Примечания книги Китайское исследование. Автор книги Томас Кэмпбелл, Колин Кэмпбелл

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Эта книга – пересмотренное и дополненное издание бестселлера «Китайское исследование», научно обосновавшего связь между болезнями и пищевыми привычками и изменившего жизни миллионов людей. В ней вы найдете ответ автора на критические замечания тех, кто скептически отнесся к его трактовке здорового питания, новые аргументы в пользу цельной растительной диеты и новые результаты научных работ о влиянии животной и растительной пищи на наш организм, полученные после выхода в свет первого издания. Кроме того, в новом издании автор объясняет, почему питание на основе цельных растительных продуктов так трудно находит своих сторонников и кто виноват в том, что информация о всеобъемлющем влиянии пищи остается скрытой от профессионалов и общественности.На русском языке публикуется впервые.

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Примечания книги

Говард Лайман – американский фермер, посвятивший свою жизнь борьбе за гуманное, этическое обращение с животными, пропаганде вегетарианского питания и органического сельского хозяйства. Здесь и далее, если не указано иное, примечания редактора.

Названия популярных в США сладостей: выпечки, хлопьев и шоколадных конфет.

Джон Роббинс – один из ведущих специалистов в мире, занимающийся вопросами влияния диеты на здоровье людей. Его книги Diet for a New America («Диета для новой Америки»), Reclaiming Our Health («Восстановление нашего здоровья») и The Food Revolution («Революция в питании») стали бестселлерами.

Авторитетный экономист, исследователь из Университета Джорджа Мейсона.

Кэмпбелл Т. Китайское исследование на практике. Простой переход к здоровому образу жизни. М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2017.

Прозвище диктатора Гаити, правившего с 1957 по 1971 г., Франсуа Дювалье.

Согласно «Словарю социологической статистики» (2004 г.), процентили – это величины, делящие выборку данных на 100 групп, содержащих (по возможности) равное количество наблюдений. Например, 30 % данных имеют значение, меньшее 30-го процентиля.

Впервые книга была издана в 1962 г.

Премия Бауэра присуждается Институтом науки и искусств имени Франклина за выдающийся вклад в развитие науки и технологий.

Кэмпбелл К., Джейкобсон Г.Полезная еда. Развенчание мифов о здоровом питании. М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2014.

Агатстон А. The South Beach Diet. М.: Рипол Классик, 2006.

Дэвис В. Пшеничные килограммы. Как углеводы разрушают тело и мозг. М.: Эксмо, 2015.

Перлмуттер Д. Еда и мозг. Что углеводы делают со здоровьем, мышлением и памятью. М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2017.

Кордейн Л.Палеодиета. М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2014.

Так называемое исследование «случай-контроль», организованное для выявления связи между каким-либо фактором риска и клиническим исходом. В нем сравнивают долю участников, испытавших вредное воздействие, в двух группах, в одной из которых развился, а в другой не отмечался изучаемый клинический исход.

Слова из песни Collarbone («Ключица») британской группы Fujiya & Miyagi.

Агатстон А. Новая экспресс-диета доктора Агатстона. М.: Рипол Классик, 2005.

Программа государственного медицинского страхования для населения старшего возраста и инвалидов.

Citizens United («Объединенные граждане») – консервативная неправительственная организация, которой Федеральная избирательная комиссия США в ходе кампании 2008 г. запретила показывать агитационный ролик, проплаченный корпоративными пожертвованиями. Запрет регулятора был основан на законе Маккейна – Файнголда, ограничивающем права корпораций во время предвыборной гонки. Верховный суд США принял сторону «Объединенных граждан», признав закон Маккейна – Файнголда неконституционным.

Американская система высшего образования предполагает изучение обязательных и необязательных предметов. Последние выбираются студентом по его личному усмотрению и оплачиваются им отдельно. Один кредит-час предполагает посещение аудиторных занятий не менее одного раза в неделю на протяжении семестра.

Предостережение о возможном опасном эффекте лекарства.

Книга на английском языке была издана в 2004 г.

Комментарии

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Если это нарушение проникает в дочерние клетки первого этапа, то оно будет передаваться всем последующим поколениям клеток с перспективой превратиться в клинически выявляемое раковое заболевание. Однако это упрощение очень сложного процесса. Две существенные гипотезы, похоже, оставлены без внимания: 1) для появления и развития рака нужно больше чем одна мутация и 2) не все генетические нарушения приводят к возникновению онкологических заболеваний.

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Показатели очагов на графиках в этой главе отражают главным образом «% объема печени», объединяющий «количество очагов» и «размер очагов», которые указывают на тенденцию формирования опухоли. Таким образом, результаты отдельных экспериментов можно сравнивать друг с другом, а данные сопоставлять с единой шкалой, на которой зафиксирован эффект от стандартной дозы афлатоксина и 20 %-ной белковой диеты.

