27 A. Kong et al. “Selection Against Variants in the Genome Associated with Educational Attainment”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 114 (2017): E727–732.
28 Kong et al. “Selection Against Variants”, estimate that the genetically predicted number of years of education has decreased by an estimated 0.1 standard deviations over the last century under the pressure of natural selection.
29 G. Davies et al. “Genome-Wide Association Study of Cognitive Functions and Educational Attainment in UK Biobank (N=112 151)”, Molecular Psychiatry 21 (2016): 758–767; M. T. Lo et al. “GenomeWide Analyses for Personality Traits Identify Six Genomic Loci and Show Correlations with Psychiatric Disorders”, Nature Genetics 49 (2017): 152–156.
30 S. Sniekers et al. “Genome-Wide Association Meta-Analysis of 78,308 Individuals Identifies New Loci and Genes Influencing Human Intelligence”, Nature Genetics 49 (2017): 1107–1112.
31 I. Mathieson et al. “Genome-wide Patterns of Selection in 230 Ancient Eurasians”, Nature 528 (2015): 499–503; Field et al. “Detection of Human Adaptation”.
32 N. A. Rosenberg et al. “Genetic Structure of Human Populations”, Science 298 (2002): 2381–2385.
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35 M. Raghavan et al. “Upper Palaeolithic Siberian Genome Reveals Dual Ancestry of Native Americans”, Nature (2013): doi: 10.1038/nature 12736.
36 I. Lazaridis et al. “Genomic Insights into the Origin of Farming in the Ancient Near East”, Nature 536 (2016): 419–424.
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38 G. Coop et al. “A Troublesome Inheritance” (letters to the editor), New York Times, August 8, 2014.
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43 Wade. A Troublesome Inheritance.
44 C. Hunt-Grubbe. “The Elementary DNA of Dr. Watson”, The Sunday Times, October 14, 2017.
45 Coop et al. letters. New York Times.
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47 Там же.
48 Эти расчеты я проделал следующим образом. (1) 99,9999999-й процентиль распределения признака соотносится с 6 стандартными отклонениями от среднего, тогда как 99.99999-й процентиль ограничивается 5,2 стандартного отклонения. Значит, 0,8 стандартного отклонения в сто раз увеличивает число индивидов с данным признаком. (2) Я предположил, что 1,33-кратное увеличение генетической изменчивости в популяциях Черной Африки ассоциировано не только со случайными мутациями, но и с такими, которые формируют те или иные биологические признаки. Следовательно, увеличение стандартного отклонения будет равно √1,33=1,15 (здесь применяется формула из статьи: J. Berg, G. Coop. “A Population Genetic Signal of Polygenic Adaptation”, PLoS Genetics 10 (2014): e1004412). Таким образом, изменчивость, заключенная в пределах 6 стандартного отклонения у неафриканского населения, будет примерно такая же, как заключенная в рамки 5,2 (5,2=6/1,15) стандартного отклонения у африканцев Черной Африки, что и составит как раз то самое стократное увеличение в крайнем правом 0,00000001-м процентиле.
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56 S. Sailer. “African Ancestry Inc. Traces DNA Roots”, United Press International, April 28, 2003, www.upi.com/inc/view.php?StoryID= 20030428-074922-7714r
57 Неопубликованные данные лаборатории Дэвида Райха.
58 H. Schroeder et al. “Genome-Wide Ancestry of 17th-Century Enslaved Africans from the Caribbean”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 112 (2015): 3669–3673.
59 R. E. Green et al. “A Draft Sequence of the Neanderthal Genome”, Science 328 (2010): 710–722.
60 E. Durand, 23andMe: “White Paper 23–05: Neanderthal Ancestry Estimator” (2011), https://23andme.https.internapcdn.net/res/pdf/ hXitekfSJe1lcIy7 – Q72XA_23-05_Neanderthal_Ancestry.pdf; S. Sankararaman et al. “The Genomic Landscape of Neanderthal Ancestry in Present-Day Humans”, Nature 507 (2014): 354–357.
61 Sankararaman et al. “Genomic Landscape”.
