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Мари (Мариэ) Кондо — японка, специалист по наведению порядка в доме, консультант и автор четырех книг по организации домашнего быта, которые продаются миллионными тиражами и переведены на много языков. Кондо разработала собственные принципы в организации пространства и сформировала авторский метод наведения порядка — KonMari. Прим. ред.
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Примерами могут служить соляная кислота и слизь. Белковые молекулы в их составе обеспечивают местный иммунитет, беспощадно расправляются с опасными микроорганизмами и подавляют распространение инфекции. Прим. науч. ред.
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Болезнь Бехтерева, или анкилозирующий спондилоартрит (болезнь Штрюмпелля — Бехтерева — Мари), — хроническое системное заболевание суставов, при котором поражаются некоторые области позвоночника, становясь неподвижными; позвонки, межпозвонковые диски и суставы постепенно срастаются. При этом зажимаются нервные окончания, причиняя сильнейшую боль. Прим. ред.
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Да, микробы представляют для нас потенциальную угрозу, но не нужно забывать, что они также могут оказывать и благоприятное влияние на здоровье. Другими словами, микробы и грязь представляют собой не что иное, как бесплатную натуральную вакцинацию. И поэтому следует отдать нашим маленьким друзьям должное и перестать стерилизовать и отмывать все вокруг. Прим. науч. ред.
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Irwin, R. S. (2006) ‘Introduction to the diagnosis and management of cough: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines’, Chest, pp. 25S-27S. 10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.25S.
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Pradeu, T. and Cooper, E. L. (2012) ‘The danger theory: 20 years later’, Frontiers in Immunology, 3(SEP). 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00287.
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Matzinger, P. (1994) ‘Tolerance, Danger, and the Extended Family’, Annual Review of Immunology. Annual Reviews, 12(1), pp. 991–1045. 10.1146/annurev.iy.12.040194.005015.
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Zindel, J. and Kubes, P. (2020) ‘DAMPs, PAMPs, and LAMPs in Immunity and Sterile Inflammation’, Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, 15(1), p. 2129251537. 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012419-032847.
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Chen, G. Y. and Nuñez, G. (2010) ‘Sterile inflammation: Sensing and reacting to damage’, Nature Reviews Immunology, pp. 826–837. 10.1038/nri2873.
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Колостомия — хирургическая процедура, при которой в брюшной стенке делают отверстие для удаления каловых масс путем выведения наружу одного конца толстой кишки. Прим. ред.
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Brown, K. F. et al. (2018) ‘The fraction of cancer attributable to modifiable risk factors in England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and the United Kingdom in 2015’, British Journal of Cancer. Nature Publishing Group, 118(8), pp. 1130–1141. 10.1038/s41416-018-0029-6.
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Hunter, P. (2012) ‘The inflammation theory of disease: the growing realization that chronic inflammation is crucial in many diseases opens new avenues for treatment’, EMBO Reports, 13(11), pp. 968–970. 10.1038/embor.2012.142.
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McDade, T. W. (2012) ‘Early environments and the ecology of inflammation’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, pp. 17281–17288. 10.1073/pnas.1202244109.
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Lorenzatti, A. and Servato, M. L. (2018) ‘Role of anti-inflammatory interventions in coronary artery disease: Understanding the Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study (CANTOS)’, European Cardiology Review. Radcliffe Cardiology, 13(1), pp. 38–41. 10.15420/ecr.2018.11.1.
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Bally, M. et al. (2017) ‘Risk of acute myocardial infarction with NSAIDs in real world use: Bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data’, BMJ (Online). BMJ Publishing Group, 357. 10.1136/bmj.j1909.
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Doux, J. D. et al. (2005) ‘Can chronic use of anti-inflammatory agents paradoxically promote chronic inflammation through compensatory host response?’, Medical Hypotheses, 65(2), pp. 389–391. 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.12.021.
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Anderson, K. and Hamm, R. L. (2012) ‘Factors that impair wound healing’, Journal of the American College of Clinical Wound Specialists. Elsevier Inc., pp. 84–91. 10.1016/j.jccw.2014.03.001.