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Dunaif G. E., and Campbell T. C. “Relative contribution of dietary protein level and Aflatoxin B1 dose in generation of presumptive preneoplastic foci in rat liver.” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 78 (1987): 365–369.

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Appleton B. S., and Campbell T. C. “Inhibition of aflatoxin-initiated preneoplastic liver lesions by low dietary protein.” Nutr. Cancer 3 (1982): 200–206.

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Youngman L. D., and Campbell T. C. “High protein intake promotes the growth of preneoplastic foci in Fischer #344 rats: evidence that early remodeled foci retain the potential for future growth.” J. Nutr. 121 (1991): 1454–1461.

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Dunaif G. E., and Campbell T. C. “Dietary protein level and aflatoxin B1-induced preneoplastic hepatic lesions in the rat.” J. Nutr. 117 (1987): 1298–1302.

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Dunaif G. E., and Campbell T. C. “Dietary protein level and aflatoxin B1-induced preneoplastic hepatic lesions in the rat.” J. Nutr. 117 (1987): 1298–1302.

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Horio F., Youngman L. D., Bell R. C., et al. “Thermogenesis, low-protein diets, and decreased development of AFB1-induced preneoplastic foci in rat liver.” Nutr. Cancer 16 (1991): 31–41.

125

Для ускорения роста показателя требуется примерно 12 % пищевого белка в рационе, согласно Национальному ученому совету Национальной академии наук.

126

Подкомитет по питанию лабораторных животных / Subcommittee on Laboratory Animal Nutrition. Nutrient requirements of laboratory animals. 2-е дополненное издание, выпуск. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1972.

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Национальный научный совет. Рекомендации по питанию / National Research Council. Recommended dietary allowances. 10-е издание. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989.

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Schulsinger D. A., Root M. M., and Campbell T. C. “Effect of dietary protein quality on development of aflatoxin B1-induced hepatic preneoplastic lesions.” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 81 (1989): 1241–1245.

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Youngman L. D., and Campbell T. C. “Inhibition of aflatoxin B1-induced gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase positive (GGT+) hepatic preneoplastic foci and tumors by low protein diets: evidence that altered GGT+ foci indicate neoplastic potential.” Carcinogenesis 13 (1992): 1607–1613.

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Youngman L. D. The growth and development of aflatoxin B1-induced preneoplastic lesions, tumors, metastasis, and spontaneous tumors as they are influenced by dietary protein level, type, and intervention. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, PhD Thesis, 1990.

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Chisari F. V., Ferrari C., and Mondelli M. U. “Hepatitis B virus structure and biology.” Microbiol. Pathol. 6 (1989): 311–325.

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Hu J., Cheng Z., Chisari F. V., et al. “Repression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgene and HBV-induced liver injury by low protein diet.” Oncogene 15 (1997): 2795–2801.

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Cheng Z., Hu J., King J., et al. “Inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma development in hepatitis B virus transfected mice by low dietary casein.” Hepatology 26 (1997): 1351–1354.

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Hu J., Cheng Z., Chisari F. V., et al. “Repression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgene and HBV-induced liver injury by low protein diet.” Oncogene 15 (1997): 2795–2801.

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Hu J., Cheng Z., Chisari F. V., et al. “Repression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgene and HBV-induced liver injury by low protein diet.” Oncogene 15 (1997): 2795–2801.

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Hawrylewicz E. J., Huang H. H., Kissane J. Q., et al. “Enhancement of the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) mammary tumorigenesis by high dietary protein in rats.” Nutr. Reps. Int. 26 (1982): 793–806.

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Hawrylewicz E. J. “Fat-protein interaction, defined 2-generation studies.” В: C. Ip, D. F. Birt, A. E. Rogers, and C. Mettlin (eds.), Dietary fat and cancer, 403–434. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1986.

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Huang H. H., Hawrylewicz E. J., Kissane J. Q., et al. “Effect of protein diet on release of prolactin and ovarian steroids in female rats.” Nutr. Rpts. Int. 26 (1982): 807–820.

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O’Connor T. P., Roebuck B. D., and Campbell T. C. “Dietary intervention during the post-dosing phase of L-azaserine-induced preneoplastic lesions.” J Natl Cancer Inst 75 (1985): 955–957.

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O’Connor T. P., Roebuck B. D., and Campbell T. C. “Dietary intervention during the post-dosing phase of L-azaserine-induced preneoplastic lesions.” J Natl Cancer Inst 75 (1985): 955–957.

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O’Connor T. P., Roebuck B. D., Peterson F., et al. “Effect of dietary intake of fish oil and fish protein on the development of L-azaserine-induced preneoplastic lesions in rat pancreas.” J Natl Cancer Inst 75 (1985): 959–962.

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He Y. Effects of carotenoids and dietary carotenoid extracts on aflatoxin B1-induced mutagenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, PhD Thesis, 1990.

