18. R. Stickgold, “EMDR: A Putative Neurobiological Mechanism of Action”, Journal of Clinical Psychology 58 (2002): 61–75.
19. Было проведено несколько исследований того, как движение глаз помогает перерабатывать и трансформировать травматические воспоминания. M. Sack, et al., “Alterations in Autonomic Tone During Trauma Exposure Using Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) – Results of a Preliminary Investigation”, Journal of Anxiety Disorders 22, no. 7 (2008): 1264–71; B. Letizia, F. Andrea, and C. Paolo, “Neuroanatomical Changes After Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Treatment in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”, The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 19, no. 4 (2007): 475–76; P. Levin, S. Lazrove, and B. van der Kolk, “What Psychological Testing and Neuroimaging Tell Us About the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder by Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing”, Journal of Anxiety Disorders 13, nos. 1–2, 159–72; M. L. Harper, T. Rasolkhani Kalhorn, J. F. Drozd, “On the Neural Basis of EMDR Therapy: Insights from Qeeg Studies”, Traumatology 15, no. 2 (2009): 81–95; K. Lansing, D. G. Amen, C. Hanks, and L. Rudy, “High-Resolution Brain SPECT Imaging and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in Police Officers with PTSD”, The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 17, no. 4 (2005): 526–32; T. Ohtani, K. Matsuo, K. Kasai, T. Kato, and N. Kato, “Hemodynamic Responses of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”. Neuroscience Research 65, no. 4 (2009): 375–83; M. Pagani, G. Högberg, D. Salmaso, D. Nardo, Ö. Sundin, C. Jonsson, and T. Hällström, “Effects of EMDR Psychotherapy on 99mtc-HMPAO Distribution in Occupation-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder”, Nuclear Medicine Communications 28 (2007): 757–65; H. P. Söndergaard and U. Elofsson, “Psychophysiological Studies of EMDR”, Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 2, no. 4 (2008): 282–88.
Глава 16. Как заново овладеть своим телом: йога
1. Акупунктура и акупрессура широко применяются врачами, специализирующимися на психологической травме. Эффективность этих методов в лечении клинического ПТСР сейчас начинает систематически изучаться. M. Hollifeld, et al., “Acupuncture for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial”, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 195, no. 6 (2007): 504–13. В исследования, где фМРТ применяется для измерения воздействия акупунктуры на участки мозга, связанные со страхом, было продемонстрировано, что акупунктура способствует быстрой регуляции этих участков мозга. K. K. Hui, et al., “The Integrated Response of the Human Cerebro-Cerebellar and Limbic Systems to Acupuncture Stimulation at ST 36 as Evidenced by fMRI”, NeuroImage 27 (2005): 479–96; J. Fang, et al., “The Salient Characteristics of the Central Effects of Acupuncture Needling: Limbic-Paralimbic-Neocortical Network Modulation”, Human Brain Mapping 30 (2009): 1196–206; D. Feinstein, “Rapid Treatment of PTSD: Why Psychological Exposure with Acupoint Tapping May Be Effective”, Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 47, no. 3 (2010): 385–402; D. Church, et al., “Psychological Trauma Symptom Improvement in Veterans Using EFT (Emotional Freedom Technique): A Randomized Controlled Trial”, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 201 (2013): 153–60; D. Church, G. Yount, and A. J. Brooks, “The Effect of Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) on Stress Biochemistry: A Randomized Controlled Trial”, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 200 (2012): 891–96; R. P. Dhond, N. Kettner, and V. Napadow, “Neuroimaging Acupuncture Effects in the Human Brain”, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 13 (2007): 603–16; K. K. Hui, et al., “Acupuncture Modulates the Limbic System and Subcortical Gray Structures of the Human Brain: Evidence from fMRI Studies in Normal Subjects”, Human Brain Mapping 9 (2000): 13–25.
