1. Norbert Elias, The Germans: Power Struggles and the Development of Habitus in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 18–19.
2. Douglass C. North, Understanding the Process of Economic Change (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), 99.
3. Nicholas Wade, The Faith Instinct: How Religion Evolved and Why It Endures (New York: Penguin Press 2010), 124–43.
4. Napoleon A. Chagnon, “Life Histories, Blood Revenge, and Warfare in a Tribal Population,” Science 239, no. 4843 (Feb. 28, 1988): 985–92.
5. Robert L. Carneiro, “A Theory of the Origin of the State,” Science 169, no. 3947 (Aug. 21, 1970): 733–38.
6. Francis Fukuyama, The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2011), vol. 1, p. 48.
7. Там же, с. 99.
8. “The Book of Lord Shang,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Lord_Shang.
9. Fukuyama, Origins of Political Order, 421.
10. Там же, с. 14.
11. Daron Acemoğlu and James A. Robinson, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty (New York: Crown, 2012), 398.
12. Там же, с. 364.
Глава 7. Человеческая перестройка
1. Thomas Sowell, Conquests and Cultures: An International History (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 329.
2. Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 3.
3. Gregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 2007), 127.
4. Там же, с. 179.
5. Там же, с. 234.
6. Nicholas Wade, Before the Dawn: Recovering the Lost History of Our Ancestors (New York: Penguin Press, 2007), 112.
7. Clark, Farewell to Alms, 259.
8. Там же, с. 245.
9. Gregory Clark, “The Indicted and the Wealthy: Surnames, Reproductive Success, Genetic Selection and Social Class in Pre–Industrial England,” Jan. 19, 2009, www.econ.ucdavis.edu/faculty/gclark/ Farewell%20to%20Alms/Clark%20-Surnames.pdf.
10. Ron Unz, “How Social Darwinism Made Modern China: A Thousand Years of Meritocracy Shaped the Middle Kingdom,” The American Conservative, Mar. 11, 2013, www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/how–social–darwinism–made–modern–china‑248.
11. Toby E. Huff, The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West, 2d ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 282.
12. Marta Mirazón Lahr, The Evolution of Modern Human Diversity: A Study of Cranial Variation(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 263.
13. Marta Mirazón Lahr and Richard V. S. Wright, “The Question of Robusticity and the Relationship Between Cranial Size and Shape in Homo sapiens,” Journal of Human Evolution 31, no. 2 (Aug. 1996): 157–91.
14. Richard Wrangham, interview, Edge.org, Feb. 2, 2002.
15. Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process: Sociogenetic and Psychogenetic Investigations (Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1994), 167.
16. Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (New York: Viking, 2011), 48–50.
17. Там же, с. 60–63.
18. Там же, с. 149.
19. Там же, с. 613.
20. Там же, 614.
21. Jonathan Gibbons, ed., 2011 Global Study on Homicide: Trends, Context, Data, (Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2010.
22. Philip Carl Salzman, Culture and Conflict in the Middle East (Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, 2008), 184.
23. Arab Human Development Report 2009: Challenges to Human Security in the Arab Countries, (New York: United Nations Development Programme, Regional Bureau for Arab States, 2009), 9.
24. Там же, 193.
25. Martin Meredith, The Fate of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence (New York: PublicAffairs, 2005), 682.
26. Richard Dowden, Africa: Altered States, Ordinary Miracles (New York: PublicAffairs, 2009), 535.
27. Shantayanan Devarajan and Wolfgang Fengler, Africa’s Economic Boom: Why the Pessimists and the Optimists Are Both Right,” Foreign Affairs, May — June 2013, pp. 68–81.
28. Clark, Farewell to Alms, 259–71.
29. Pomeranz, Great Divergence, 297.
30. Daron Acemoğlu and James A. Robinson, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty (New York: Crown, 2012), 73.
31. Lawrence E. Harrison and Samuel P. Huntington, eds., Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress (New York: Basic Books, 2000), xiii.
32. Jeffrey Sachs, “Notes on a New Sociology of Economic Development,” in Harrison and Huntington, Culture Matters, 29–43, (41–42 cited).
33. Nathan Glazer, “Disaggregating Culture,” in Harrison and Huntington, Culture Matters, 219–31 (220–21 cited).
34. Daniel Etounga–Manguelle, “Does Africa Need a Cultural Adjustment Program?” in Harrison and Huntington, Culture Matters, 65–77.
35. Lawrence E. Harrison, The Central Liberal Truth: How Politics Can Change a Culture and Save It from Itself (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006), 1.
36. Thomas Sowell, Migrations and Cultures: A World View (New York: Basic Books, 1996), 118.
37. Там же, с. 192.
38. Там же, 219.
39. Sowell, Conquests and Cultures, 330.
40. Sowell, Migrations and Cultures, 226.
41. Там же, 57.
42. Christopher F. Chabris et al., “Most Reported Genetic Associations with General Intelligence Are Probably False Positives,” Psychological Science 20, no. 10 (Sept. 24, 2012): 1–10.
43. Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen, IQ and Global Inequality (Augusta, GA: Washington Summit, 2006), 238–39.
44. Там же, с. 2.
45. Там же, с. 277.
46. Там же, с. 281.
47. Acemoğlu and Robinson, Why Nations Fail, 48.
48. Там же, с. 238.
49. Там же, с. 454.
50. Там же, с. 211.
51. Там же, с. 427.
Глава 8. Адаптация евреев
1. Gertrude Himmelfarb, The People of the Book: Philosemitism in England, from Cromwell to Churchill(New York: Encounter Books, 2011), 3.