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He Y., and Campbell T. C. “Effects of carotenoids on aflatoxin B1-induced mutagenesis in S. typhimurium TA 100 and TA 98.” Nutr. Cancer 13 (1990): 243–253.

153

Li J.-Y., Liu B.-Q., Li G.-Y., et al. “Atlas of cancer mortality in the People’s Republic of China. An aid for cancer control and research.” Int. J. Epid. 10 (1981): 127–133.

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Higginson J. “Present trends in cancer epidemiology.” Proc. Can. Cancer Conf. 8 (1969): 40–75.

155

Wynder E. L., and Gori G. B. “Contribution of the environment to cancer incidence: an epidemiologic exercise.” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 58 (1977): 825–832.

156

Doll R., and Peto R. “The causes of cancer: Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today.” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 66 (1981): 1192–1265.

157

Doll R., and Peto R. “The causes of cancer: Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today.” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 66 (1981): 1192–1265.

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Д. Фэгин, пресс-релиз «Причины рака молочной железы по-прежнему неясны: отсутствие четкой связи между загрязнением окружающей среды и раком молочной железы», 6 августа 2002 г. / Fagin D. News release. “Breast cancer cause still elusive study: no clear link between pollution, breast cancer on LI.” 6 августа 2002 г. Newsday.com. на сайте www.newsday.com/news/local/longisland/nylicanc062811887aug06.story?coll=ny%2Dtop%2Dheadlines.

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Уровень смертности составлял 82, но примерно треть случаев одного и того же заболевания повторялась у людей другого возраста.

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Hu F. B., Stampfer M. J., Manson J. E., et al. “Dietary protein and risk of ischemic heart disease in women.” Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70 (1999): 221–227.

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SerVaas C. “Diets that protected against cancers in China.” The Saturday Evening Post, October 1990: 26–28.

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Все доступные показатели смертности от болезней были объединены в матрицу, чтобы можно было легко определить соотношение каждого отдельного показателя с другими. Каждое сравнение затем оценивалось со знаком плюс или минус, в зависимости от прямой или обратной корреляции. Положительные корреляции были сведены в один список, отрицательные – в другой. Таким образом, каждый пункт находился в положительном отношении со всеми другими пунктами своего списка и в обратной корреляции с записями из второго списка. Большинство корреляций, но не все имели статистическое значение.

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Campbell T. C., Chen J., Brun T., et al. “China: from diseases of poverty to diseases of affluence. Policy implications of the epidemiological transition.” Ecol. Food Nutr. 27 (1992): 133–144.

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Campbell T. C., Chen J., Brun T., et al. “China: from diseases of poverty to diseases of affluence. Policy implications of the epidemiological transition.” Ecol. Food Nutr. 27 (1992): 133–144.

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Эпидемиологический комитет Программы клинического изучения жировых тканей / Lipid Research Clinics Program Epidemiology Committee. “Plasma lipid distributions in selected North American Population. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study.” Circulation 60 (1979): 427–439.

168

Campbell T. C., Parpia B., and Chen J. “Diet, lifestyle, and the etiology of coronary artery disease: The Cornell China Study.” Am. J. Cardiol. 82 (1998): 18T–21T.

169

Данные для сельских районов Китая приводятся по деревням, в монографии обозначены аббревиатурами SA, LC и RA (для женщин) и SA, QC и NB для мужчин (Chen, et al. 1990).

170

Sirtori C. R., Noseda G., and Descovich G. C. “Studies on the use of a soybean protein diet for the management of human hyperlipoproteinemias.” В: M.J. Gibney and D. Kritchevsky (eds.), Current Topics in Nutrition and Disease, Volume 8: Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, 135–148. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1983.

171

Carroll K. K. “Dietary proteins and amino acids – their effects on cholesterol metabolism.” В: M. J. Gibney and D. Kritchevsky (eds.), Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Volume 8: Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, 9–17. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1983.

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Terpstra A. H. M., Hermus R. J. J., and West C. E. “Dietary protein and cholesterol metabolism in rabbits and rats.” В: M.J. Gibney and D. Kritchevsky (eds.), Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Volume 8: Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, 19–49. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1983.

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Kritchevsky D., Tepper S. A., Czarnecki S. K., et al. “Atherogenicity of animal and vegetable protein. Influence of the lysine to arginine ratio.” Atherosclerosis 41 (1982): 429–431.

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Kritchevsky D., Tepper S. A., Czarnecki S. K., et al. “Atherogenicity of animal and vegetable protein. Influence of the lysine to arginine ratio.” Atherosclerosis 41 (1982): 429–431.

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Содержание пищевого жира может выражаться в% от общей массы рациона или в% от общего объема калорий. Большинство комментаторов и исследователей обозначают содержание жира как% от общего объема калорий, потому что мы едим в первую очередь для того, чтобы удовлетворить нашу потребность в калориях, а не для того, чтобы поправиться. В данной книге я применяю такое же обозначение.

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181

Министерство здравоохранения и социальных служб США. The Surgeon General’s Report on Nutrition and Health. Washington, DC: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988.

