventromedial prefrontal lesions. Brain, 2009. 132 (3): p. 617–627.

187

de Waal, F.B.M., Apes know what others believe. Science, 2016. 354 (6308): p. 39.

188

Brink, T.T., et al., The Role of Orbitofrontal Cortex in Processing Empathy Stories in 4- to 8-Year-Old Children. Frontiers in Psychology, 2011. 2: p. 80.

189

Hall, F.S., Social deprivation of neonatal, adolescent, and adult rats has distinct neurochemical and behavioral consequences. Critical Reviews™ in Neurobiology, 1998. 12 (1–2).

190

Martin, L.J., et al., Social deprivation of infant rhesus monkeys alters the chemoarchitecture of the brain: I. Subcortical regions. Journal of Neuroscience, 1991. 11 (11): p. 3344–3358.

191

Metzner, J.L. and J. Fellner, Solitary confinement and mental illness in US prisons: A challenge for medical ethics. 2010.

192

Izuma, K., D. N. Saito, and N. Sadato, Processing of the incentive for social approval in the ventral striatum during charitable donation. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 2010. 22 (4): p. 621–631.

193

Buchanan, K.E. and A. Bardi, Acts of Kindness and Acts of Novelty Affect Life Satisfaction. The Journal of Social Psychology, 2010. 150 (3): p. 235–237.

194

Bateson, M., D. Nettle, and G. Roberts, Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a real-world setting. Biology Letters, 2006. 2 (3): p. 412–414.

195

Rigdon, M., et al., Minimal social cues in the dictator game. Journal of Economic Psychology, 2009. 30 (3): p. 358–367.

196

Weir, K., The pain of social rejection. American Psychological Association, 2012. 43.

197

Woo, C.W., et al., Separate neural representations for physical pain and social rejection. Nat Commun, 2014. 5: p. 5380.

198

Wesselmann, E.D., et al., Adding injury to insult: Unexpected rejection leads to more aggressive responses. Aggressive Behavior, 2010. 36 (4): p. 232–237.

199

Farrow, T., et al., Neural correlates of self-deception and impression-management. Vol. 67. 2014.

200

Morrison, S., J. Decety, and P. Molenberghs, The neuroscience of group membership. Neuropsychologia, 2012. 50 (8): p. 2114–20.

201

D’Argembeau, A., On the Role of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Self-Processing: The Valuation Hypothesis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2013. 7: p. 372.

202

Fischer, P., et al., The bystander-effect: a meta-analytic review on bystander intervention in dangerous and non-dangerous emergencies. Psychological bulletin, 2011. 137 (4): p. 517.

203

Gonçalves, B., N. Perra, and A. Vespignani, Modeling users’ activity on twitter networks: Validation of dunbar’s number. PloS one, 2011. 6 (8): p. e22656.

204

Clark, C., Brain Sex in Men and Women – From Arousal to Orgasm | Brain Blogger, in BrainBlogger. 2014.

205

Laeng, B., O. Vermeer, and U. Sulutvedt, Is beauty in the face of the beholder? PloS one, 2013. 8 (7): p. e68395.

206

Järvi, T., et al., Evolution of variation in male secondary sexual characteristics. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 1987. 20 (3): p. 161–169.

207

Georgiadis, J.R. and M. L. Kringelbach, Intimacy and the Brain: Lessons from Genital and Sexual Touch, in Affective Touch and the Neurophysiology of CT Afferents. 2016, Springer: p. 301–321.

208

Cazala, F., N. Vienney, and S. Stoléru, The cortical sensory representation of genitalia in women and men: a systematic review. Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology, 2015. 5: p. 10.3402/snp.v5.26428.

209

The neuroscience of Erogenous Zones. 2017; Available from: https://www.bangor.ac.uk/psychology/news/the-neuroscience-of-erogenous-zones-15794.

210

Turnbull, O.H., et al., Reports of intimate touch: Erogenous zones and somatosensory cortical organization. Cortex, 2014. 53: p. 146–154.

211

Georgiadis, J.R., Doing it … wild? On the role of the cerebral cortex in human sexual activity. Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology, 2012. 2: p. 17337.

212

Aggleton, E.J.P., et al., The amygdala: a functional analysis. 2000.

213

Baird, A.D., et al., The amygdala and sexual drive: insights from temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. Annals of neurology, 2004. 55 (1): p. 87–96.

214

Newman, S.W., The medial extended amygdala in male reproductive behavior a node in the mammalian social behavior network. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1999. 877 (1): p. 242–257.

215

Goldstein, J.M., Sex, hormones and affective arousal circuitry dysfunction in schizophrenia. Hormones and behavior, 2006. 50 (4): p. 612–622.

216

Shirtcliff, E.A., R. E. Dahl, and S. D. Pollak, Pubertal development: correspondence between hormonal and physical development. Child development, 2009. 80 (2): p. 327–337.

217

Alexander, G.M. and B. B. Sherwin, The association between testosterone, sexual arousal, and selective attention for erotic stimuli in men. Horm Behav, 1991. 25 (3): p. 367–81.

218

van Anders, S.M., Testosterone and sexual desire in healthy women and men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2012. 41 (6): p. 1471–1484.

219

Rajfer, J., Relationship Between Testosterone and Erectile Dysfunction. Reviews in Urology, 2000. 2 (2): p. 122–128.

220

Sarrel, P.M., Effects of hormone replacement therapy on sexual psychophysiology and behavior in postmenopause. Journal of women’s health & gender-based medicine, 2000. 9 (1, Supplement 1): p. 25–32.

