Ясно, что необходимы нетривиальные идеи и решения сложнейших мировых социально-экономических проблем, связанных со «вторым лицом» современного капитализма. Но надежды на своевременность таких неординарных ходов (как создать не социализм и не капитализм!) невелики. «Хозяева мира» вполне удовлетворены status quo. «Исключенные» либо безмолвствуют, либо способны на «беспощадный бунт», не меняющий принципиально порождающих его отношений. Включенный «средний класс» и его идейные представители – либералы и либертарианцы – психологически не готовы отказаться от «благ» рынка и свободной экономики. Тем более, что им есть что терять, и не ясно, что они приобретут со сменой парадигмы и ее практических воплощений.
Между тем, «формирующаяся мировая экономика должна привести к положению, при котором для выполнения всей необходимой работы потребуется всего 20 процентов рабочей силы, а 80 процентов людей окажутся не у дел, т. е. бесполезными потенциальными безработными»
[491]. Впрочем, до этого человечество может и не дожить. «Ядерный пепел» становится все большей реальностью. Тем более, что и «правые», и «левые» жаждут насилием изменить мир, построить его «по-своему», т. е. очередное «светлое будущее»…
Organized Crime in Contemporary Russia
[492]Organized crime is a form of a social organization of our society. Vladimir Ovchinskiy
[493]
I. Introduction
Organized crime is a very topical issue and currently the subject of a lot of research. On the one hand organized crime is the serious danger to society. Criminal structures have access to a lot of wealth and capital, let alone ample experience of cooperating with business enterprises and even some politicians. On the other hand the stripping of a cloak of mystery and myths of Mafia and organized crime is an important task.
II. Contemporary Russian Criminality
Organized crime is a part of criminality. And firstly we will look at the trend of criminality and its types in Russia which may prove astonishing (Tables 1,2). We can see:
• The rate (per 100,000 inhabitants) of registered crime decreased in 1963-1965 (it was the time of the Khrushchev's «Thaw») and in 1986-1988 (it was the time of the Gorbachev's «Perestroika»), increased from 816.9 (1987) to 1887.8 (1993) and after a short stable period 1996-1998 increased again to 2700.7 in 2006.
• Reduction in the criminality rate started very unexpectedly and led to a decrease from 2700.7 in 2006 to 2112.0 in 2009.
Unexpectedly for the period of crisis, the rate of criminality has shown a reduction for all main types of crimes (Table 2).
There are two possible explanations to the unexpected reduction of criminality and its types since 2007
Firstly, it may be that crimes are concealed from registration which is considered commonplace these days.
Secondly, there is a real reduction (especially in homicide cases), observed also in other European countries (Harrendorf, Heiskanen, Malby 2010: 16-17,26,28,30; http://www.nplc.lt/centrov/reng/ren014/ren014.aspx). It may be assumed that this trend is the continuation of a worldwide change in criminality dynamics: from the well-documented rise in criminality from late 50 s of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century and a reduction in criminality from the beginning of the 21st century. A special international comparative study of this phenomenon is necessary.
It is possible that a both factors have contributed to this trend.
Table 1. Crimes, offenders and convicts in Russia (1961 – 2009)
Source: Annual «Crime and Delinquency» (1991-2010). Moscow: MVD RF, MJ RF.
Table 2. Various kind of recorded crimes in Russia (2005-2009) (http://crimpravo.ru/page/mvdstatistic/)
III. Organized Crime in Russia
There are many definitions of organized crime (Abadinsky 1994, Alba-nese 1995, Arlacchi 1986, Block 1994, Smith 1975 and others). We will use the definition of organized crime as the functioning of stable, hierarchical associations, engaged in crime as a form of business, and setting up a system of protection against public control by means of corruption
[494].
Organized crime is a form of business enterprise. Gary Becker, Nobel Prize winner in Economics, speaks about this in the following way: «Criminal activity is just the same profession or trade as joinery, engineering or teaching which people devote their time to» (Becker 1987). It is chosen when profit (the revenues minus the production costs) exceeds that which legal can be made by persuing a legal occupation.
Are we always in a position to draw a distinction between legal and criminal businesses abiding by the criteria of morality and legality? In Russia, it is hardly possible.
Organized crime is not only the «sum of criminal organizations». It is a complicated social phenomenon, which has influence on the economy and policy of states. Criminal associations are a kind of social organization of a „working (labor) collective body“ type. The growth of the organizational aspect of crime is a natural, objective process; it is a manifestation of the growth of the organizational aspect of social systems as well as of their sub-systems (the economy, politics, etc.). It is a global, worldwide process.