182

Национальный научный совет и Комитет по вопросам диеты и здоровья / National Research Council, and Committee on Diet and Health. Diet and health: implications for reducing chronic disease risk. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989.

183

Экспертная панель / Expert Panel. Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer, a global perspective. Washington, DC: American Institute for Cancer Research/World Cancer Research Fund, 1997.

184

Исключение составляют продукты, лишенные содержания жира, такие как обезжиренное молоко.

185

Armstrong D., and Doll R. “Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices.” Int. J. Cancer 15 (1975): 617–631.

186

Сенат США / U.S. Senate. “Dietary goals for the United States, 2nd Edition.” Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977.

187

National Research Council. Diet, Nutrition and Cancer. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1982.

188

Комитет по диете, питанию и онкологии / Committee on Diet Nutrition and Cancer. Diet, nutrition and cancer: directions for research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1983.

189

Существуют и другие программные заявления, а также многочисленные клинические исследования, которые стали появляться примерно одновременно и которые заслуживали активного публичного обсуждения, будучи связанными с темой отношения пищевого жира к этим заболеваниям. К ним относятся серия докладов с диетическими рекомендациями, инициированными в 1980 г., гарвардское исследование состояния здоровья медсестер 1984 г., Фрамингемское исследование сердца в 1960-х гг., «Исследование семи стран» Анселя Кейза, «Экспериментальное исследование множественных факторов» риска (MRFIT) и др.

190

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191

Wynder E. L., and Gori G. B. “Contribution of the environment to cancer incidence: an epidemiologic exercise.” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 58 (1977): 825–832.

192

Drasar B.S., and Irving D. “Environmental factors and cancer of the colon and breast.” Br. J. Cancer 27 (1973): 167–172.

193

Haenszel W., and Kurihara M. “Studies of Japanese migrants: mortality from cancer and other disease among Japanese and the United States.” J. Natl. Cancer. Inst. 40 (1968): 43–68.

194

Higginson J., and Muir C. S. “Epidemiology in Cancer.” В: J. F. Holland and E. Frei (eds.), Cancer Medicine, 241–306. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1973.

195

Doll R., and Peto R. “The causes of cancer: Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today.” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 66 (1981): 1192–1265.

196

Соотношение потребления жиров с потреблением животных белков составляет 84 % на объем потребленного жира и 70 % на процент жира относительно калорий.

197

Armstrong D., and Doll R. “Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices.” Int. J. Cancer 15 (1975): 617–631.

198

Kelsey J. L., Gammon M. D., and Esther M. J. “Reproductive factors and breast cancer.” Epidemiol. Revs. 15 (1993): 36–47.

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200

Rautalahti M., Albanes D., Virtamo J., et al. “Lifetime menstrual activity – indicator of breast cancer risk.” (1993): 17–25

201

В этой группе женщин не удалось обнаружить статистически значимую связь уровня гормонов в крови с риском рака молочной железы, потому что образцы их крови были взяты в разное время их менструального цикла, а показатели рака молочной железы были настолько низкие, что сводили к минимуму возможность обнаружения подобной корреляции, даже если бы она и существовала.

202

Key T. J. A., Chen J., Wang D. Y., et al. “Sex hormones in women in rural China and in Britain.” Brit. J. Cancer 62 (1990): 631–636.

203

Эти биомаркеры включают содержание меди, мочевины, эстрадиола, пролактина, тестостерона в плазме крови и, в свою очередь, связывающего половые гормоны глобулина, – каждый из них, как известно из более ранних исследований, зависит от потребления белка животного происхождения.

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Средние уровни потребления пищевой клетчатки в Китае и США составляли 33,3 и 11,1 г в день соответственно. По районам вариативность средних значений составляла 7,7–77,6 г в день в Китае против 2,4–26,6 г в день для 90 % мужчин-американцев.

205

Корреляция для растительного белка составляла +0,53III, а для животного белка +0,12.

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National Research Council. Diet, Nutrition and Cancer. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1982.

207

В принципе, мониторинг «распространенности рака в семьях» является более эффективным методом выявления причин рака и его разновидностей, что позволяет провести исследование влияния диетических факторов отдельно.

208

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209

Полный эффект этих жирорастворимых антиоксидантов проявляется только при их концентрации с учетом уровня ЛПНП у каждого индивида. Об этом не было известно на момент исследования; таким образом, соответствующих оговорок сделано не было.

210

Kneller R. W., Guo W., Hsing A. W., et al. “Risk factors for stomach cancer in sixty-five Chinese counties.” Cancer Epi. Biomarkers Prev. 1 (1992): 113–118.

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Westman E. C., Yancy W. S., Edman J. S., et al. “Carbohydrate Diet Program.” Am. J. Med. 113 (2002): 30–36.

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Westman E. C., Yancy W. S., Edman J. S., et al. “Carbohydrate Diet Program.” Am. J. Med. 113 (2002): 30–36.