221

Sarrel, P., B. Dobay, and B. Wiita, Estrogen and estrogen-androgen replacement in postmenopausal women dissatisfied with estrogen-only therapy. Sexual behavior and neuroendocrine responses. The Journal of reproductive medicine, 1998. 43 (10): p. 847–856.

222

Purves, D., G. Augustine, and D. Fitzpatrick, Autonomic regulation of sexual function. 2001, Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.

223

Ishai, A., Sex, beauty and the orbitofrontal cortex. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 2007. 63 (2): p. 181–185.

224

Ortega, V., I. Zubeidat, and J. C. Sierra, Further examination of measurement properties of Spanish version of the Sexual Desire Inventory with undergraduates and adolescent students. Psychological reports, 2006. 99 (1): p. 147–165.

225

Montgomery, K.A., Sexual Desire Disorders. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 2008. 5 (6): p. 50–55.

226

Gray, J.A., Brain systems that mediate both emotion and cognition. Cognition & Emotion, 1990. 4 (3): p. 269–288.

227

Swerdlow, N.R. and G. F. Koob, Dopamine, schizophrenia, mania, and depression: toward a unified hypothesis of cortico-striatopallido-thalamic function. Behavioral and brain sciences, 1987. 10 (2): p. 197–208.

228

Shenhav, A., M. M. Botvinick, and J. D. Cohen, The expected value of control: an integrative theory of anterior cingulate cortex function. Neuron, 2013. 79 (2): p. 217–240.

229

Gola, M., M. Miyakoshi, and G. Sescousse, Sex, Impulsivity, and Anxiety: Interplay between Ventral Striatum and Amygdala Reactivity in Sexual Behaviors. The Journal of Neuroscience, 2015. 35 (46): p. 15227.

230

McCabe, M.P., The role of performance anxiety in the development and maintenance of sexual dysfunction in men and women. International Journal of Stress Management, 2005. 12 (4): p. 379–388.

231

Welborn, B.L., et al., Variation in orbitofrontal cortex volume: relation to sex, emotion regulation and affect. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2009. 4 (4): p. 328–339.

232

Spinella, M., Clinical case report: hypersexuality and dysexecutive syndrome after a thalamic infarct. International Journal of Neuroscience, 2004. 114 (12): p. 1581–1590.

233

Stoléru, S., et al., Brain processing of visual sexual stimuli in men with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 2003. 124 (2): p. 67–86.

234

Freeman, S. What happens in the brain during an orgasm? 2008 2008–10–07; Available from: http://health.howstuffworks.com/sexual-health/sexuality/brain-during-orgasm.htm.

235

Pfaus, J.G., Reviews: Pathways of sexual desire. The journal of sexual medicine, 2009. 6 (6): p. 1506–1533.

236

Georgiadis, J.R., et al., Men versus women on sexual brain function: Prominent differences during tactile genital stimulation, but not during orgasm. Human brain mapping, 2009. 30 (10): p. 3089–3101.

237

Komisaruk, B.R. and B. Whipple, Functional MRI of the brain during orgasm in women. Annual Review of Sex Research, 2005. 16 (1): p. 62–86.

238

Komisaruk, B., et al. An fMRI time-course analysis of brain regions activated during self stimulation to orgasm in women. in Society for Neuroscience Abstracts. 2010.

239

Hunter, A., Orgasm Just by Thinking: Is it Medically Possible? 2010, @CBSHealth.

240

Park, B.Y., et al., Is Internet Pornography Causing Sexual Dysfunctions? A Review with Clinical Reports. Behavioral Sciences, 2016. 6 (3): p. 17.

241

Opie, C., et al., Male infanticide leads to social monogamy in primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013. 110 (33): p. 13328–13332.

242

Comninos, A.N., et al., Kisspeptin modulates sexual and emotional brain processing in humans. The Journal of clinical investigation, 2017. 127 (2): p. 709.

243

Cho, M.M., et al., The effects of oxytocin and vasopressin on partner preferences in male and female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). 1999, American Psychological Association: US. p. 1071–1079.

244

Gardner, E.L., Introduction: Addiction and Brain Reward and Anti-Reward Pathways. Advances in psychosomatic medicine, 2011. 30: p. 22–60.

245

Nephew, B.C., Behavioral roles of oxytocin and vasopressin, in Neuroendocrinology and Behavior. 2012, InTech.

246

Bales, K.L., et al., Neural correlates of pair-bonding in a monogamous primate. Brain Research, 2007. 1184: p. 245–253.

247

Young, L.J. and Z. Wang, The neurobiology of pair bonding. Nat Neurosci, 2004. 7 (10): p. 1048–54.

248

Lim, M.M., et al., Enhanced partner preference in a promiscuous species by manipulating the expression of a single gene. Nature, 2004. 429 (6993): p. 754.

249

Lim, M.M., E.A.D. Hammock, and L. J. Young, The role of vasopressin in the genetic and neural regulation of monogamy. Journal of neuroendocrinology, 2004. 16 (4): p. 325–332.

250

Fisher, H.E., et al., Defining the brain systems of lust, romantic attraction, and attachment. Archives of sexual behavior, 2002. 31 (5): p. 413–419.

251

Brown, N.J., A. D. Sokal, and H. L. Friedman, The complex dynamics of wishful thinking: The critical positivity ratio. 2013.

