______. 1998. The Parkes Lecture: Heat and the Testes. J Reprod Fertil 114: 179–194.
Settlage, D. S. F., M. Motoshima, and D. R. Tredway. 1973. Sperm Transport from the External Cervical Os to the Fallopian Tubes in Women. Fertil Steril 24: 655–661.
Shafi k, A. 1992. Contraceptive Efficacy of Polyester-Induced Azoospermia in Normal Men. Contraception 45: 439–451.
Sharav, T. 1991. Aging Gametes in Relation to Incidence, Gender, and Twinning in Down Syndrome. Am J Med Genet 39: 116–118.
Sharpe, R. M. 1994. Could Environmental, Oestrogenic Chemicals Be Responsible for Some Disorders of Human Male Reproductive Development? Curr Opin Urol 4: 295–302.
Sharpe, R. M., and N. E. Skakkebaek. 1993. Are Oestrogens Involved in Falling Sperm Counts and Disorders of the Male Reproductive Tract? Lancet 341: 1392–1395.
Sheard, N. F., and W. A. Walker. 1988. The Role of Breast Milk in the Develop-ment of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Nutr Rev 46: 1–8.
Sheynkin, Y., R. Welliver, A. Winer, F. Hajimirzaee, H. Ahn, and K. Lee. 2011. Protection from Scrotal Hyperthermia in Laptop Computer Users. Fertil Steril 95: 647–651.
Short, R. V. 1976. The Evolution of Human Reproduction. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 195: 3–24.
______. 1979. Sexual Selection and Its Component Parts, Somatic and Genital Selection, as Illustrated by Man and the Great Apes. Adv Stud Behav 9: 131–158.
______. 1984. Breast Feeding. Sci Am 250, 4: 35–41.
______. 1994. Human Reproduction in an Evolutionary Context. Ann NY Acad Sci 709: 416–425.
Simmons, L. W., L. C. Firman, G. Rhodes, and M. Peters. 2004. Human Sperm Competition: Testis Size, Sperm Production and Rates of Extrapair Copulations. Anim Behav 68: 297–302.
Simpson, J. L., R. H. Gray, A. Perez, P. Mena, M. Barbato, E. E. Castilla, R. T. Kambic, F. Pardo, G. Tagliabue, W. S. Stephenson, A. Bitto, C. Li, V. H. Jennings, J. M. Spieler, and J. T. Queenan. 1997. Pregnancy Outcome in Natu-ral Family Planning Users: Cohort and Case-Control Studies Evaluating Safety. Adv Contraception 13: 201–214.
Slama, R., F. Eustache, B. Ducot, T. K. Jensen, N. Jørgensen, A. Horte, S. Irvine, J. Suominen, A. G. Andersen, J. Auger, M. Vierula, J. Toppari, J. N. Andersen, N. Keiding, N. E. Skakkebaek, A. Spira, and P. Jouannet. 2002. Time to Pregnancy and Semen Parameters: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Fertile Couples from Four European Cities. Hum Reprod 17: 503–515.
Small, M. 1992. The Evolution of Female Sexuality and Mate Selection in Humans. Hum Nat 3: 133–156.
______. 1996. “Revealed” Ovulation in Humans? J Hum Evol 30: 483–488. Smits, J., and C. Monden. 2011. Twinning Across the Developing World. PLoSOne 6 (9): e25239.
Sokol, R. Z., P. Kraft, I. M. Fowler, R. Mamet, E. Kim, and K. T. Berhane. 2006. Exposure to Environmental Ozone Alters Semen Quality. Environ Health Perspect 114: 360–365.
Spira, A. 1984. Seasonal Variations of Sperm Characteristics. Arch Androl 12 (Suppl): 23–28.
Stallmann, R. R., and A. H. Harcourt. 2006. Size Matters: The (Negative) Allometry of Copulatory Duration in Mammals. Biol J Linn Soc 87: 185–193.