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Bilsborough S. A., and Crowe T. C. “Low-carbohydrate diets: what are the potential short- and long-term health implications?” Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 12 (2003): 396–404.

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230

Drasar B. S., and Irving D. “Environmental factors and cancer of the colon and breast.” Br. J. Cancer 27 (1973): 167–172; Armstrong D., and Doll R. “Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices.” Int. J. Cancer 15 (1975): 617–631.

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Аткинс утверждает, что антиоксидантный коктейль может защитить от развития сердечно-сосудистых, онкологических заболеваний и старения, – это утверждение было опровергнуто в ходе нескольких крупных судебных разбирательств последнего времени (см. главу 11).

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244

Цитируемая информация о потреблении животного и растительного белка взята из рецензируемой рукописи.

245

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Эстроген присутствует в свободной, несвязанной форме.

464

Активность эстрогена обусловлена наличием более чем одного аналога, но, как правило, имеют в виду эстрадиол. Я буду использовать общий термин «эстроген», который охватывает все стероидные и схожие женские гормоны, по воздействию аналогичные эстрадиолу. Небольшое количество тестостерона у женщин также дает тот же эффект.

465

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Pike M. C., Spicer D. V., Dahmoush L., et al. “Estrogens, progestogens, normal breast cell proliferation, and breast cancer risk.” Epidemiol. Revs. 15 (1993): 17–35.

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Cantorna M. T., Humpal-Winter J., and DeLuca H. F. “Dietary calcium is a major factor in 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice.” J. Nutr. 129 (1999): 1966–1971.

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Международная федерация рассеянного склероза «Альтернативные методы терапии» / Multiple Sclerosis International Federation. “Alternative Therapies.” 25 ноября 2003 г. На сайте www.msif.org/en/symptoms_treatments/treatment_overview/alternative.html.

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757

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762

В животном белке больше серосодержащих аминокислот. В процессе пищеварения и метаболизма эти аминокислоты производят кислотообразующий сульфат-ион, который должен выделяться почками. Недавнее исследование показало впечатляющую 84 %-ную корреляцию между потреблением животного белка и выделением мочевой кислоты из сульфата.

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Brosnan J. T., and Brosnan M. E. “Dietary protein, metabolic acidosis, and calcium balance.” В: H. H. Draper (ed.), Advances in Nutritional Research, 77–105. New York: Plenum Press, 1982.

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Frassetto L. A, Todd K. M., Morris R. C., Jr., et al. “Estimation of net endogenous noncarbonic acid production in humans from diet potassium and protein contents.” Am. J. Clin. Nutri. 68 (1998): 576–583.

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Margen S., Chu J.-Y., Kaufmann N. A., et al. “Studies in calcium metabolism. I. The calciuretic effect of dietary protein.” Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 27 (1974): 584–589.

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Hegsted M., Schuette S. A., Zemel M. B., et al. “Urinary calcium and calcium balance in young men as affected by level of protein and phosphorus intake.” J. Nutr. 111 (1981): 553–562.

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Hegsted M., Schuette S. A., Zemel M. B., et al. “Urinary calcium and calcium balance in young men as affected by level of protein and phosphorus intake.” J. Nutr. 111 (1981): 553–562.

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Hegsted D. M. “Calcium and osteoporosis.” J. Nutr. 116 (1986): 2316–2319.

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Aspray T. J., Prentice A., Cole T. J., et al. “Low bone mineral content is common but osteoporotic fractures are rare in elderly rural Gambian women.” J. Bone Min. Res. 11 (1996): 1019–1025.

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Tsai K.-S. “Osteoporotic fracture rate, bone mineral density, and bone metabolism in Taiwan.” J. Formosan Med. Assoc. 96 (1997): 802–805.

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Ho S. C. “Body measurements, bone mass, and fractures: does the East differ from the West?” Clin. Orthopaed. Related Res. 323 (1996): 75–80.

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Wu A. H., Pike M. C., and Stram D. O. “Meta-analysis: dietary fat intake, serum estrogen levels, and the risk of breast cancer.” J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 91 (1999): 529–534.

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Центр лечения мочекаменной болезни при Калифорнийском университете «Мочекаменная болезнь – индекс» / Индекс UCLA Kidney Stone Treatment Center. “Kidney Stones – Index.” март 1997 г. На сайте www.radsci.ucla.edu:8000/gu/stones/kidneystone.html.

793

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Stamatelou K. K., Francis M. E., Jones C. A., et al. “Time trends in reported prevalence of kidney stones.” Kidney Int. 63 (2003): 1817–1823.

795

Эта генетически редкая разновидность мочекаменной болезни обусловлена неспособностью почек реабсорбировать аминокислоту цистеин.

796

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Robertson W. G., Peacock M., Heyburn P. J., et al. “Risk factors in calcium stone disease of the urinary tract.” Brit. J. Urology 50 (1978): 449–454.