252

Kottemann, K.L., The rhetoric of deliberate deception: What catfishing can teach us. 2015: University of Louisiana at Lafayette.

253

Aron, A., et al., Reward, motivation, and emotion systems associated with early-stage intense romantic love. Journal of neurophysiology, 2005. 94 (1): p. 327–337.

254

Fisher, H., The drive to love: The neural mechanism for mate selection. The new psychology of love, 2006: p. 87–115.

255

Savulescu, J. and A. Sandberg, Neuroenhancement of love and marriage: The chemicals between us. Neuroethics, 2008. 1 (1): p. 31–44.

256

Dayan, P. and Q. J. Huys, Serotonin, inhibition, and negative mood. PLoS computational biology, 2008. 4 (2): p. e4.

257

Portas, C.M., B. Bjorvatn, and R. Ursin, Serotonin and the sleep/wake cycle: special emphasis on microdialysis studies. Prog Neurobiol, 2000. 60 (1): p. 13–35.

258

Hesse, S., et al., Serotonin and dopamine transporter imaging in patients with obsessive – compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 2005. 140 (1): p. 63–72.

259

Wood, H., Love on the brain. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 2001. 2 (2): p. 80.

260

Zeki, S., The neurobiology of love. FEBS letters, 2007. 581 (14): p. 2575–2579.

261

Johnson-Laird, P.N., Mental models and human reasoning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2010. 107 (43): p. 18243–18250.

262

Acevedo, B.P., et al., Neural correlates of long-term intense romantic love. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 2012. 7 (2): p. 145–159.

263

STATS | Arranged / Forced Marriage Statistics – Statistic Brain. 2016 2016–08–16; Available from: http://www.statisticbrain.com/arranged-marriage-statistics/.

264

Graham, A., Stepping Off the Relationship Escalator: Uncommon Love and Life – Kindle edition by Amy Gahran. Health, Fitness & Dieting Kindle eBooks @ Amazon.com. 2017: Off the Escalator Enterprises.

265

Twenge, J.M., R. A. Sherman, and B. E. Wells, Changes in American Adults’ Reported Same-Sex Sexual Experiences and Attitudes, 1973–2014. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2016. 45 (7): p. 1713–1730.

266

Net, G.o.t. Sexy stories, mostly true | Girl on the Net. 2017; Available from: http://www.girlonthenet.com.

267

Net, G.o.t., How a bad girl fell in love. 2016: BLINK Publishing. 336.

268

Wilson, G.D., Male-female differences in sexual activity, enjoyment and fantasies. Personality and Individual Differences, 1987. 8 (1): p. 125–127.

269

Levin, R. and A. Riley, The physiology of human sexual function. Psychiatry, 2007. 6 (3): p. 90–94.

270

McQuaid, J., Why We Love the Pain of Spicy Food, in The Wall Street Journal. 2014, Wall Street Journal.

271

Person, E.S., Sexuality as the Mainstay of Identity: Psychoanalytic Perspectives. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 1980. 5 (4): p. 605–630.

272

Weaver, H., G. Smith, and S. Kippax, School‐based sex education policies and indicators of sexual health among young people: a comparison of the Netherlands, France, Australia and the United States. Sex Education, 2005. 5 (2): p. 171–188.

273

Potard, C., et al., The relationship between parental attachment and sexuality in early adolescence. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 2017. 22 (1): p. 47–56.

274

Hoffmann, H., E. Janssen, and S. L. Turner, Classical conditioning of sexual arousal in women and men: effects of varying awareness and biological relevance of the conditioned stimulus. Arch Sex Behav, 2004. 33 (1): p. 43–53.

275

Hatzenbuehler, M.L., J. C. Phelan, and B. G. Link, Stigma as a Fundamental Cause of Population Health Inequalities. American Journal of Public Health, 2013. 103 (5): p. 813–821.

276

Winston, J.S., J. O’Doherty, and R. J. Dolan, Common and distinct neural responses during direct and incidental processing of multiple facial emotions. Neuroimage, 2003. 20 (1): p. 84–97.

277

Davila-Ross, M., et al., Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Produce the Same Types of ‘Laugh Faces’ when They Emit Laughter and when They Are Silent. PLOS ONE, 2015. 10 (6): p. e0127337.

278

Ross, M.D., M. J. Owren, and E. Zimmermann, Reconstructing the evolution of laughter in great apes and humans. Current Biology, 2009. 19 (13): p. 1106–1111.

279

Panksepp, J. and J. Burgdorf, 50-kHz chirping (laughter?) in response to conditioned and unconditioned tickle-induced reward in rats: effects of social housing and genetic variables. Behavioural brain research, 2000. 115 (1): p. 25–38.

280

Weisfeld, G.E., The adaptive value of humor and laughter. Ethology and Sociobiology, 1993. 14 (2): p. 141–169.

281

Pellis, S. and V. Pellis, The playful brain: venturing to the limits of neuroscience. 2013: Oneworld Publications.

282

Wild, B., et al., Neural correlates of laughter and humour. Brain, 2003. 126 (10): p. 2121–2138.

283

Selden, S.T., Tickle. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2004. 50 (1): p. 93–97.

284

Claxton, G., Why can’t we tickle ourselves? Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1975. 41 (1): p. 335–338.

285

Berman, R., The Psychology of Tickling And Why It Makes Us Laugh. 2016: Big Think.

286

Stafford, T., Why all babies love peekaboo. 2014, BBC_Future.

