Примечания книги Memento mori. История человеческих достижений в борьбе с неизбежным. Автор книги Эндрю Дойг

Онлайн книга

Книга Memento mori. История человеческих достижений в борьбе с неизбежным
Это книга на неоднозначную тему — о том, какие риски сопровождали человеческую жизнь на протяжении веков и как люди учились избегать их в своем естественном стремлении к долголетию. Если всего лишь 100 лет назад люди умирали в первую очередь от инфекционных заболеваний, то сегодня основными причинами смерти в промышленно развитых странах стали болезни сердца, инсульт и рак. Изучая подобную статистику, мы можем понять, как жили предыдущие поколения, учиться на их ошибках, заимствовать лучшее и создавать новое. От средневекового голода и ныне полузабытой цинги до современного ожирения; от открытия витамина С и базовых правил санитарии и гигиены до терапии стволовыми клетками, редактирования ДНК, генной инженерии — освещая темы причин человеческой смерти в срезе множества поколений и вопросы охраны здоровья, профессор Манчестерского университета Эндрю Дойг насыщает свой рассказ интереснейшими фактами из области истории, культуры, политики, права и экономики. Особо выделяется тема вредных привычек и всевозможных зависимостей. Захватывающая история накопления знаний в области медицины, удивительных достижений и надежд на будущее.

Примечания книги

1

Эта и следующая цитаты даны в пер. О. Перфильева.

2

W. M. Bowsky. The Plague in Siena: An Italian Chronicle, Agnolo di Tura del Grasso, Cronica Maggiore // The Black Death: A Turning Point in History? Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1971. P. 13, 14.

3

До этого момента — пер. О. Перфильева.

4

Ibid.

5

A. White. The Four Horsemen // Plague and Pleasure. The Renaissance World of Pius II. Catholic University of America Press: Washington DC, 2014. P. 21–47.

6

Ibid.

7

W. M. Bowsky. The Plague in Siena: An Italian Chronicle, Agnolo di Tura del Grasso, Cronica Maggiore // The Black Death: A Turning Point in History? Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1971. P. 13, 14.

8

J. Graunt. Natural and Political Observations Mentioned in a Following Index, and Made Upon the Bills of Mortality // Mathematical Demography, vol. 6, Biomathematics. Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 1977.

9

N. Browne-Wilkinson. Airedale National Health Service Trust v Bland 1993 AC789, 1993.

10

M. Cascella. Taphophobia and «life preserving coffins» in the nineteenth century // History of Psychiatry, 27, 2016. P. 345–349.

11

L. Davies. «Dead» man turns up at own funeral in Brazil. Guardian, 24.10.2012.

12

A. K. Goila and M. Pawar. The diagnosis of brain death // Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine, 13, 2009. P. 7–11.

13

J. Clark. Do You Really Stay Conscious After Being Decapitated? 2011. URL: https://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/extrasensoryperceptions/lucid-decapitation.htm.

14

L. Volicer et al. Persistent vegetative state in Alzheimer disease — Does it exist? Archives of Neurology, 54, 1997. P. 1382–1384.

15

H. Arnts et al. Awakening after a sleeping pill: Restoring functional brain networks after severe brain injury. Cortex, 132, 2020. P. 135–146.

16

N. Boyce. Bills of Mortality: tracking disease in early modern London // The Lancet, 395, 2020. P. 1186, 1187.

17

R. Munkhoff. Searchers of the Dead: Authority, Marginality, and the Interpretation of Plague in England, 1574–1665 // Gender & History, 11, 1999. P. 1–29.

18

L. Barroll. Politics, Plague, and Shakespeare’s Theater: The Stuart Years. Cornell University Press: Ithaca, New York, 1991.

19

N. Boyce. Bills of Mortality: tracking disease in early modern London // The Lancet, 395, 2020. P. 1186, 1187.

20

N. Cummins et al. Living standards and plague in London, 1560–1665 // Economic History Review, 69, 2016. P. 3–34.

21

J. Graunt. Natural and Political Observations Mentioned in a Following Index, and Made Upon the Bills of Mortality // Mathematical Demography, Vol. 6, Biomathematics. Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 1977.

22

Ibid.

23

Ibid.

24

Ibid.

25

Ibid.

26

J. Aubrey. John Graunt: A Brief Life // Brief Lives and Other Selected Writings, ed. A. Powell. Charles Scribner’s Sons: New York, 1949.

27

W. Farr. // Annual Report of the Registrar-General for England and Wales. HMSO: 1842. P. 92.

28

World Health Organization. History of the development of the ICD.

29

World Health Organization. ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (Version: 05/2021), 2021. URL: https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en.

30

World Health Organization.international Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD), 2021. URL: https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/classification-of-diseases.

31

World Health Organization. ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (Version: 05/2021), 2021. URL: https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en.

32

R. Rajasingham and D. R. Boulware. Cryptococcosis, 2019. URL: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/917.

33

World Health Organization. The top 10 causes of death, 2020. URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death.

34

World Health Organization. World health statistics 2016: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals, Annex B: Tables of health statistics by country, WHO region and globally, 2016.

35

J. L. Angel. The Bases of Paleodemography // American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 30, 1969. P. 427–438.

36

Office for National Statistics. National life Tables, UK: 2014 to 2016, 2017. URL: https://www.ons.gov.uk/releases/nationallifeTablesuk2014to2016.