2. M. Sack, J. W. Hopper, and F. Lamprecht, “Low Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia and Prolonged Psychophysiological Arousal in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Heart Rate Dynamics and Individual Differences in Arousal Regulation”, Biological Psychiatry 55, no. 3 (2004): 284–90. См. также: H. Cohen, et al., “Analysis of Heart Rate Variability in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Patients in Response to a Trauma-Related Reminder”, Biological Psychiatry 44, no. 10 (1998): 1054–59; H. Cohen, et al., “Long-Lasting Behavioral Effects of Juvenile Trauma in an Animal Model of PTSD Associated with a Failure of the Autonomic Nervous System to Recover”, European Neuropsychopharmacology 17, no. 6 (2007): 464–77; and H. Wahbeh and B. S. Oken, “Peak High-Frequency HRV and Peak Alpha Frequency Higher in PTSD”, Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 38, no. 1 (2013): 57–69.
3. J. W. Hopper, et al., “Preliminary Evidence of Parasympathetic Influence on Basal Heart Rate in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”, Journal of Psychosomatic Research 60, no. 1 (2006): 83–90.
4. Эксперименты Арье Шалев из медицинской школы Хадасса в Иерусалиме и Роджера Питмэна также это подтверждают: A. Y. Shalev, et al., “Auditory Startle Response in Trauma Survivors with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Prospective Study”, American Journal of Psychiatry 157, no. 2 (2000): 255–61; R. K. Pitman, et al., “Psychophysiological Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Imagery in Vietnam Combat Veterans”, Archives of General Psychiatry 44, no. 11 (1987): 970–75; A. Y. Shalev, et al., “A Prospective Study of Heart Rate Response Following Trauma and the Subsequent Development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”, Archives of General Psychiatry 55, no. 6 (1998): 553–59.
5. P. Lehrer, Y. Sasaki, and Y. Saito, “Zazen and Cardiac Variability”, Psychosomatic Medicine 61, no. 6 (1999): 812–21. См. также: R. Sovik, “The Science of Breathing: The Yogic View”, Progress in Brain Research 122 (1999): 491–505; P. Philippot, G. Chapelle, and S. Blairy, “Respiratory Feedback in the Generation of Emotion”, Cognition & Emotion 16, no. 5 (2002): 605–27; A. Michalsen, et al., “Rapid Stress Reduction and Anxiolysis Among Distressed Women as a Consequence of a Tree-Month Intensive Yoga Program”, Medical Science Monitor 11, no. 12 (2005): 555–61; G. Kirkwood, et al., “Yoga for Anxiety: A Systematic Review of the Research Evidence”, British Journal of Sports Medicine 39 (2005): 884–91; K. Pilkington, et al., “Yoga for Depression: The Research Evidence”, Journal of Affective Disorders 89 (2005): 13–24; and P. Gerbarg and R. Brown, “Yoga: A Breath of Relief for Hurricane Katrina Refugees”, Current Psychiatry 4 (2005): 55–67.
6. B. Cuthbert, et al., “Strategies of Arousal Control: Biofeedback, Meditation, and Motivation”, Journal of Experimental Psychology 110 (1981): 518–46. См. также: S. B. S. Khalsa, “Yoga as a Therapeutic Intervention: A Bibliometric Analysis of Published Research Studies”, Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 48 (2004): 269–85; M. M. Delmonte, “Meditation as a Clinical Intervention Strategy: A Brief Review”, International Journal of Psychosomatics 33 (1986): 9–12; I. Becker, “Uses of Yoga in Psychiatry and Medicine”, in Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Psychiatry, vol. 19, ed. P. R. Muskin (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 2008); L. Bernardi, et al., “Slow Breathing Reduces Chemorefex Response to Hypoxia and Hypercapnia, and Increases Barorefex Sensitivity”, Journal of Hypertension 19, no. 12 (2001): 2221–29; R. P. Brown and P. L. Gerbarg, “Sudarshan Kriya Yogic Breathing in the Treatment of Stress, Anxiety, and Depression: Part I: Neurophysiologic Model”, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 11 (2005): 189–201; R. P. Brown and P. L. Gerbarg, “Sudarshan Kriya Yogic Breathing in the Treatment of Stress, Anxiety, and Depression: Part II: Clinical Applications and Guidelines”, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 11 (2005): 711–17; C. C. Streeter, et al., “Yoga Asana Sessions Increase Brain GABA Levels: A Pilot Study”, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 13 (2007): 419–26; and C. C. Streeter, et al., “Effects of Yoga Versus Walking on Mood, Anxiety, and Brain GABA Levels: A Randomized Con-trolled MRS Study”, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 16 (2010): 1145–52.