287

Vrticka, P., J. M. Black, and A. L. Reiss, The neural basis of humour processing. Nat Rev Neurosci, 2013. 14 (12): p. 860–868.

288

Messinger, D.S., A. Fogel, and K. L. Dickson, All smiles are positive, but some smiles are more positive than others. Dev Psychol, 2001. 37 (5): p. 642–53.

289

Scott, S., Beyond a joke: how to study laughter, in Brain Flapping. 2014, Guardian: theguardian.com.

290

Chan, Y.C., et al., Towards a neural circuit model of verbal humor processing: an fMRI study of the neural substrates of incongruity detection and resolution. Neuroimage, 2013. 66: p. 169–76.

291

Hempelmann, C.F. and S. Attardo, Resolutions and their incongruities: Further thoughts on logical mechanisms. Humor-International Journal of Humor Research, 2011. 24 (2): p. 125–149.

292

Franklin, R.G., Jr. and R. B. Adams, Jr., The reward of a good joke: neural correlates of viewing dynamic displays of stand-up comedy. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci, 2011. 11 (4): p. 508–15.

293

Pessoa, L. and R. Adolphs, Emotion processing and the amygdala: from a ‘low road’to ‘many roads’ of evaluating biological significance. Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 2010. 11 (11): p. 773.

294

Scott, S.K., et al., The social life of laughter. Trends in cognitive sciences, 2014. 18 (12): p. 618–620.

295

Prof Sophie Scott. 2017; Available from: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/pals/people/profiles/academic-staff/sophie-scott.

296

Berk, L.S., et al., Neuroendocrine and stress hormone changes during mirthful laughter. The American journal of the medical sciences, 1989. 298 (6): p. 390–396.

297

Dunbar, R.I., et al., Social laughter is correlated with an elevated pain threshold. Proc Biol Sci, 2012. 279 (1731): p. 1161–7.

298

Manninen, S., et al., Social Laughter Triggers Endogenous Opioid Release in Humans. The Journal of Neuroscience, 2017. 37 (25): p. 6125.

299

Wildgruber, D., et al., Different types of laughter modulate connectivity within distinct parts of the laughter perception network. PloS one, 2013. 8 (5): p. e63441.

300

Philippon, A.C., L. M. Randall, and J. Cherryman, The Impact of Laughter in Earwitness Identification Performance. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 2013. 20 (6): p. 887–898.

301

Uekermann, J., et al., Theory of mind, humour processing and executive functioning in alcoholism. Addiction, 2007. 102 (2): p. 232–40.

302

Samson, A.C., et al., Perception of other people’s mental states affects humor in social anxiety. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 2012. 43 (1): p. 625–631.

303

Wu, C. – L., et al., Do individuals with autism lack a sense of humor? A study of humor comprehension, appreciation, and styles among high school students with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2014. 8 (10): p. 1386–1393.

304

Raine, J., The evolutionary origins of laughter are rooted more in survival than enjoyment. 2016, The Conversation (UK).

305

Gervais, M. and D. S. Wilson, The evolution and functions of laughter and humor: A synthetic approach. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 2005. 80 (4): p. 395–430.

306

Goldstein, J. H. Cross cultural research: Humour here and there. Elsevier.

307

Provine, R.R. and K. Emmorey, Laughter Among Deaf Signers. Journal of deaf studies and deaf education, 2006. 11 (4): p. 403–409.

308

Cowan, M.L. and A. C. Little, The effects of relationship context and modality on ratings of funniness. Personality and Individual Differences, 2013. 54 (4): p. 496–500.

309

Benazzi, F. and H. Akiskal, Irritable-hostile depression: further validation as a bipolar depressive mixed state. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2005. 84 (2): p. 197–207.

310

WalesOnline. No joking but comedian Rhod is Wales’ sexiest man. 2010 2010–12–04; Available from: http://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/showbiz/no-joking-comedian-rhod-wales-1878454.

311

Krebs, R., et al., Novelty increases the mesolimbic functional connectivity of the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA) during reward anticipation: evidence from high-resolution fMRI. Neuroimage, 2011. 58 (2): p. 647–655.

312

Boldsworth, I. The Mental Podcast. 2017; Available from: http://www.ianboldsworth.co.uk/the-mental-podcast/.

313

Boldsworth, I. The ParaPod. 2017; Available from: http://www.ianboldsworth.co.uk/project/the-parapod/.

314

Hyman, S.E. and R. C. Malenka, Addiction and the brain: the neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence. Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 2001. 2 (10): p. 695.

315

Heimberg, R.G., Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment. 1995: Guilford Press.

316

Atkinson, J.W., Motivational determinants of risk-taking behavior. Psychological review, 1957. 64 (6p1): p. 359.

317

Samson, A.C. and J. J. Gross, Humour as emotion regulation: the differential consequences of negative versus positive humour. Cogn Emot, 2012. 26 (2): p. 375–84.

318

Gil, M., et al., Social reward: interactions with social status, social communication, aggression, and associated neural activation in the ventral tegmental area. Eur J Neurosci, 2013. 38 (2): p. 2308–18.

319

Goh, C. and M. Agius, The stress-vulnerability model how does stress impact on mental illness at the level of the brain and what are the consequences? Psychiatr Danub, 2010. 22 (2): p. 198–202.

320

Gelkopf, M., S. Kreitler, and M. Sigal, Laughter in a Psychiatric Ward: Somatic, Emotional, Social, and Clinical Influences on Schizophrenic Patients. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 1993. 181 (5): p. 283–289.