37

J. Whitley. Gender and hierarchy in early Athens: The strange case of the disappearance of the rich female grave // Mètis. Anthropologie des mondes grecs anciens, 1996. P. 209–232.

38

B. W. Frier. Demography // The Cambridge Ancient History XI: The High Empire, A. D. 70–192, ed. Peter Garnsey, Alan K. Bowman and Dominic Rathbone. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2000. P. 787–816.

39

R. S. Bagnall and B. W. Frier. The Demography of Roman Egypt. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2006.

40

B. W. Frier. Roman Life expectancy: Ulpian’s Evidence // Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 86, 1982. P. 213–251.

41

P. Pflaumer. A Demometric Analysis of Ulpian’s Table // JSM Proceedings, 2014. P. 405–419.

42

R. Duncan-Jones. Structure and Scale in the Roman Economy. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1990. P. 100–101.

43

B. W. Frier. Demography // The Cambridge Ancient History XI: The High Empire, A. D. 70–192, ed. Peter Garnsey, Alan K. Bowman and Dominic Rathbone. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2000. P. 787–816.

44

M. Morris. A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain. Windmill Books: London, 2008.

45

S. N. DeWitte. Setting the Stage for Medieval Plague: Pre-Black DeathTrends in Survival and Mortality // American Journal of Physical Anthropology 158, 2015. P. 441–451.

46

The Human Mortality Database, 2018.

47

L. Alkema et al. Probabilistic projections of the total fertility rate for all countries // Demography, 48, 2011. P. 815–839.

48

S. Harper. How Population Change Will Transform Our World. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2016.

49

The World Bank. DataBank, 2019. URL: https://databank.worldbank.org/home.aspx.

50

UNICEF. Child Mortality Estimates, 2019. URL: https://childmortality.org/data.

51

J. S. N. Anderson and S. Schneider. Brazilian Demographic Transition and the Strategic Role of Youth // Espace Populations Sociétés [Online], 2015. URL: http://eps.revues.org/.

52

Causes_of_Death. Leading Causes of death in Ethiopia, 2017. URL: https://causesofdeathin.com/causes-of-death-in-ethiopia/2.

53

The World Bank. DataBank, 2019. URL: https://databank.worldbank.org/home.aspx.

54

UNICEF. Child Mortality Estimates, 2019. URL: https://childmortality.org/data.

55

S. E. Vollset et al. Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study // The Lancet, 2020, 396. P. 1285–1306.

56

TES_Educational_Resources. World Statistics: GDP and Life expectancy, 2013. URL: https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/worldstatistics-gdp-and-life-expectancy-6143776#.

57

E. C. Schneider. Health Care as an Ongoing Policy Project // New England Journal of Medicine, 383, 2020. P. 405–408.

58

J. A. Schoenman. The Concentration of Health Care Spending // NIHCM Foundation Brief [Online], 2012.

59

OECD. Life expectancy at birth. OECD Publishing: Paris, 2015.

60

S. H. Preston. The changing relation between mortality and level of economic development (Reprinted from Population Studies, Vol. 29, July 1975) // International Journal of Epidemiology, 36, 2007. P. 484–490.

61

D. E. Bloom and D. Canning. Commentary: The Preston Curve 30 years on: still sparking fires // International Journal of Epidemiology, 36, 2007. P. 498, 499.

62

M. J. Husain. Revisiting the Preston Curve: An Analysis of the Joint Evolution of Income and Life expectancy in the 20th Century, 2011.

63

S. H. Preston. The changing relation between mortality and level of economic development (Reprinted from Population Studies, Vol. 29, July 1975) // International Journal of Epidemiology, 36, 2007. P. 484–490.

64

J. W. Lynch et al. Income inequality and mortality: importance to health of individual income, psychosocial environment, or material conditions // British Medical Journal, 320, 2000, 1. P. 200–204. 32.

65

P. Martikainen et al. Psychosocial determinants of health in social epidemiology // International Journal of Epidemiology, 31, 2002. P. 1091–1093.

66

R. Wilkinson and K. Pickett. The Spirit Level: Why Equality is Better for Everyone. Penguin, 2010.

67

J. Snow. On the Mode of Communication of Cholera. J. Churchill, 1849.

68

World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory (GHO) data, 2019. URL: https://www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_disease/life_Tables/situation_trends/en/.

69

A. M. T. Moore et al. Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2000.

70

Ibid.

71

A. Mummert et al. Stature and robusticity during the agricultural transition: Evidence from the bioarchaeological record // Economics & Human Biology, 9, 2011. P. 284–301.

72

J. C. Scott. Against the Grain. Yale University Press: Yale, CT, 2017.

73

L. H. Taylor et al. Risk factors for human disease emergence // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 356, 2001. P. 983–989.

74

W. Farber. Health Care and Epidemics in Antiquity: The Example of Ancient Mesopotamia // Health Care and Epidemics in Antiquity: The Example of Ancient Mesopotamia, Oriental Institute, 2006.

75

J. C. Scott. Against the Grain. Yale University Press: Yale, CT, 2017.

76

W. R. Thompson. Complexity, Diminishing Marginal Returns, and Serial Mesopotamian Fragmentation // Journal of World-Systems Research, 3, 2004. P. 613–652.