Stanislaw, H., and F. J. Rice. 1988. Correlation Between Sexual Desire and Men-strual Cycle Characteristics. Arch Sex Behav 17: 499–508.
Steklis, H. D., and C. H. Whiteman. 1989. Loss of Estrus in Human Evolution: Too Many Answers, Too Few Questions. Ethol Sociobiol 10: 417–434.
Stephens, W. N. 1961. A Cross-Cultural Study of Menstrual Taboos. Genet Psychol Monogr 64: 385–416.
Steptoe, P. C., and R. G. Edwards. 1978. Birth After the Reimplantation of a Human Embryo. Lancet 312: 366.
Storgaard, L., J. Bonde, E. Ernst, M. Spano, C. Y. Andersen, M. Frydenberg, and J. Olsen. 2003. Does Smoking During Pregnancy Afect Sons’ Sperm Counts? Epidemiology 14: 278–286.
Strassmann, B. I. 1996a. Energy Economy in the Evolution of Menstruation. Evol Anthropol 5: 157–164.
______. 1996b. The Evolution of Endometrial Cycles and Menstruation. Quart Rev Biol 71: 181–220.
______. 1997. The Biology of Menstruation in Homo sapiens: Total Lifetime Menses, Fecundity, and Nonsynchrony in a Natural-Fertility Population. Curr Anthropol 38: 123–129.
Suarez, S. S., and A. A. Pacey. 2006. Sperm Transport in the Female Reproductive Tract. Hum Reprod Update 12: 23–37.
Sugarman, M., and K. A. Kendall-Tackett. 1995. Weaning Ages in a Sample of American Women Who Practice Extended Breastfeeding. Clin Pediatr (Philadelphia) 34: 642–647.
Suomi, S. J., and C. Ripp. 1983. A History of Motherless Mothering at the Uni-versity of Wisconsin Primate Laboratory. In Child Abuse: The Nonhuman Primate Data, ed. M. Reite and N. G. Caine, 49–78. New York: Alan Liss.
Swan, S. H., E. P. Elkin, and L. Fenster. 2000. The Question of Declining Sperm Density Revisited: An Analysis of 101 Studies Published 1934–1996. Environm Health Persp 108: 961–966.
Sydenham, A. 1946. Amenorrhoea at Stanley Camp, Hong Kong, During Internment. Brit Med J 2: 159.
Thiery, M. 2000. Intrauterine Contraception: From Silver Ring to Intrauterine Contraceptive Implant. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 90: 145–152.
Tiemessen, C. H. J., J. L. Evers, and R. S. G. M. Bots. 1995. Tight Fitting Underwear and Sperm Quality. Lancet 347: 1844–1845.
Tietze, C. 1965. History of Contraceptive Methods. J Sex Res 1: 69–85. Topinard, P. 1882a. Le Poids du Cerveau d’après les Registres de Paul Broca. Rev d’Anthropol, sér 2 5: 1–30.
______. 1882b. La Mensuration de la Capacité du Crâne. Rev d’Anthropol, sér 2 5: 385–411.
Treloar, A. E., R. E. Boynton, B. G. Behn, and B. W. Brown. 1967. Variation of the Human Menstrual Cycle Through Reproductive Life. Int J Fertil 12: 77–126.
Trevathan, W. R. 2007. Evolutionary Medicine. Ann Rev Anthropol 36: 139–154. Trinkaus, E. 1984. Neandertal Public Morphology and Gestation Length. CurrAnthropol 25: 509–513.
Trussell, J. 2011. Contraceptive Failure in the United States. Contraception 83: 397–404.
Trussell, J., R. A. Hatcher, W. Cates, F. H. Stewart, and K. Kost. 1990. Contraceptive Failure in the United States: An Update. Stud Fam Plann 21: 51–54.
Tummon, I. S., and D. Mortimer. 1992. Decreasing Quality of Semen. Brit Med J 305: 1228–1229.
Tycko, B., and A. Efstratiadis. 2002. Genomic Imprinting: Piece of Cake. Nature 417: 913–914.