321

Flett, G.L., K. R. Blankstein, and T. R. Martin, Procrastination, negative self-evaluation, and stress in depression and anxiety, in Procrastination and task avoidance. 1995, Springer: p. 137–167.

322

Sørensen, L.B., et al., Effect of sensory perception of foods on appetite and food intake: a review of studies on humans. International journal of obesity, 2003. 27 (10): p. 1152.

323

Myers Ernst, M. and L. H. Epstein, Habituation of responding for food in humans. Appetite, 2002. 38 (3): p. 224–34.

324

Brennan, P., H. Kaba, and E. B. Keverne, Olfactory recognition: a simple memory system. Science, 1990. 250 (4985): p. 1223–1226.

325

Maldarelli, C., Here’s Why Twin Studies Are So Important To Science And NASA, in Popular Science. 2016, @popsci: popsci.com.

326

Kendler, K.S., et al., A Swedish national twin study of lifetime major depression. Am J Psychiatry, 2006. 163 (1): p. 109–14.

327

Kensinger, E.A. and S. Corkin, Two routes to emotional memory: Distinct neural processes for valence and arousal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2004. 101 (9): p. 3310–3315.

328

Hoffmann, H., E. Janssen, and S. L. Turner, Classical conditioning of sexual arousal in women and men: effects of varying awareness and biological relevance of the conditioned stimulus. Arch Sex Behav, 2004. 33 (1): p. 43–53.

329

Dusenbury, L., et al., A review of research on fidelity of implementation: implications for drug abuse prevention in school settings. Health education research, 2003. 18 (2): p. 237–256.

330

Freeman, B., S. Chapman, and M. Rimmer, The case for the plain packaging of tobacco products. Addiction, 2008. 103 (4): p. 580–590.

331

Christiano, A. and A. Neimand, Stop Raising Awareness Already (SSIR). 2017: Stanford Social Innovation Review.

332

Marteau, T.M., G. J. Hollands, and P. C. Fletcher, Changing Human Behavior to Prevent Disease: The Importance of Targeting Automatic Processes. Science, 2012. 337 (6101): p. 1492.

333

Dolcos, F., K.S. LaBar, and R. Cabeza, Dissociable effects of arousal and valence on prefrontal activity indexing emotional evaluation and subsequent memory: an event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage, 2004. 23 (1): p. 64–74.

334

Volkow, N.D., G. – J. Wang, and R. D. Baler, Reward, dopamine and the control of food intake: implications for obesity. Trends in cognitive sciences, 2011. 15 (1): p. 37–46.

335

Petty, R.E. and P. Brinol, Attitude change. Advanced social psychology: The state of the science, 2010: p. 217–259.

336

Beck, J.G. and S. F. Coffey, Assessment and treatment of PTSD after a motor vehicle collision: Empirical findings and clinical observations. Professional psychology, research and practice, 2007. 38 (6): p. 629–639.

337

Clark, R.E. and L. R. Squire, Classical conditioning and brain systems: the role of awareness. Science, 1998. 280 (5360): p. 77–81.

338

Sharot, T., The optimism bias: A tour of the irrationally positive brain. 2011: Vintage.

339

Cummins, R.A. and H. Nistico, Maintaining Life Satisfaction: The Role of Positive Cognitive Bias. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2002. 3 (1): p. 37–69.

340

Sharot, T., et al., Neural mechanisms mediating optimism bias. Nature, 2007. 450 (7166): p. 102–105.

341

Koob, G.F. and M. Le Moal, Plasticity of reward neurocircuitry and the ‘dark side’ of drug addiction. Nat Neurosci, 2005. 8 (11): p. 1442–1444.

342

Arias-Carrion, O. and E. Poppel, Dopamine, learning, and reward-seeking behavior. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars), 2007. 67 (4): p. 481–8.

343

Koob, G.F. and M. Le Moal, Addiction and the brain antireward system. Annu Rev Psychol, 2008. 59: p. 29–53.

344

Gardner, E.L., Introduction: Addiction and Brain Reward and Anti-Reward Pathways. Advances in psychosomatic medicine, 2011. 30: p. 22–60.

345

Arató, M., et al., Elevated CSF CRF in suicide victims. Biological Psychiatry. 25 (3): p. 355–359.

346

Knoll, A.T. and W. A. Carlezon, Dynorphin, stress, and depression. Brain research, 2010. 1314C: p. 56.

347

Koob, G.F. and M. L. Moal, Drug Abuse: Hedonic Homeostatic Dysregulation. Science, 1997. 278 (5335): p. 52.

348

A tale of anxiety and reward – the role of stress and pleasure in addiction relapse, in The Brain Bank North West. 2014, @BrainBankManc: thebrainbank.scienceblog.com.

349

Michl, P., et al., Neurobiological underpinnings of shame and guilt: a pilot fMRI study. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2014. 9 (2): p. 150–157.

350

Chang, Luke J., et al., Triangulating the Neural, Psychological, and Economic Bases of Guilt Aversion. Neuron, 2011. 70 (3): p. 560–572.

351

Gilovich, T., V. H. Medvec, and K. Savitsky, The spotlight effect in social judgment: an egocentric bias in estimates of the salience of one’s own actions and appearance. Journal of personality and social psychology, 2000. 78 (2): p. 211.