77

K. R. Nemet-Nejat. Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. Hendrickson: Peabody, MA, 1998.

78

D. C. Stathakopoulos. Famine and Pestilence in the late Roman and early Byzantine Empire. Routledge: Abingdon, 2004.

79

E. Burke and K. Pomeranz. The Environment and World History. University of California Press: Oakland, CA, 2009.

80

J. C. Scott. Against the Grain. Yale University Press: Yale, CT, 2017.

81

G. J. Armelagos et al. The Origins of Agriculture — Population-Growth During a Period of Declining Health // Population and Environment, 13, 1991. P. 9–22.

82

J. M. Diamond. The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race, 1999. URL: https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/the-worst-mistake-in-the-history-of-the-human-race.

83

N. P. Evans et al. Quantification of drought during the collapse of the classic Maya civilization // Science, 361, 2018. P. 498–501.

84

W. T. Treadgold. A Concise History of Byzantium. Palgrave: Basingstoke, 2001.

85

A. Hashemi Shahraki et al. Plague in Iran: its history and current status // Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 38, 2016. e2016033–e2016033.

86

W. Naphy and A. Spicer. The Black Death. A History of Plagues 1345–1730. Tempus Publishing: Stroud, UK, 2000.

87

G. D. Sussman. Was the black death in India and China? // Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 85, 2011. P. 319–355.

88

L. Wade. Did Black Death strike sub-Saharan Africa? // Science, 363, 2019, P. 1022.

89

M. Wheelis. Biological warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa // Emerging Infectious Diseases, 8, 2002. P. 971–975.

90

Ibid.

91

R. Horrox. The Black Death. Manchester University Press, 1994. P. 14–26.

92

L. H. Nelson. The Great Famine (1315–1317) and the Black Death (1346–1351), 2017. URL: http://www.vlib.us/medieval/lectures/black_death.html.

93

O. J. Benedictow. The Black Death: The Greatest Catastrophe Ever // History Today, 55, 2005.

94

P. Daileader. The Late Middle Ages. The Teaching Company, 2007.

95

S. Cohn. Patterns of Plague in Late Medieval and Early-Modern Europe // The Routledge History of Disease. Routledge: Abingdon, UK and New York, 2017. P. 165–182.

96

W. Jewell. Historical Sketches of Quarantine. T. K. and P. G. Collins: Philadelphia, 1857.

97

S. M. Stuard. A State of Deference: Ragusa/Dubrovnik in the Medieval Centuries. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.

98

P. A. Mackowiak and P. S. Sehdev. The Origin of Quarantine // Clinical Infectious Diseases, 35, 2002. P. 1071, 1072.

99

K. I. Bos et al. Eighteenth century Yersinia pestis genomes reveal the long-term persistence of an historical plague focus // Elife, 5, 2016.

100

C. A. Devaux. Small oversights that led to the Great Plague of Marseille (1720–1723): Lessons from the past // Infection Genetics and Evolution, 14, 2013. P. 169–185.

101

W. Naphy and A. Spicer. The Black Death. A History of Plagues 1345–1730. Tempus Publishing: Stroud, UK, 2000.

102

D. J. Grimes. Koch’s Postulates — Then and Now // Microbe, 1, 2006. P. 223–228.

103

E. Marriott. Plague. Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt & Co: New York, 2003.

104

M. Simond et al. Paul-Louis Simond and his discovery of plague transmission by rat fleas: a centenary // Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 91, 1998. P. 101–104.

105

D. Wootton. Bad Medicine: Doctors Doing Harm Since Hippocrates. Oxford University Press, 2007. P. 127.

106

C. Demeure et al. Yersinia pestis and plague: an updated view on evolution, virulence determinants, immune subversion, vaccination and diagnostics // Microbes and Infection, 21, 2019. P. 202–212.

107

G. Alfani and C. Ó. Gráda. The timing and causes of famines in Europe // Nature Sustainability 1, 2018. P. 283–288.

108

D. M. Wagner et al. Yersinia pestis and the Plague of Justinian 541–543 AD: a genomic analysis // Lancet Infectious Diseases, 14, 2014. P. 319–326.

109

G. A. Eroshenko et al. Yersinia pestis strains of ancient phylogenetic branch 0. ANT are widely spread in the high-mountain plague foci of Kyrgyzstan // PLoS One, 12, 2017. e0187230-e0187230.

110

P. D. Damgaard et al. 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes // Nature, 557, 2018. P. 369–374.

111

D. W. Anthony. The horse, the wheel, and language: How Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton University Press, 2007.

112

N. Rascovan et al. Emergence and Spread of Basal Lineages of Yersinia pestis during the Neolithic Decline // Cell, 176, 2019. P. 1–11.

113

S. Rasmussen et al. Early Divergent Strains of Yersinia pestis in Eurasia 5,000 Years Ago // Cell, 163, 2015. P. 571–582.

114

N. Rascovan et al. Emergence and Spread of Basal Lineages of Yersinia pestis during the Neolithic Decline // Cell, 176, 2019. P. 1–11.

115

J. Manco. Ancestral Journeys: The Peopling of Europe from the First Venturers to the Vikings. Thames and Hudson: London, 2015.

116

N. Rascovan et al. Emergence and Spread of Basal Lineages of Yersinia pestis during the Neolithic Decline // Cell, 176, 2019. P. 1–11.

117

S. K. Verma and U. Tuteja. Plague Vaccine Development: Current Research and Future Trends // Frontiers in Immunology, 7, 2016.

118

A. Guiyoule et al. Transferable plasmid-mediated resistance to streptomycin in a clinical isolate of Yersinia pestis // Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7, 2001, P. 43–48.