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Hauser, R. (2010) ‘The Acceleration of Articular Cartilage Degeneration in Osteoarthritis by Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs’, Journal of Prolotherapy, 2(1), pp. 305–322.
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Boehm, T. and Zufall, F. (2006) ‘MHC peptides and the sensory evaluation of genotype’, Trends in Neurosciences, pp. 100–107. 10.1016/j.tins.2005.11.006.
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Wedekind, C. et al. (1995) ‘MHC-dependent mate preferences in humans’, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. Royal Society, 260(1359), pp. 245–249. 10.1098/rspb.1995.0087.
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Day, S. et al. (2016) ‘Integrating and evaluating sex and gender in health research’, Health Research Policy and Systems. BioMed Central Ltd., 14(1). 10.1186/s12961-016-0147-7.
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Liu, K. A. and Dipietro Mager, N. A. (2016) ‘Women’s involvement in clinical trials: Historical perspective and future implications’, Pharmacy Practice. Grupo de Investigacion en Atencion Farmaceutica. 10.18549/PharmPract.2016.01.708.
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Van Eijk, L. T. and Pickkers, P. (2018) ‘Man flu: Less inflammation but more consequences in men than women’, BMJ (Online). BMJ Publishing Group. 10.1136/bmj.k439.
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Úbeda, F. and Jansen, V. A. A. (2016) ‘The evolution of sex-specific virulence in infectious diseases’, Nature Communications. Nature Publishing Group, 7. 10.1038/ncomms13849.
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Arruvito, L. et al. (2007) ‘Expansion of CD4 + CD25 + and FOXP3 + Regulatory T Cells during the Follicular Phase of the Menstrual Cycle: Implications for Human Reproduction’, The Journal of Immunology. The American Association of Immunologists, 178(4), pp. 2572–2578. 10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2572.
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Ngo, S. T., Steyn, F. J. and McCombe, P. A. (2014) ‘Gender differences in autoimmune disease’, Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. Academic Press Inc., pp. 347–369. 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.04.004.
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Hughes, G. C. (2012) ‘Progesterone and autoimmune disease’, Autoimmunity Reviews. 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.12.003.
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Laffont, S. et al. (2017) ‘Androgen signaling negatively controls group 2 innate lymphoid cells’, Journal of Experimental Medicine. Rockefeller University Press, 214(6), pp. 1581–1592. 10.1084/jem.20161807.
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Lorenz, T. and van Anders, S. (2014) ‘Interactions of sexual activity, gender, and depression with immunity’, Journal of Sexual Medicine. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 11(4), pp. 966–979. 10.1111/jsm.12111.
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Lorenz, T. K., Heiman, J. R. and Demas, G. E. (2017) ‘Testosterone and immune-reproductive tradeoffs in healthy women’, Hormones and Behavior. Academic Press Inc., 88, pp. 122–130. 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.11.009.
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Lorenz, T. K., Demas, G. E. and Heiman, J. R. (2017) ‘Partnered sexual activity moderates menstrual cycle — related changes in inflammation markers in healthy women: an exploratory observational study’, Fertility and Sterility. Elsevier Inc., 107(3), pp. 763–773.e3. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.11.010.
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Ghosh, M., Rodriguez-Garcia, M. and Wira, C. R. (2014) ‘The immune system in menopause: Pros and cons of hormone therapy’, Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 171–175. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.09.003.
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По результатам ряда исследований невынашивание беременности часто ассоциировано с угнетением дифференцировки Т-регуляторных клеток. Прим. науч. ред.
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Rowe, J. H. et al. (2012) ‘Pregnancy imprints regulatory memory that sustains anergy to fetal antigen’, Nature, 490(7418), pp. 102–106. 10.1038/nature11462.
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Carr, E. J. et al. (2016) ‘The cellular composition of the human immune system is shaped by age and cohabitation’, Nature Immunology. Nature Publishing Group, 17(4), pp. 461–468. 10.1038/ni.3371.