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Robertson W. G. “Epidemiological risk factors in calcium stone disease.” Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. Suppl. 53 (1980): 15–30.

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Robertson W. G., Peacock M., Heyburn P. J., et al. “Should recurrent calcium oxalate stone formers become vegetarians?” Brit. J. Urology 51 (1979): 427–431.

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Robertson W. G. “Epidemiological risk factors in calcium stone disease.” Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. Suppl. 53 (1980): 15–30.

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Robertson W. G., Peacock M., Heyburn P. J., et al. “Should recurrent calcium oxalate stone formers become vegetarians?” Brit. J. Urology 51 (1979): 427–431.

803

Эта информация была обнародована на семинаре доктора Робертсона в Торонто.

804

Robertson W. G., Peacock M., Heyburn P. J., et al. “Should recurrent calcium oxalate stone formers become vegetarians?” Brit. J. Urology 51 (1979): 427–431.

805

Robertson W. G., Peacock M., Heyburn P. J., et al. “Should recurrent calcium oxalate stone formers become vegetarians?” Brit. J. Urology 51 (1979): 427–431.

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Robertson W. G. “Diet and calcium stones.” Miner Electrolyte Metab. 13 (1987): 228–234.

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Cao L. C., Boeve E. R., de Bruijn W. C., et al. “A review of new concepts in renal stone research.” Scanning Microscopy 7 (1993): 1049–1065.

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Scales C. D. J., Smith A. C., Hanley J. M., Seigal C. S., and Urologic Diseases in America Project. “Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States.” Eur. Urol. 62 (2012): 160–165.

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Broghi L. et al. “Urinary volume, water and recurrences in idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis: a 5-year randomized prospective study.” J. Urol. 155 (1996): 839–843.

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Friedman D. S., Congdon N., Kempen J., et al. “Vision problems in the U.S.: prevalence of adult vision impairment and age-related eye disease in America.” Bethesda, MD: Prevent Blindness in America. National Eye Institute, 2002.

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Foote C. S. Photosensitized Oxidation and Singlet Oxygen: Consequences in Biological Systems. Vol. 2 New York: Academic Press, 1976.

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Seddon J. M., Ajani U. A., Sperduto R. D., et al. “Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration.” JAMA 272 (1994): 1413–1420.

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Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. “Antioxidant status and neovascular age-related macular degeneration.” Arch. Ophthalmol. 111 (1993): 104–109.

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Seddon J. M., Ajani U. A., Sperduto R. D., et al. “Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration.” JAMA 272 (1994): 1413–1420.

816

Остальные четыре группы продуктов – брокколи, морковь, сладкий картофель и тыква, употребление которых приводило к снижению заболеваний на 53, 28, 33 и 44 % соответственно. Каждый результат имел минимальное статистическое значение либо был близок к таковому.

817

Seddon J. M., Ajani U. A., Sperduto R. D., et al. “Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration.” JAMA 272 (1994): 1413–1420.

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Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. “Antioxidant status and neovascular age-related macular degeneration.” Arch. Ophthalmol. 111 (1993): 104–109.

819

820

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Lyle B. J., Mares-Perlman J. A., Klein B. E. K., et al. “Antioxidant intake and risk of incident age-related nuclear cataracts in the Beaver Dam Eye Study.” Am. J. Epidemiol. 149 (1999): 801–809.

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Bates C. J., Chen S. J., Macdonald A., et al. “Quantitation of vitamin E and a carotenoid pigment in cataracterous human lenses, and the effect of a dietary supplement.” Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 66 (1996): 316–321.

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Varma S. D., Beachy N. A., and Richards R. D. “Photoperoxidation of lens lipids: prevention by vitamin E.” Photochem. Photobiol. 36 (1982): 623–626.

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Talan J. “Alzheimer’s diagnoses can be two years late.” Ithaca J.: 8A.

825

Ассоциация болезни Альцгеймера «Болезнь Альцгеймера: факты и показатели» / 2016 Alzheimer’s Association. “Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures.” Информация по состоянию на 2 сентября 2016 г. на сайте www.alz.org/facts/.

826

Petersen R. C., Smith G. E., Waring S. C., et al. “Mild cognitive impairment.” Arch. Neurol. 56 (1999): 303–308.

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Kivipelto M., Helkala E.-L., Hanninen T., et al. “Midlife vascular risk factors and late-life mild cognitive impairment. A population based study.” Neurology 56 (2001): 1683–1689.

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Breteler M. M. B., Claus J. J., Grobbee D. E., et al. “Cardiovascular disease and distribution of cognitive function in elderly people: the Rotterdam Study.” Brit. Med. J. 308 (1994): 1604–1608.

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Haan M. N., Shemanski L., Jagust W. J., et al. “The role of APOE e4 in modulating effects of other risk factors for cognitive decline in elderly persons.” JAMA 282 (1999): 40–46.