119

T. J. Welch et al. Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance in Plague: An Emerging Public Health Risk // PLoS One, 2, 2007. e309.

120

N. Barquet and P. Domingo. Smallpox: The triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death // Annals of Internal Medicine, 127, 1997. P. 635–642.

121

S. Riedel. Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination // Proceedings (Baylor University Medical Center), 18, 2005. P. 21–25.

122

A. S. Lyons and R. J. Petrucelli. Medicine — An Illustrated History. Abradale Press, Harry N. Abrams Inc: New York, 1987.

123

A. G. Carmichael and A. G. Silverstein. Smallpox in Europe before the Seventeenth Century: Virulent Killer or Benign Disease? // Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 42, 1987, P. 147–168.

124

S. Riedel. Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination // Proceedings (Baylor University Medical Center), 18, 2005. P. 21–25.

125

Ibid.

126

Ibid.

127

Ibid.

128

R. Ganev. Milkmaids, ploughmen, and sex in eighteenth-century Britain // Journal of the History of Sexuality, 16, 2007. P. 40–67.

129

E. Jenner. An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of Variolæ Vaccinæ. Samuel Cooley, 1798.

130

Ibid.

131

J. F. Hammarsten et al. Who discovered smallpox vaccination? Edward Jenner or Benjamin Jesty? // Transactions of the American Climatological Association, 90, 1979. P. 44–55.

132

P. J. Pead. Benjamin Jesty: new light in the dawn of vaccination // The Lancet, 362, 2003. P. 2104–2109.

133

The_Jenner_Trust. Dr Jenner’s House Museum and Gardens, 2020. URL: https://jennermuseum.com/.

134

J. Romeo. How Children Took the Smallpox Vaccine around the World, 2020. URL: https://daily.jstor.org/how-children-took-the-smallpox-vaccine-around-the-world/.

135

C. Mark and J. G. Rigau-Pérez. The World’s First Immunization Campaign: The Spanish Smallpox Vaccine Expedition, 1803–1813 // Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 83, 2009. P. 63–94.

136

Editorial: The spectre of smallpox lingers // Nature, 560, 2018. P. 281.

137

World Health Organization. Global polio eradication initiative applauds WHO African region for wild polio-free certification, 2020. URL: https://www.who.int/news/item/25–08–2020-global-polio-eradication-initiative-applauds-who-african-region-for-wild-polio-free-certification.

138

F. Godlee et al. Wakefield’s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent // British Medical Journal (BMJ), 342, 2011.

139

R. Dobson. Media misled the public over the MMR vaccine, study says // BMJ, 326, 2003. P. 1107.

140

US Food and Drug Administration. First FDA-approved vaccine for the prevention of Ebola virus disease, marking a critical milestone in public health preparedness and response, 2019. URL: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/first-fda-approved-vaccine-prevention-ebola-virus-disease-marking-critical-milestone-public-health.

141

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Historical Comparisons of Vaccine-PrevenTable Disease Morbidity in the U. S. — Comparison of 20th Century Annual Morbidity and Current Morbidity: Vaccine-PrevenTable Diseases, 2018. URL: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/58586.

142

A. Gagnon et al. Age-Specific Mortality During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Unravelling the Mystery of High Young Adult Mortality // PLoS One, 8, 2013. e69586.

143

M. Worobey et al. Genesis and pathogenesis of the 1918 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 111, 2014. P. 8107–8112.

144

C. H. Ross. Maurice Ralph Hilleman (1919–2005) // The Embryo Project Encyclopedia [Online], 2017.

145

A. E. Jerse et al. Vaccines against gonorrhea: Current status and future challenges // Vaccine, 32, 2014. P. 1579–1587.

146

H. Southall. A Vision of Britain Through Time: 1801 Census, 2017. URL: http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/census/GB1801ABS_1/1.

147

Anon. The Economist, 1848.

148

S. Halliday. Duncan of Liverpool: Britain’s first Medical Officer // Journal of Medical Biography, 11, 2003. P. 142–149.

149

W. Gratzer. Terrors of the Table: The Curious History of Nutrition. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2005.

150

E. Chadwick. Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Poor of Great Britain. W. Clowes & Son: London, 1843. P. 661.

151

S. Halliday. The Great Filth: The War Against Disease in Victorian England. Sutton Publishing: Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK, 2007.

152

ONS. How has life expectancy changed over time? 2015. URL: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/lifeexpectancies/articles/howhaslifeexpectancychangedovertime/2015-09-09.

153

S. Bance. The «hospital and cemetery of Ireland»: The Irish and Disease in Nineteenth-Century Liverpool, 2014. URL: https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/chm/outreach/migration/backgroundreading/disease.

154

A. Karlins. Kitty Wilkinson — «Saint of the Slums», 2015. URL: http://www.theheroinecollective.com/kitty-wilkinson-saint-of-the-slums/.

155

K. Youngdahl. Typhus, War, and Vaccines, 2016. URL: https://historyofvaccines.org/blog/typhus-war-and-vaccines.

156

A. Allen. The Fantastic Laboratory of Dr. Weigl: How Two Brave Scientists Battled Typhus and Sabotaged the Nazis. W. W. Norton: London, 2015.

157

H. R. Cox and E. J. Bell. Epidemic and Endemic Typhus: Protective Value for Guinea Pigs of Vaccines Prepared from Infected Tissues of the Developing Chick Embryo // Public Health Reports (1896–1970), 55, 1940. P. 110–115.