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Swaminathan, S. et al. (2015) ‘Mechanisms of clonal evolution in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia’, Nature Immunology. Nature Publishing Group, 16(7), pp. 766–774. 10.1038/ni.3160.
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Ciabattini, A. et al. (2019) ‘Role of the microbiota in the modulation of vaccine immune responses’, Frontiers in Microbiology. Frontiers Media S.A. 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01305. Social Paediatrics, the Italian Society of Paediatric Allergy and Immunology, and Italian Society of Pediatrics’, World Allergy Organization Journal. BioMed Central Ltd. doi: 10.1186/s40413-016-0111-6.
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Есть термин «атопический марш», который подразумевает этапность развития аллергических заболеваний. При наличии атопического дерматита с возрастом происходит последовательное присоединение аллергического ринита и бронхиальной астмы. Прим. науч. ред.
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Уязвимая кожа реагирует воспалением на внешние раздражители: сухой горячий воздух, табачный дым, но еще чаще — на жесткую воду. Доказано, что контакт через пораженную кожу быстрее приводит к сенсибилизации, чем употребление продуктов. Именно поэтому такие бытовые аллергены, как пыль или пылевой клещ, чаще могут быть одной из причин обострения атопического дерматита. См., например, здесь: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27059727?fbclid=IwAR1mdbJWvqbbm1z2JhtO99nh8cBS6jUgPLYLqZYcySWFHQLBUX0D66aaDG8. Прим. науч. ред.
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Di Mauro, G. et al. (2016) ‘Prevention of food and airway Di Mauro, G. et al. (2016) ‘Prevention of food and airway Social Paediatrics, the Italian Society of Paediatric Allergy and Immunology, and Italian Society of Pediatrics’, World Allergy Organization Journal. BioMed Central Ltd. 10.1186/s40413-016-0111-6.
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В связи с этим так важно разнообразное питание матери во время грудного вскармливания: таким образом идет «обучение» иммунной системы малыша. Прим. науч. ред.
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Данное правило справедливо и в отношении детей старшего возраста. Очень важно обеспечить адекватный и разнообразный прикорм для знакомства иммунной системы ребенка с новыми для него веществами и аллергенами. Таким образом и формируется пероральная толерантность. Прим. науч. ред.
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Stein, K. (2014) ‘Severely restricted diets in the absence of medical necessity: The unintended consequences’, Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Elsevier, 114(7), pp. 986–987. 10.1016/j.jand.2014.03.008.
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Chan, E. S. et al. (2018) ‘Early introduction of foods to prevent food allergy’, Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology, 14(S2), p. 57. 10.1186/s13223-018-0286-1.
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Shaker, M. et al. (2018) ‘“To screen or not to screen”: Comparing the health and economic benefits of early peanut introduction strategies in five countries’, Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 73(8), pp. 1707–1714. 10.1111/all.13446.
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Eder, W., Ege, M. J. and Von Mutius, E. (2006) ‘The asthma epidemic’, New England Journal of Medicine, pp. 2226–2235. 10.1056/NEJMra054308.
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Baïz, N. et al. (2019) ‘Maternal diet before and during pregnancy and risk of asthma and allergic rhinitis in children’, Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology, 15(1), p. 40. 10.1186/s13223-019-0353-2.
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Lang, J. E. et al. (2018) ‘Being overweight or obese and the development of asthma’, Pediatrics. American Academy of Pediatrics, 142(6). 10.1542/peds.2018–2119.
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Правильнее, пожалуй, справиться со страхами и не допустить ухудшения ситуации. Ведь в наших силах увести ребенка с опасной тропы атопического марша. Врачи и родители должны объединиться, чтобы помочь детям с аллергией. Прим. науч. ред.
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Jones, E. J. et al. (2018) ‘Chronic family stress and adolescent health: The moderating role of emotion regulation’, Psychosomatic Medicine. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 80(8), pp. 764–773. 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000624.
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А именно посредством регуляторных белков, которые могут активировать появление новых бурых клеток, а также участвуют в регуляции противоопухолевого иммунитета. Прим. науч. ред.