830

Sparks D. L., Martin T. A., Gross D. R., et al. “Link between heart disease, cholesterol, and Alzheimer’s Disease: a review.” Microscopy Res. Tech. 50 (2000): 287–290.

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Slooter A. J., Tang M. X., van Duijn C. M., et al. “Apolipoprotein E e4 and risk of dementia with stroke. A population based investigation.” JAMA 277 (1997): 818–821.

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Messier C., and Gagnon M. “Glucose regulation and cognitive functions: relation to Alzheimer’s disease and diabetes.” Behav. Brain Res. 75 (1996): 1–11.

833

Ott A., Stolk R. P., Hofman A., et al. “Association of diabetes mellitus and dementia: the Rotterdam Study.” Diabetologia 39 (1996): 1392–1397.

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Kannel W. B., Wolf P. A., Verter J., et al. “Epidemiologic assessment of the role of blood pressure in stroke.” JAMA 214 (1970): 301–310.

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Launer L. J., Masaki K., Petrovitch H., et al. “The association between midlife blood pressure levels and late-life cognitive function.” JAMA 274 (1995): 1846–1851.

837

Sparks D. L., Martin T. A., Gross D. R., et al. “Link between heart disease, cholesterol, and Alzheimer’s Disease: a review.” Microscopy Res. Tech. 50 (2000): 287–290.

838

Haan M. N., Shemanski L., Jagust W. J., et al. “The role of APOE e4 in modulating effects of other risk factors for cognitive decline in elderly persons.” JAMA 282 (1999): 40–46.

839

White L., Petrovitch H., Ross G. W., et al. “Prevalence of dementia in older Japanese-American men in Hawaii. The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study.” JAMA, 276: 955–960, 1996.

840

Hendrie H. C., Ogunniyi A., Hall K. S., et al. “Incidence of dementia and Alzheimer Disease in 2 communities: Yoruba residing in Ibadan, Nigeria and African Americans residing in Indianapolis, Indiana.” JAMA 285 (2001): 739–747.

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Chandra V., Pandav R., Dodge H. H., et al. “Incidence of Alzheimer’s disease in a rural community in India: the Indo-U.S. Study.” Neurology 57 (2001): 985–989.

842

Grant W. B. “Dietary links to Alzheimer’s Disease: 1999 Update.” J. Alzheimer’s Dis 1 (1999): 197–201.

843

Grant W. B. “Incidence of dementia and Alzheimer disease in Nigeria and the United States.” JAMA 285 (2001): 2448.

844

Это недавно опубликованное исследование заслуживает большего внимания по сравнению с остальными, потому что витамин Е здесь измерялся наиболее точно, с учетом того, что он переносится в жире крови. То есть высокий уровень в крови витамина Е может быть обусловлен высоким содержанием жира в крови. Am. J. Epidemiol. 150 (1999): 37–44.

845

Влияние витамина С и селена в исследовании Перкинса (Am. J. Epidemiol. 150 [1999]: 37–44) в модели логистической регрессии не имело статистического значения, как отмечали авторы. Я не согласен с их выводом, поскольку обратная зависимость «доза-ответ» (высокий уровень антиоксидантов в крови, меньше потеря памяти) была впечатляющей и явно значительной. Авторы не смогли проанализировать такие данные.

846

Ortega R. M., Requejo A. M., Andres P., et al. “Dietary intake and cognitive function in a group of elderly people.” Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 66 (1997): 803–809.

847

Perrig W. J., Perrig P., and Stahelin H. B. “The relation between antioxidants and memory performance in the old and very old.” J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 45 (1997): 718–724.

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Gale C. R., Martyn C. N., and Cooper C. “Cognitive impairment and mortality in a cohort of elderly people.” Brit. Med. J. 312 (1996): 608–611.

849

Goodwin J. S., Goodwin J. M., and Garry P. J. “Association between nutritional status and cognitive functioning in a healthy elderly population.” JAMA 249 (1983): 2917–2921.

850

Goodwin J. S., Goodwin J. M., and Garry P. J. “Association between nutritional status and cognitive functioning in a healthy elderly population.” JAMA 249 (1983): 2917–2921.

851

Jama J. W., Launer L. J., Witteman J. C. M., et al. “Dietary antioxidants and cognitive function in a population-based sample of older persons: the Rotterdam Study.” Am. J. Epidemiol. 144 (1996): 275–280.

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Martin A., Prior R., Shukitt-Hale B., et al. “Effect of fruits, vegetables or vitamin E-rich diet on vitamins E and C distribution in peripheral and brain tissues: implications for brain function.” J. Gerontology 55A (2000): B144–B151.

853

Joseph J. A., Shukitt-Hale B., Denisova N. A., et al. “Reversals of age-related declines in neuronal signal transduction, cognitive, and motor behavioral deficits with blueberry, spinach, or strawberry dietary supplementation.” J. Neurosci. 19 (1999): 8114–8121.