352

Silani, G., et al., Right supramarginal gyrus is crucial to overcome emotional egocentricity bias in social judgments. Journal of Neuroscience, 2013. 33 (39): p. 15466–15476.

353

Wolpert, S., Brain reacts to fairness as it does to money and chocolate, study shows. UCLA Newsroom, 2008.

354

Tabibnia, G. and M. D. Lieberman, Fairness and cooperation are rewarding. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2007. 1118 (1): p. 90–101.

355

Denke, C., et al., Belief in a just world is associated with activity in insula and somatosensory cortices as a response to the perception of norm violations. Soc Neurosci, 2014. 9 (5): p. 514–21.

356

Blackwood, N., et al., Self-responsibility and the self-serving bias: an fMRI investigation of causal attributions. NeuroImage, 2003. 20 (2): p. 1076–1085.

357

O’Connor, Z., Colour psychology and colour therapy: Caveat emptor. Color Research & Application, 2011. 36 (3): p. 229–234.

358

Utevsky, A.V. and M. L. Platt, Status and the Brain. PLoS Biology, 2014. 12 (9): p. e1001941.

359

Costandi, M., The Brain Boasts Its Own Social Network, in Scientific American. 2017, @sciam: scientificamerican.com.

360

Gil, M., et al., Social reward: interactions with social status, social communication, aggression, and associated neural activation in the ventral tegmental area. Eur J Neurosci, 2013. 38 (2): p. 2308–18.

361

Samson, A.C. and J. J. Gross, Humour as emotion regulation: the differential consequences of negative versus positive humour. Cogn Emot, 2012. 26 (2): p. 375–84.

362

Isenberg, D.J., Group polarization: A critical review and meta-analysis. Journal of personality and social psychology, 1986. 50 (6): p. 1141.

363

Scheepers, D., et al., The neural correlates of in-group and self-face perception: is there overlap for high identifiers? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2013. 7: p. 528.

364

Murphy, J.M., et al., Depression and anxiety in relation to social status: A prospective epidemiologic study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1991. 48 (3): p. 223–229.

365

De Dreu, C.K., et al., Oxytocin promotes human ethnocentrism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011. 108 (4): p. 1262–1266.

366

Hart, A.J., et al., Differential response in the human amygdala to racial outgroup vs ingroup face stimuli. NeuroReport, 2000. 11 (11): p. 2351–2354.

367

Avenanti, A., A. Sirigu, and S. M. Aglioti, Racial Bias Reduces Empathic Sensorimotor Resonance with Other-Race Pain. Current Biology, 2010. 20 (11): p. 1018–1022.

368

Zebrowitz, L.A., B. White, and K. Wieneke, Mere Exposure and Racial Prejudice: Exposure to Other-Race Faces Increases Liking for Strangers of That Race. Social cognition, 2008. 26 (3): p. 259–275.

369

Rupp, H.A. and K. Wallen, Sex Differences in Response to Visual Sexual Stimuli: A Review. Archives of sexual behavior, 2008. 37 (2): p. 206–218.

370

Cummins, R.G., Excitation Transfer Theory, in The International Encyclopedia of Media Effects. 2017, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

371

Blaszczynski, A. and L. Nower, A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. Addiction, 2002. 97 (5): p. 487–499.

372

De Brabander, B., et al., Locus of control, sensation seeking, and stress. Psychol Rep, 1996. 79 (3 Pt 2): p. 1307–12.

373

Patoine, B., Desperately Seeking Sensation: Fear, Reward, and the Human Need for Novelty. The Dana Foundation, 2009.

374

Bouter, L.M., et al., Sensation seeking and injury risk in downhill skiing. Personality and individual differences, 1988. 9 (3): p. 667–673.

375

McCutcheon, K., Haemophobia. Journal of perioperative practice, 2015. 25 (3): p. 31–31.

376

Dean Burnett, James Foley’s murder, and the psychology of our fascination with the gruesome – Telegraph, in The Telegraph. 2014, @Telegraph.

377

Varma-White, K., Morbid curiosity: Why we can’t look away from tragic images – TODAY.com. 2014, The Today Show: Today.com.

378

Brakoulias, V., et al., The characteristics of unacceptable/taboo thoughts in obsessive – compulsive disorder. Comprehensive psychiatry, 2013. 54 (7): p. 750–757.

379

Roberts, P., Forbidden Thinking. 1995, Psychology Today: Psychology Today.

380

Johnson-Laird, P.N., Mental models and human reasoning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2010. 107 (43): p. 18243–18250.

381

Wegner, D.M., et al., Paradoxical effects of thought suppression. 1987, American Psychological Association: US. p. 5–13.

382

Mann, T. and A. Ward, Forbidden fruit: Does thinking about a prohibited food lead to its consumption? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2001. 29 (3): p. 319–327.

383

Etchells, P.J., et al., Prospective Investigation of Video Game Use in Children and Subsequent Conduct Disorder and Depression Using Data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. PLOS ONE, 2016. 11 (1): p. e0147732.

384

Burnett, D. Women and yogurt: what’s the connection? Brain Flapping 2013 2013–08–30; Available from: http://www.theguardian.com/science/brain-flapping/2013/aug/30/women-yogurt-connection-advertising.

385

Straus Jr, W.L. and A.J.E. Cave, Pathology and the posture of Neanderthal man. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 1957. 32 (4): p. 348–363.

386

Lee, M. Why Are Babies’ Heads So Large in Proportion to Their Body Sizes? 2017; Available from: http://www.livestrong.com/article/506251-why-are-babies-heads-so-large-in-proportion-to-their-body-sizes/.