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Уильям Франкленд, британский аллерголог и иммунолог, известный как «дедушка аллергологии», умер 2 апреля 2020 года в возрасте 108 лет. Прим. ред.
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Гален считал, что старение определяется потерей «природного жара», то есть уменьшается влажность тела. Он сопоставлял наблюдения над снижением температуры и клинические данные по потере воды стареющим организмом. По его мнению, у старых людей уменьшается количество крови, в результате чего уходит основное топливо, поддерживающее огонь жизни (схоластическое сравнение с масляной лампой, которая сама себя сжигает). Эта мысль господствовала в медицине до XVIII века. Прим. ред.
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Происходит это, конечно же, из-за маниакального стремления подвергать стерилизации себя, продукты питания и каждый метр в округе. Прим. науч. ред.
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Метформин — распространенный препарат, применяемый при лечении сахарного диабета второго типа. Прим. ред.
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Escobar, J. S. et al. (2017) ‘Metformin Is Associated with Higher Relative Abundance of Mucin-Degrading Akkermansia muciniphila and Several Short-Chain Fatty Acid-Producing Microbiota in the Gut’, Diabetes Care, 40. 10.2337/dc16-1324.
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Ингибиторы протонного насоса — группа препаратов, применяемых при лечении заболеваний желудочно-кишечного тракта. Прим. ред.
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Jackson, M. A. et al. (2016) ‘Proton pump inhibitors alter the composition of the gut microbiota’, Gut. BMJ Publishing Group, 65(5), pp. 749–756. 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310861.
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Паркран (от англ. parkrun) — бесплатные еженедельные мероприятия, которые проводятся сообществом волонтеров по всему миру: каждую субботу тысячи людей собираются в парках и бегут дистанцию пять километров. Прим. перев.
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IL-6 оказывает метаболические и противовоспалительные эффекты при физических нагрузках. Цитокиновый ответ при сокращении мышц специфичен. Прим. науч. ред.
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Например, когда ожидается встреча выпускников, к которой непременно нужно влезть в платье детского размера. Ради такой «благородной» цели многие после длительных месяцев сидения в офисе добровольно пробегают десятки километров на беговой дорожке или истязают себя в тренажерном зале дни напролет. Сила воли таких людей, конечно, восхищает, однако, увы, это не имеет ничего общего с иммунитетом и здоровьем. Прим. науч. ред.
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Липидный профиль, или липидограмма, — это биохимический анализ крови на холестерин и его фракции. Отклонения показателей липидограммы от референтных значений указывают на вероятность развития у человека заболеваний сосудов, печени, желчного пузыря, атеросклероза, а также позволяют спрогнозировать риск возникновения патологии. Прим. перев.
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При планировании режима труда и отдыха и перед составлением плана тренировок не лишним будет посоветоваться с лечащим врачом. Прим. науч. ред.
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Нейротрофический фактор головного мозга обладает целым рядом полезных свойств: поддерживает дифференциацию, созревание и выживаемость нейронов в нервной системе, угнетает клеточный апоптоз и оказывает существенное нейропротективное влияние на структуры головного мозга. Прим. науч. ред.
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Во избежание угрозы приступа астмы перед составлением плана тренировок обязательно проконсультируйтесь с иммунологом. Прим. науч. ред.
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Johnson, J. L. et al. (2007) ‘Exercise Training Amount and Intensity Effects on Metabolic Syndrome (from Studies of a Targeted Risk Reduction Intervention through Defined Exercise)’, American Journal of Cardiology, 100(12), pp. 1759–1766. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.07.027.
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Рекомендованная доза витамина С в России для взрослых составляет 75–90 миллиграммов в сутки. Полинг советовал увеличить дозу до 12 граммов в сутки, сам при этом принимал почти 18 граммов в сутки в течение 30 лет. Прим. перев.
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Wu, G. (2013) ‘Arginine and immune function’, in Diet, Immunity and Inflammation. Elsevier Ltd., pp. 523–543. 10.1533/9780857095749.3.523.