854

Gillman M. W., Cupples L. A., Gagnon D., et al. “Protective effect of fruits and vegetables on development of stroke in men.” JAMA 273 (1995): 1113–1117.

855

Gillman M. W., Cupples L. A., Gagnon D., et al. “Protective effect of fruits and vegetables on development of stroke in men.” JAMA 273 (1995): 1113–1117.

856

Kalmijn S., Launer L. J., Ott A., et al. “Dietary fat intake and the risk of incident dementia in the Rotterdam Study.” Ann. Neurol. 42 (1997): 776–782.

857

Sparks D. L., Martin T. A., Gross D. R., et al. “Link between heart disease, cholesterol, and Alzheimer’s Disease: a review.” Microscopy Res. Tech. 50 (2000): 287–290.

858

Sparks D. L., Martin T. A., Gross D. R., et al. “Link between heart disease, cholesterol, and Alzheimer’s Disease: a review.” Microscopy Res. Tech. 50 (2000): 287–290.

859

Тренд появления болезни Альцгеймера не получил статистического подтверждения, возможно, из-за небольшого количества эпизодов заболевания.

860

Kalmijn S., Launer L. J., Ott A., et al. “Dietary fat intake and the risk of incident dementia in the Rotterdam Study.” Ann. Neurol. 42 (1997): 776–782.

861

Clarke R., Smith D., Jobst K. A., et al. “Folate, vitamin B12, and serum total homocysteine levels in confirmed Alzheimer disease.” Arch. Neurol. 55 (1998): 1449–1455.

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863

Однако в этой логике есть потенциальный изъян. Уровень гомоцистеина регулируется отчасти витаминами группы В, особенно фолиевой кислотой и витамином B₁₂, и у людей с дефицитом этих витаминов могут наблюдаться более высокие уровни гомоцистеина. У людей, которые не едят продуктов животного происхождения, может быть понижен B₁₂ и повышен гомоцистеин. Однако, как отмечается в главе 11, это больше связано с нашей удаленностью от природы, а не с недостатком диеты на растительной основе.

864

Scelfo J. “Dieting: The Next Atkins?” Newsweek (4 мая 2003 г.).

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Управление по санитарному надзору за качеством пищевых продуктов и медикаментов США / U.S. Food and Drug Administration. “What Is a Dietary Supplement?” Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2015.

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Lariviere D. “Nutritional supplements flexing muscles as growth industry.” Forbes, 18 апреля 2013 г. На сайте www.forbes.com/sites/davidlariviere/2013/04/18/nutritional-supplements-flexing-their-muscles-as-growth-industry/.

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Atkins RC. Dr. Atkins’ New Diet Revolution. New York: Avon Books, 1999.

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872

Американская рабочая группа по профилактическим мероприятиям / U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. “Routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease: recommendations and rationale.” Ann. Internal Med. 139 (2003): 51–55.

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Morris C. D., and Carson S. “Routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cardiovascular disease: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.” Ann. Internal Med. 139 (2003): 56–70.

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877

LeBlanc E., Chou R., Zakher B., Daeges M., and Pappas M. “Screening for vitamin D deficiency: systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation.” Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

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Министерство сельского хозяйства США «База данных продуктов питания» / U.S. Department of Agriculture. “USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference.” Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, 2002. На сайте ndb.nal.usda.gov/.

882

Holden J. M., Eldridge A. L., Beecher G. R., et al. “Carotenoid content of U.S. foods: an update of the database.” J. Food Comp. Anal. 12 (1999): 169–196.

883

Точное перечисление продуктов питания в базе данных таково: говяжий фарш, 80 % постного мяса, 20 % жирного, мясо непереработанное; свинина свежая, фарш, непереработанная; курица, бройлеры или цыплята, мясо и кожа непереработанные; молоко сухое, цельное; шпинат необработанный; помидоры красные, спелые, необработанные, круглогодично; лимская фасоль, крупные, зрелые семена, необработанная; горох зеленый, сырой; картофель красновато-коричневый, мякоть и кожица, сырой.

884

Mozafar A. “Enrichment of some B-vitamins in plants with application of organic fertilizers.” Plant and Soil 167 (1994): 305–311.

885

Brand D., and Segelken R. “Largest scientific effort in Cornell’s history announced.” Cornell Chronicle, May 9, 2002.

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887

Shermer M. “Skeptical sayings. Wit and wisdom from skeptics past and present.” Skeptic 9 (2002): 28.

888

Мне никогда не нравились такие пороговые точки в отношении возникновения, роста и прогрессирования хронических заболеваний, потому что для каждой стадии хронической болезни они совершенно случайны. Важно знать, что хроническое заболевание может быть с нами большую часть нашей жизни, и если оно прогрессирует, то очень плавно и непрерывно.

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Ornish D., Weidner G., Fair W. R., et al. “Intensive lifestyle changes may affect the progression of prostate cancer.” J. Urol. 174 (2005): 1065–1069; обсуждение: 1069–1070.

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