387

Barras, C., The real reasons why childbirth is so painful and dangerous. 2016, BBC Earth: www.bbc.com.

388

Institute of, M., From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development, ed. P. S. Jack and A. P. Deborah. 2000, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

389

Harlow, H.F., Love in infant monkeys. 1959: WH Freeman San Francisco.

390

Houston, S.M., M. M. Herting, and E. R. Sowell, The Neurobiology of Childhood Structural Brain Development: Conception Through Adulthood. Current topics in behavioral neurosciences, 2014. 16: p. 3–17.

391

Stafford, T., Why all babies love peekaboo. 2014, BBC_Future.

392

HarvardCenter. Five Numbers to Remember about Early Childhood Development – Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. 2017; Available from: https://developingchild.harvard.edu/resources/five-numbers-to-remember-about-early-childhood-development/.

393

Dahl, R.E., Sleep and the Developing Brain. Sleep, 2007. 30 (9): p. 1079–1080.

394

Danese, A. and B.S. McEwen, Adverse childhood experiences, allostasis, allostatic load, and age-related disease. Physiology & Behavior, 2012. 106 (1): p. 29–39.

395

Shonkoff, J.P., et al., The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics, 2012. 129 (1): p. e232-e246.

396

Avants, B., et al. Early childhood home environment predicts frontal and temporal cortical thickness in the young adult brain. in Society for Neuroscience annual meeting. 2012.

397

Jack, F., et al., Maternal Reminiscing Style During Early Childhood Predicts the Age of Adolescents’ Earliest Memories. Child Development, 2009. 80 (2): p. 496–505.

398

Brink, T.T., et al., The Role of Orbitofrontal Cortex in Processing Empathy Stories in 4- to 8-Year-Old Children. Frontiers in Psychology, 2011. 2: p. 80.

399

Neisser, U., et al., Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns. American psychologist, 1996. 51 (2): p. 77.

400

University of Oklahoma. Institute of Group, R. and M. Sherif, Intergroup conflict and cooperation: The Robbers Cave experiment. Vol. 10. 1961: University Book Exchange Norman, OK.

401

Galbally, M., et al., The role of oxytocin in mother-infant relations: a systematic review of human studies. Harv Rev Psychiatry, 2011. 19 (1): p. 1–14.

402

Wan, M.W., et al., The Neural Basis of Maternal Bonding. PLOS ONE, 2014. 9 (3): p. e88436.

403

Magon, N. and S. Kalra, The orgasmic history of oxytocin: Love, lust, and labor. Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism, 2011. 15 (7): p. 156.

404

Noriuchi, M., Y. Kikuchi, and A. Senoo, The functional neuroanatomy of maternal love: mother’s response to infant’s attachment behaviors. Biol Psychiatry, 2008. 63 (4): p. 415–23.

405

Schore, A.N., Effects of a secure attachment relationship on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health. Infant mental health journal, 2001. 22 (1‐2): p. 7–66.

406

Ainsworth, M.D.S., et al., Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. 2015: Psychology Press.

407

Wiseman, H., O. Mayseless, and R. Sharabany, Why are they lonely? Perceived quality of early relationships with parents, attachment, personality predispositions and loneliness in first-year university students. Personality and individual differences, 2006. 40 (2): p. 237–248.

408

Blustein, D.L., M. S. Prezioso, and D. P. Schultheiss, Attachment Theory and Career Development. The Counseling Psychologist, 1995. 23 (3): p. 416–432.

409

Potard, C., et al., The relationship between parental attachment and sexuality in early adolescence. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 2017. 22 (1): p. 47–56.

410

Baumrind, D., The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 1991. 11 (1): p. 56–95.

411

Haycraft, E. and J. Blissett, Eating disorder symptoms and parenting styles. Appetite, 2010. 54 (1): p. 221–224.

412

Baumrind, D., Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental psychology, 1971. 4 (1p2): p. 1.

413

Foster, A.D. and M. R. Rosenzweig, Learning by doing and learning from others: Human capital and technical change in agriculture. Journal of political Economy, 1995. 103 (6): p. 1176–1209.

414

Landry, S.H., et al., Does early responsive parenting have a special importance for children’s development or is consistency across early childhood necessary? Developmental Psychology, 2001. 37 (3): p. 387–403.

415

Kaplowitz, P.B., et al., Earlier Onset of Puberty in Girls: Relation to Increased Body Mass Index and Race. Pediatrics, 2001. 108 (2): p. 347.

416

Neubauer, A.C. and A. Fink, Intelligence and neural efficiency: Measures of brain activation versus measures of functional connectivity in the brain. Intelligence, 2009. 37 (2): p. 223–229.

417

Santos, E. and C. A. Noggle, Synaptic Pruning, in Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development, S. Goldstein and J. A. Naglieri, Editors. 2011, Springer US: Boston, MA. p. 1464–1465.

418

Carskadon, M.A., Patterns of sleep and sleepiness in adolescents. Pediatrician, 1990. 17 (1): p. 5–12.

419

Owens, J.A., K. Belon, and P. Moss, Impact of delaying school start time on adolescent sleep, mood, and behavior. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 2010. 164 (7): p. 608–614.

420

McClintock, M.K. and G. Herdt, Rethinking puberty: The development of sexual attraction. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1996. 5 (6): p. 178–183.