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Принято считать, что одна чашка (1 cup) — 240 миллилитров. Для удобства можно использовать обычный стакан, равный 250 миллилитрам. Прим. перев.
310
Brigham, E. P. et al. (2019) ‘Omega-3 and Omega-6 Intake Modifies Asthma Severity and Response to Indoor Air Pollution in Children’, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 199(12), pp. 1478–1486. 10.1164/rccm.201808-1474OC.
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Aeberli, I. et al. (2011) ‘Low to moderate sugar-sweetened beverage consumption impairs glucose and lipid metabolism and promotes inflammation in healthy young men: A randomized controlled trial’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 94(2), pp. 479–485. 10.3945/ajcn.111.013540.
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Duncan, S. H. et al. (2007) ‘Reduced Dietary Intake of Carbohydrates by Obese Subjects Results in Decreased Concentrations of Butyrate and Butyrate-Producing Bacteria in Feces’, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73(4), pp. 1073–1078. 10.1128/AEM.02340-06.
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При целиакии употребление глютена затрагивает не только отдельные органы, но и целые системы в организме. Прим. науч. ред.
315
Целиакия, к примеру, может привести к развитию так называемой MALT-лимфомы — опухоли лимфоидной ткани, ассоциированной со слизистыми оболочками. Прим. науч. ред.
316
Ассортимент безглютеновых продуктов на прилавках неизменно растет. Прим. науч. ред.
317
Catassi, C. et al. (2013) ‘Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: The new frontier of gluten related disorders’, Nutrients. MDPI AG, pp. 3839–3853. 10.3390/nu5103839.
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При лихорадке уменьшается функциональная активность пищеварительной системы, что характеризуется сокращением как моторной, так и ферментной активности, а также снижением всасывания питательных веществ. И поэтому требуется диетическая разгрузка или кратковременное голодание. Но необходимо помнить, что при этом важно получать достаточное количество жидкости. Прим. науч. ред.
321
У многих людей во время болезни аппетит снижается естественным образом, и важно руководствоваться здравым смыслом, ограничивая себя в пище. Прим. науч. ред.
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Система пищеварения становится объектом воздействия патогенных факторов лихорадки: подавляется образование поджелудочной железой пищеварительных ферментов и печенью — желчи, нарушается всасывание и усвоение компонентов пищи. Таким образом усугубляется течение заболевания, поскольку к лихорадке добавляются такие симптомы, как вздутие живота, расстройство стула, тошнота и рвота. Вот так и объясняется с научной точки зрения выражение «уморите лихорадку голодом». Прим. науч. ред.
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Иммунная система воспринимает молекулы пищи как раздражитель, вырабатывая иммуноглобулины Е — белки иммунной системы, ответственные за развитие аллергических реакций. Прим. науч. ред.
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Это анализ крови на специфические иммуноглобулины E к определенным аллергенам. Прим. науч. ред.
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Фибромиалгия — форма поражения внесуставных мягких тканей, характеризующаяся разлитой костно-мышечной болью и наличием специфических болезненных точек или точек повышенной чувствительности, определяемых при ощупывании. Прим. перев.
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Пищеварительная система, как правило, толерантна к разнообразию попадающих в организм биологических макромолекул, однако в последнее время отмечается рост количества пациентов, страдающих пищевой непереносимостью, которая вызвана разными причинами. Прим. науч. ред.
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Часто люди, самодиагностировавшие ту или иную пищевую непереносимость, в реальности ею не страдают: фобия носит исключительно психосоматический характер. Прим. науч. ред.
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Водород высвобождается лишь в процессе анаэробного обмена веществ (то есть при отсутствии доступа кислорода). Кишечник — место обитания большого количества бактерий, основными из которых являются анаэробы, продуцирующие водород в значительном количестве. Из чего следует, что источником водорода в выдыхаемом воздухе становятся анаэробные бактерии. Прим. науч. ред.
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Карнозин способен модулировать иммунную систему: установлено, что он усиливает «кислородный взрыв» — один из этапов фагоцитоза, который является основным клеточным конститутивным фактором защиты. Прим. науч. ред.
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