79 Niall Ferguson, ‘Political Risk and the International Bond Market between the 1848 Revolution and the Outbreak of the First World War’, Economic History Review, 59, 1 (February 2006). Pp. 70-112.
80 New York Times, 23.10.1929.
81 Nicholas, Trouble with a Bubble’. P. 4.
82 Ibid., p. 6.
83 Chancellor, Devil Take the Hindmost. Pp. 199H.
84 Cm.: Milton Friedman and Anna J. Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 (Princeton, 1963). P. 299–419. Главу “Великое сжатие” следует внести в списки обязательной литературы для всех практиков финансового дела.
85 Ibid., р. 309. Прочитайте сноску, и вам станет ясно, почему ФРС незамедлительно вмешалась и позволила JP Morgan купить Bear Stearns в марте 2007 года.
86 Ibid., р. 315.
87 Ibid., р. 317.
88 Ibid., р. 396.
89 Ibid., р. 325.
90 Ibid., р. 328.
91 US Department of Commerce Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, DC, 1975). P. 1019.
92 Barry Eichengreen, Golden Fetters: The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1919–1939 (New York / Oxford, 1992). См. его же статью: The Origins and Nature of the Great Slump Revisited’, Economic History Review, 45, 2 (May 1992). Pp. 213–239.
93 См., к примеру: Ben S. Bernanke, The Macroeconomics of the Great Depression: A Comparative Approach’, NBER Working Paper 4814 (August 1994).
94 Hyman P. Minsky, ‘Introduction: Can «It» Happen Again? A Reprise’, in idem (ed.), Inflation, Recession and Economic Policy (Brighton, 1982). P. xi.
95 Индекс падал на 10 % и больше по итогам 23 из 113 лет его существования.
96 См.: Nicholas Brady, James С Cotting, Robert G. Kirby, John R. Opel and Howard M. Stein, Report of the Presidential Task Force on Market Mechanisms, submitted to the President of the United States, the Secretary of the Treasury and the Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board (Washington, DC, January 1988). Внимание историка привлекает сравнение с 1929 годом; см.: приложение VIII. Рр. 1-13.
97 James Dale Davidson and William Rees-Mogg, The Great Reckoning: How the World Will Change in the Depression of the 1990*s (London, 1991).
98 Развитие событий как оно виделось самому Гриспену, описано в его автобиографии: The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World (New York, 2007). Pp. 100–110.
99 Greenspan, Age of Turbulence’. Pp. 166.
100 Ibid., pp. 167.
101 Ibid., pp. 190–195.
102 Ibid., pp. 20off.
103 Детальный анализ содержится в книге: Bethany McLean and Peter Elkind, The Smartest Guys in the Room: The Amazing Rise and Scandalous Fall of Enron (New York, 2003).
104 Ibid., p. 55.
105 Уоткинс рассказывает об этом в книге: Mimi Swartz and Sherron Watkins, Power Failure: The Inside Story of the Collapse of Enron (New York, 2003).
IV. Возвращение риска
1 Rawle О. King, ‘Hurricane Katrina: Insurance Losses and National Capacities for Financing Disaster Risks’, Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, 31.1.2008, table 1.
2 Joseph B. Treaster, ‘A Lawyer Like a Hurricane: Facing Off Against Asbestos, Tobacco and Now Home Insurers’, New York Times, 16/3/2007.
3 За деталями можно обратиться к до гладу самого Скрагса: ‘Hurricane Katrina: Issues and Observations’, American Enterprise Institute-Brookings Judicial Symposium, ‘Insurance and Risk Allocation in America: Economics, Law and Regulation’, Georgetown Law Center, 20–22.9.2006.
4 Подробнее – на сайтах http://www.usa.gov/Gitizen/ Topics/Puhlic Safety/Hurricane _Katrina_Recovery.shtml, http://katrina. louisiana. gov/index.html и http://www.Idi.state.la.us/HurricaneKatrina.htm.
5 Peter Lattman, ‘Plaintiffs Lawyer Scruggs is Indicted on Bribery Charges’, Wall Street Journal, 29.11.2007; Ashby Jones and Paulo Prada, ‘Richard Scruggs Pleads Guilty’, Ibid., 15.3.2008.
6 King, ‘Hurricane Katrina’. P. 4.
7 Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (New York, 2007).
8 http://www. nhc. noaa.gov/pastdec.shtmL
9 John Schwartz, ‘One Billion Dollars Later, New Orleans is Still at Risk’, New York Times, 17.8.2007.
10 Michael Lewis, ‘In Nature’s Casino’, New York Times Magazine, 26.8.2007.
11 National Safety Council, ‘What are the Odds of Dying?’: http:// www.nsc.org/lrs/statinfo/odds.htm. Статистика по раковым заболеваниям взята из: National Cancer Institute, ‘SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2004’, table I-17: httpdlsrah.cancer.gov.Idevcanl. Истинная вероятность смерти от рака в США в период с 2002 по 2004 год составляла 21,29 % с доверительным интервалом 95 %.
12 Florence Edler de Roover, ‘Early Examples of Marine Insurance’, Journal of Economic History, 5, 2 (November 1945). Pp. 172–200.
13 Ibid., p. 188.
14 A. H. John, ‘The London Assurance Company and the Marine Insurance Market of the Eighteenth Century’, Economica, New Series, 25, 98 (May 1958). P. 130.
15 Paul A. Papayoanou, ‘Interdependence, Institutions, and the Balance of Power’, International Security, 20, 4 (Spring 1996). P. 55.
16 Roover, ‘Early Examples of Marine Insurance’. P. 196.
17 M. Greenwood, ‘The First Life Table’, Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 1, 2 (October 1938). Pp. 70–72.
18 При написании этого абзаца я много позаимствовал из книги Peter L. Bernstein Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk (New York, 1996).
19 Gregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World (Princeton, 2007).
2 °Cм. статьи: A. Ian Dunlop (ed.), The Scottish Ministers' Widows' Fund, 1743-199} (Edinburgh, 1992).
21 Ключевые документы хранятся в архиве Роберта Уоллеса, National Archives of Scotland: CH/9/17/6-13.
22 G. W Richmond, ‘Insurance Tendencies in England’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 161 (May 1932). P. 183.
23 A. N. Wilson, A Life of Walter Scott: The Laird of Abbotsford (London: Pimlico, 2002). Pp. 169–171.
24 G. Clayton and W T. Osborne, ‘Insurance Companies and the Finance of Industry’, Oxford Economic Papers, New Series, 10, 1 (February 1958). Pp. 84–97.
25 ‘American Exceptionalism’, Economist, 10.8.2006.