158

S. Halliday. The Great Filth: The War Against Disease in Victorian England. Sutton Publishing: Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK, 2007.

159

B. E. Mahon et al. Effectiveness of typhoid vaccination in US travelers // Vaccine, 32, 2014. P. 3577–3579.

160

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cholera in Haiti, 2021. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/haiti/.

161

S. J. Snow. Commentary: Sutherland, Snow and water: the transmission of cholera in the nineteenth century // International Journal of Epidemiology, 31, 2002. P. 908–911.

162

S. Almagro-Moreno et al. Intestinal Colonization Dynamics of Vibrio cholerae // PLoS Pathogens, 11, 2015.

163

S. N. De et al. An experimental study of the action of cholera toxin //Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, 63, 1951. P. 707–717.

164

S. N. De and D. N. Chatterje. An experimental study of the mechanism of action of Vibriod cholerae on the intestinal mucous membrane // Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, 66, 1953. P. 559–562.

165

K. Bharati and N. K. Ganguly. Cholera toxin: A paradigm of a multifunctional protein // Indian Journal of Medical Research, 133, 2011. P. 179–187.

166

P. K. Gilbert. On Cholera in Nineteenth-Century England // BRANCH: Britain, Representation and Nineteenth-Century History [Online], 2012. URL: http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=pamela-k-gilbert-on-cholera-in-nineteenth-century-england.

167

M. Pelling. Cholera, Fever and English Medicine, 1825–1865. Clarendon Press: Wotton-under-Edge, 1978. P. 4, 5.

168

S. J. Snow. Commentary: Sutherland, Snow and water: the transmission of cholera in the nineteenth century // International Journal of Epidemiology, 31, 2002. P. 908–911.

169

Royal College of Physicians of London. Report of the General Board of Health on the Epidemic Cholera of 1848 and 1849 // British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review, 1851. P. 1–40.

170

S. J. Snow. Commentary: Sutherland, Snow and water: the transmission of cholera in the nineteenth century // International Journal of Epidemiology, 31, 2002. P. 908–911.

171

J. Snow. On the Mode of Communication of Cholera. John Churchill: London, 1849.

172

S. J. Snow. Commentary: Sutherland, Snow and water: the transmission of cholera in the nineteenth century // International Journal of Epidemiology, 31, 2002. P. 908–911.

173

S. Garfield. On the Map. Profile Books: London, 2012.

174

J. Snow. On the Mode of Communication of Cholera. John Churchill: London, 1849.

175

Ibid.

176

R. R. Frerichs. Reverend Henry Whitehead. 2019. URL: https://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/whitehead.html.

177

H. Whitehead. Special investigation of Broad Street. 1854.

178

R. R. Frerichs. Birth and Death Cerificates of Index Case. 2019. URL: https://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/indexcase2.html.

179

F. Pacini. Osservazioni microscopiche e deduzioni patologiche sul cholera asiatico // Gazzetta Medica Italiana: Toscana, 4, 1854. P. 397–401, 405–412.

180

M. Bentivoglio and P. Pacini. Filippo Pacini: A Determined Observer // Brain Research Bulletin, 38, 1995. P. 161–165.

181

N. Howard-Jones. Robert Koch and the cholera vibrio: a centenary // BMJ, 288, 1984. P. 379–381.

182

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cholera — Vibrio cholerae infection. Treatment, 2018.

183

Ibid.

184

C. Niemitz. The evolution of the upright posture and gait: a review and a new synthesis // Naturwissenschaften, 97, 2010. P. 241–263.

185

L. Brock. Newborn horse stands up for the first time, 2011. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g1Qc28PfKpU.

186

P. M. Dunn. The Chamberlen family (1560–1728) and obstetric forceps // Archives of Disease in Childhood — Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 81, 1999. F232–F234.

187

D. Pearce. Charles Delucena Meigs (1792–1869), 2018. URL: https://www.general-anaesthesia.com/people/charlesdelucenameigs.html.

188

I. Loudon. The Tragedy of Childbed Fever. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2000.

189

P. M. Dunn. Dr Alexander Gordon (1752–99) and contagious puerperal fever // Archives of Disease in Childhood, 78, 1998. F232–F233.

190

O. Holmes. On the contagiousness of puerperal fever // New England Quarterly Journal of Medicine and Surgery, 1, 1842. P. 503–530.

191

E. P. Hoyt. Improper Bostonian: Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes. William Morrow & Co: New York, 1979.

192

I. Semmelweis. The Etiology, Concept, and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever, 1861.

193

Ibid.

194

I. Loudon. The Tragedy of Childbed Fever. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2000.

195

S. Halliday. The Great Filth: The War Against Disease in Victorian England. Sutton Publishing: Stroud, Gloucestershire, 2007.

196

CBS News. The 20 Deadliest Animals on Earth, 2020. URL: https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/the-20-deadliest-animals-on-earth-ranked/.

197

H. Ritchie and M. Roser. Our World in Data: Deaths by Animal, 2018. URL: https://ourworldindata.org/causes-of-death#deaths-by-animal.

198

J. Flegr et al. Toxoplasmosis — a global threat: Correlation of latent toxoplasmosis with specific disease burden in a set of 88 countries // PLoS One, 9, 2014. e90203.

199

G. Desmonts and J. Couvreur. Congenital toxoplasmosis: A prospective study of 378 pregnancies // New England Journal of Medicine, 290, 1974. P. 1110–1116.