421

Casey, B.J., R. M. Jones, and T. A. Hare, The Adolescent Brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2008. 1124 (1): p. 111–126.

422

Spear, L.P., The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2000. 24 (4): p. 417–63.

423

Reyna, V.F. and F. Farley, Risk and Rationality in Adolescent Decision Making: Implications for Theory, Practice, and Public Policy. Psychol Sci Public Interest, 2006. 7 (1): p. 1–44.

424

Lenroot, R.K. and J. N. Giedd, Brain development in children and adolescents: insights from anatomical magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2006. 30 (6): p. 718–729.

425

Henry, J.P., Biological basis of the stress response. Integrative physiological and behavioral science, 1992. 27 (1): p. 66–83.

426

Philpot, R.M. and L. Wecker, Dependence of adolescent novelty-seeking behavior on response phenotype and effects of apparatus scaling. Behav Neurosci, 2008. 122 (4): p. 861–75.

427

Walter, C., Last ape standing: the seven-million-year story of how and why we survived. 2013: Bloomsbury Publishing USA.

428

Weon, B.M. and J. H. Je, Theoretical estimation of maximum human lifespan. Biogerontology, 2009. 10 (1): p. 65–71.

429

Deng, W., J. B. Aimone, and F. H. Gage, New neurons and new memories: how does adult hippocampal neurogenesis affect learning and memory? Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 2010. 11 (5): p. 339–350.

430

Rakic, P., Neurogenesis in adult primate neocortex: an evaluation of the evidence. Nat Rev Neurosci, 2002. 3 (1): p. 65–71.

431

Shephard, E., G. M. Jackson, and M. J. Groom, Learning and altering behaviours by reinforcement: Neurocognitive differences between children and adults. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2014. 7: p. 94–105.

432

Nisbett, R.E., et al., Intelligence: new findings and theoretical developments. Am Psychol, 2012. 67 (2): p. 130–59.

433

Esch, T. and G. B. Stefano, The neurobiology of stress management. Neuro Endocrinol Lett, 2010. 31 (1): p. 19–39.

434

Goh, C. and M. Agius, The stress-vulnerability model how does stress impact on mental illness at the level of the brain and what are the consequences? Psychiatr Danub, 2010. 22 (2): p. 198–202.

435

Ulrich-Lai, Y.M., et al., Pleasurable behaviors reduce stress via brain reward pathways. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2010. 107 (47): p. 20529–20534.

436

Milman, A., The Impact of Tourism and Travel Experience on Senior Travelers’ Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Travel Research, 1998. 37 (2): p. 166–170.

437

Glocker, M.L., et al., Baby Schema in Infant Faces Induces Cuteness Perception and Motivation for Caretaking in Adults. Ethology: formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie, 2009. 115 (3): p. 257–263.

438

Brockwell, H., Why can’t I get sterilised in my 20s? | Holly Brockwell, in Contraception and Family planning. 2015, Guardian.

439

Feldman, S., Structure and consistency in public opinion: The role of core beliefs and values. American Journal of political science, 1988: p. 416–440.

440

Moussavi, S., et al., Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World Health Surveys. Lancet, 2007. 370 (9590): p. 851–8.

441

Pinquart, M., Creating and maintaining purpose in life in old age: A meta-analysis. Ageing International, 2002. 27 (2): p. 90–114.

442

Bonanno, G.A., et al., Resilience to loss and chronic grief: a prospective study from preloss to 18-months postloss. Journal of personality and social psychology, 2002. 83 (5): p. 1150.

443

Chang, S.H. and M. S. Yang, The relationships between the elderly loneliness and its factors of personal attributes, perceived health status and social support. The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences, 1999. 15 (6): p. 337–347.

444

Peters, R., Ageing and the brain. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 2006. 82 (964): p. 84–88.

445

Myers, B.L. and P. Badia, Changes in circadian rhythms and sleep quality with aging: mechanisms and interventions. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 1996. 19 (4): p. 553–571.

446

Whalley, L.J., Brain ageing and dementia: what makes the difference? The British Journal of Psychiatry, 2002. 181 (5): p. 369.

447

Ebner, N.C. and H. Fischer, Emotion and aging: evidence from brain and behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 2014. 5: p. 996.

448

Chapman, S.B., et al., Shorter term aerobic exercise improves brain, cognition, and cardiovascular fitness in aging. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 2013. 5.

449

Almeida, R.P., et al., Effect of cognitive reserve on age-related changes in cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer disease. JAMA neurology, 2015. 72 (6): p. 699–706.

450

Elderly playgrounds. Injury Prevention, 2006. 12 (3): p. 170–170.

451

Sharot, T., The optimism bias: A tour of the irrationally positive brain. 2011: Vintage.

452

Burnett, D., ‘Your film has ruined my childhood!’ Why nostalgia trumps logic on remakes | Dean Burnett, in Brain Flapping, T. R. Banks, Editor. 2016, Guardian: theguardian.com.

453

Sedikides, C. and T. Wildschut, Past Forward: Nostalgia as a Motivational Force. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2016. 20 (5): p. 319–321.

454

Zhou, X., et al., Counteracting Loneliness. Psychological Science, 2008. 19 (10): p. 1023–1029.

455

Caspari, R., The evolution of grandparents. Sci Am, 2011. 305 (2): p. 44–9.

456

Jago, C. Always Look On The Bright Side of Death. 2017; Available from: http://rationalcancer.blogspot.com/.

Вход
Поиск по сайту
Ищем:
Календарь
Навигация