200

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Parasites — Guinea Worm: Biology, 2015. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/guineaworm/biology.html.

201

The Carter Center. Guinea Worm Eradication Program, 2021. URL: https://www.cartercenter.org/health/guinea_worm/index.html.

202

World Health Organization. Dracunculiasis eradication: global surveillance summary, 2020. 2021.

203

Ibid.

204

World Health Organization. Dengue and severe dengue, 2021. URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue.

205

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Yellow Fever, 2018. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/newsroom/topics/yellowfever/index.html.

206

World Health Organization. Yellow Fever, 2019. URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/yellow-fever.

207

P. H. Futcher. Notes on Insect Contagion // Bulletin of the Institute of the History of Medicine, 4, 1936. P. 536–558.

208

B. S. Kakkilaya. Malaria Site. Journey of Scientific Discoveries. 2015. URL: https://www.malariasite.com/history-science/.

209

E. Pongponratn et al. An ultrastructural study of the brain in fatal Plasmodium falciparum malaria // American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 69, 2003. P. 345–359.

210

Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs. The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease // Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance, ed. K. J. Arrow, C. Panosian and H. Gelband. National Academies Press: Washington, DC, 2004. P. 136–167.

211

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Malaria Disease, 2019. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html.

212

F. E. G. Cox. History of the discovery of the malaria parasites and their vectors // Parasites & Vectors, 3, 2010. P. 5.

213

Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs. A Brief History of Malaria // Saving Lives, Buying Time. P. 136–167.

214

E. Faerstein and W. Winkelstein, Jr. Carlos Juan Finlay: Rejected, Respected, and Right // Epidemiology, 21, 2010.

215

UNESCO. Biography of Carlos J. Finlay, 2017.

216

A. N. Clements and R. E. Harbach. History of the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus // Journal of Vector Ecology, 2017, 42. P. 208–222.

217

Ibid.

218

Ibid.

219

24. W. Reed et al. Experimental yellow fever // Transactions of the Association of American Physicians, 1901, 16. P. 45–71.

220

W. L. Craddock. The Achievements of William Crawford Gorgas // Military Medicine, 1997, 162. P. 325–327.

221

D. McCullough. The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870–1914. Simon & Schuster: New York, 1977.

222

P. D. Curtin. Death by Migration: Europe’s Encounter with the Tropical World in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2008.

223

R. Carter and K. N. Mendis. Evolutionary and historical aspects of the burden of malaria // Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 2002, 15. P. 564–594.

224

J. Whitfield. Portrait of a serial killer // Nature [Online], 2002. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/news021001-6.

225

C. Shiff. Integrated approach to malaria control // Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 2002, 15. P. 278–293.

226

B. Greenwood and T. Mutabingwa. Malaria in 2002 // Nature, 2002, 415. P. 670–672.

227

Ibid.

228

Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs. A Brief History of Malaria // Saving Lives, Buying Time. P. 136–167.

229

Ibid.

230

R. L. Miller et al. Diagnosis of Plasmodium Falciparum Infections in Mummies Using the Rapid Manual Parasight (TM)-F Test // Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1994, 88. P. 31, 32.

231

R. Carter and K. N. Mendis. Evolutionary and historical aspects of the burden of malaria // Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 2002, 15. P. 564–594.

232

W. Liu et al. Origin of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in gorillas // Nature, 2010, 467. P. 420–425.

233

D. E. Loy et al. Out of Africa: origins and evolution of the human malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax // International Journal for Parasitology, 2017, 47. P. 87–97.

234

G. Höher et al. Molecular basis of the Duffy blood group system // Blood Transfusion, 2018, 16. P. 93–100.

235

G. B. de Carvalho and G. B. de Carvalho. Duffy Blood Group System and the malaria adaptation process in humans // Revista Brasileira de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, 2011, 33. P. 55–64.

236

R. E. Howes et al. The global distribution of the Duffy blood group // Nature Communications, 2011, 2. P. 266.

237

Ibid.

238

M. T. Hamblin and A. Di Rienzo. Detection of the signature of natural selection in humans: evidence from the Duffy blood group locus // American Journal of Human Genetics, 2000, 66. P. 1669–1679.

239

W. Liu et al. African origin of the malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax // Nature Communications, 2014, 5. P. 3346.

240

F. Prugnolle et al. Diversity, host switching and evolution of Plasmodium vivax infecting African great apes // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 2013, 110. P. 8123–8128.

241

A. Demogines et al. Species-specific features of DARC, the primate receptor for Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi // Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2012, 29. P. 445–449.

242

A. Zijlstra and J. P. Quigley. The DARC side of metastasis: Shining a light on KAI1-mediated metastasis suppression in the vascular tunnel // Cancer Cell, 2006, 10. P. 177, 178.

243

X.-F. Liu et al. Correlation between Duffy blood group phenotype and breast cancer incidence // BMC Cancer, 2012, 12. P. 374–379.

244

K. Horne and I. J. Woolley. Shedding light on DARC: the role of the Duffy antigen/receptor for chemokines in inflammation, infection and malignancy // Inflammation Research, 2009, 58. P. 431–435.

245

G. J. Kato et al. Sickle cell disease // Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 2018, 4. P. 18.

246

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Elimination of Malaria in the United States (1947–1951), 2018. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/elimination_us.html.

247

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Malaria’s Impact Worldwide, 2021. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/malaria_worldwide/impact.html.

248

M. Wadman. Malaria vaccine achieves striking early success // Science, 2021, 372. P. 448.

249

M. Scudellari. Self-destructing mosquitoes and sterilized rodents: the promise of gene drives // Nature, 2019, 571. P. 160–162.

250

S. James et al. Pathway to Deployment of Gene Drive Mosquitoes as a Potential Biocontrol Tool for Elimination of Malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa: Recommendations of a Scientific Working Group // American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2018, 98. P. 1–49.

251

E. Waltz. First genetically modified mosquitoes released in the United States // Nature, 2021, 593. P. 175, 176.

252

R. G. A. Feachem et al. Malaria eradication within a generation: ambitious, achievable, and necessary // The Lancet, 2019, 394. P. 1056–1112.

253

R. Woods and P. R. A. Hinde. Mortality in Victorian England: Models and Patterns // Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 1987, 18. P. 27–54.

254

R. W. Fogel. The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700–2100: Europe, America, and the Third World. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2004.

255

F. Bosch and L. Rosich. The contributions of Paul Ehrlich to pharmacology: A tribute on the occasion of the centenary of his Nobel Prize // Pharmacology, 2008, 82. P. 171–179.

256

S. Riethmiller. From Atoxyl to Salvarsan: Searching for the magic bullet // Chemotherapy, 2005, 51. P. 234–242.

257

F. R. Schaudinn and E. Hoffmann. Vorläufiger Bericht über das Vorkommen von Spirochaeten in syphilitischen Krankheitsprodukten und bei Papillomen [Preliminary report on the occurrence of Spirochaetes in syphilitic chancres and papillomas] // Arbeiten aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte, 1905, 22. P. 527–534.

258

S. Riethmiller. From Atoxyl to Salvarsan: Searching for the magic bullet // Chemotherapy, 2005, 51. P. 234–242.

259

J. Mann. The Elusive Magic Bullet: The Search for the Perfect Drug. Oxford University Press: New York, 1999.

260

E. Jenner. An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of Variolæ Vaccinæ. Samuel Cooley, 1798.

261

T. R. Malthus. An Essay on the Principle of Population As It Affects the Future Improvement of Society, with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Goodwin, M. Condorcet and Other Writers. 1st edn. J. Johnson in St. Paul’s Churchyard: London, 1798.

262

G. Alfani and C. Ó Gráda. The timing and causes of famines in Europe // Nature Sustainability, 2018, 1. P. 283–288.

263

Ibid.

264

Ibid.

265

W. Rosen. The Third Horseman: A Story of Weather, War, and the Famine History Forgot. Penguin, 2015.

266

C. S. Witham and C. Oppenheimer. Mortality in England during the 1783–1784 Laki Craters eruption // Bulletin of Volcanology, 2004, 67. P. 15–26.

267

T. Thordarson and S. Self. The Laki (Skaftar-Fires) and Grimsvotn Eruptions in 1783–1785 // Bulletin of Volcanology, 1993, 55. P. 233–263.

268

T. Thordarson and S. Self. Atmospheric and environmental effects of the 1783–1784 Laki eruption: A review and reassessment // Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2003.

269

L. Oman et al. High-latitude eruptions cast shadow over the African monsoon and the flow of the Nile // Geophysical Research Letters, 2006, 33, L18711.

270

C. Ó. Gráda. Famine: A Short History. Princeton University Press: Princeton, USA, 2009.

271

T. Vorstenbosch et al. Famine food of vegetal origin consumed in the Netherlands during World War II // Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2017, 13.

272

Ibid.

273

W. W. Farris. Japan to 1600: A Social and Economic History. University of Hawaii Press, 2009.

274

J. Aberth. From the Brink of the Apocalypse: Confronting Famine, War, Plague, and Death in the Later Middle Ages. Routledge, 2000.

275

A. Keys et al. The Biology of Human Starvation. University of Minnesota Press, 1950.

276

L. M. Kalm and R. D. Semba. They Starved So That Others Be Better Fed: Remembering Ancel Keys and the Minnesota Experiment // The Journal of Nutrition, 2005, 135. P. 1347–1352.

277

Ibid.

278

T. Vorstenbosch et al. Famine food of vegetal origin consumed in the Netherlands during World War II // Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2017, 13.

279

D. R. Curtis and J. Dijkman. The escape from famine in the Northern Netherlands: a reconsideration using the 1690s harvest failures and a broader Northwest European perspective // The Seventeenth Century, 2017. P. 1–30.

280

J. Hearfield. Roads in the 18th Century, 2012. URL: http://www.johnhearfield.com/History/Roads.htm.

281

Anon. Friendly advice to the industrious poor: Receipts for making soups. s. n.: England, 1790.

282

A. Smith. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Strahan & Cadell: London, 1776.

283

A. Sen. Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Depravation. Oxford University Press: USA, 1990.

284

A. Sen. Development as Freedom. Alfred Knopf: New York, 1999.

285

Ibid.

286

F. Burchi. Democracy, institutions and famines in developing and emerging countries // Canadian Journal of Development Studies / Revue canadienne d’études du développement, 2011, 32. P. 17–31.

287

Ibid.

288

W. L. S. Churchill. The World Crisis, New York Free Press, 1931. P. 686.

289

G. Kennedy. Intelligence and the Blockade, 1914–1917: A Study in Administration, Friction and Command. Intelligence and National Security, 2007, 22. P. 699–721.

290

D. A. Janicki. The British Blockade During World War I: The Weapon of Deprivation // Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse [Online], 2014. http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=899.

291

I. Zweiniger-Bargielowska et al. Food and War in Twentieth Century Europe. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2001. P. 15.

292

I. Materna and W. Gottschalk. Geschichte Berlins von den Anfängen bis 1945. Dietz Verlag Berlin, 1987. P. 540.

293

W. Philpott. War of Attrition: Fighting the First World War. Overlook Press, 2014.

294

W. Van Der Kloot. Ernst Starling’s Analysis of the Energy Balance of the German People During the Blockade 1914–1919 // Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 2003, 57. P. 189, 190.

295

H. Strachan. The First World War // The First World War. Penguin: New York, 2005. P. 215.

296

C. P. Vincent. The Politics of Hunger: The Allied Blockade of Germany, 1915–1919. Ohio University Press, 1986.

297

L. Grebler. The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria-Hungary // The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria-Hungary. Yale University Press, 1940. P. 78.

298

M. E. Cox. Hunger games: or how the Allied blockade in the First World War deprived German children of nutrition, and Allied food aid subsequently saved them // Economic History Review, 2015, 68. P. 600–631.

299

C. E. Strickland. American aid to Germany, 1919 to 1921 // Wisconsin Magazine of History, 1962, 45. P. 256–270.

300

V. J. B. Martins et al. Long-Lasting Effects of Undernutrition // International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2011, 8. P. 1817–1846.

301

D. J. P. Barker. Maternal nutrition, fetal nutrition, and disease in later life // Nutrition, 1997, 13. P. 807–813.

302

C. Li and L. H. Lumey. Exposure to the Chinese famine of 1959–1961 in early life and long-term health conditions: a systematic review and metaanalysis // International Journal of Epidemiology, 2017, 46. P. 1157–1170.

303

L. H. Lumey et al. Association between type 2 diabetes and prenatal exposure to the Ukraine famine of 1932–1933: a retrospective cohort study // Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2015, 3. P. 787–794.

304

L. H. Lumey et al. Prenatal Famine and Adult Health // Annual Review of Public Health, vol. 32, ed. J. E. Fielding, R. C. Brownson and L. W. Green, Annual Reviews: Palo Alto, 2011. P. 237–262.

305

D. Wiesmann. A global hunger index: measurement concept, ranking of countries, and trends // FCND discussion papers, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 2006. P. 212.

306

P. French. North Korea: State of Paranoia. Zed Books, 2014.

307

BBC News. North Korea hunger: Two in five undernourished, says UN, 2017. URL: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-39349726.

308

NationMaster. Current military expenditures as an estimated percent of gross domestic product, 2007. URL: https://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Military/Expenditures/Percent-of-GDP.

309

A. Rice. The Peanut Solution // New York Times Magazine, 2010.

310

R. W. Fogel. The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700–2100: Europe, America, and the Third World. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2004.

311

Ibid.

312

G. J. Mulder. Uber die Zusammensetzung einiger thierischen Substanzen // Journal für praktische Chemie, 1839, 16. P. 129.

313

J. F. von Liebig and W. Gregory. Researches on the chemistry of food, and the motion of the juices in the animal body. Taylor & Wharton: London, 1848.

314

J. Sire de Joinville. Histoire de Saint-Louis écrite par son compagnon d’armes le Sire de Joinville. Paris, 2006.

315

W. Gratzer. Terrors of the Table: The Curious History of Nutrition. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2005.

316

J. Lind. A Treatise on the Scurvy in Three Parts. Sands, Murray and Cochran for A. Kincaid and A. Donaldson: Edinburgh, 1753.

317

Ibid.

318

Ibid.

319

M. Bartholomew. James Lind’s Treatise of the Scurvy (1753) // Postgraduate Medical Journal, 2002, 78. P. 695, 696.

320

D. I. Harvie. Limey: The Conquest of Scurvy. Sutton Publishing: Stroud, 2002.

321

K. J. Carpenter. The Discovery of Vitamin C // Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism, 2012, 61. P. 259–264.

322

A. Cherry-Garrard. The Worst Journey in the World. Vintage: London, 2010.

323

K. J. Carpenter et al. Experiments That Changed Nutritional Thinking // Nutrition, 1997, 127. 1017S-1053S.

324

L. R. McDowell. Vitamin History, the Early Years. First Edition Design Publishing: Sarasota, FL, 2013.

325

Y. Sugiyama and A. Seita. Kanehiro Takaki and the control of beriberi in the Japanese Navy // Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 2013, 106. P. 332–334.

326

K. J. Carpenter. The Discovery of Vitamin C // Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism, 2012, 61. P. 259–264.

327

A. Holst and T. Frolich. Experimental studies relating to ship-beri-beri and scurvy // Journal of Hygiene, 1907, 7. P. 634–671.

328

G. Drouin et al. The Genetics of Vitamin C Loss in Vertebrates // Current Genomics, 2011, 12. P. 371–378.

329

L. R. McDowell. Vitamin History, the Early Years. First Edition Design Publishing: Sarasota, FL, 2013.

330

World Health Organization. Investing in the future: A united call to action on vitamin and mineral deficiencies, 2009.

331

H. Ritchie and M. Roser. Micronutrient Deficiency, 2019. URL: https://ourworldindata.org.

332

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Micronutrients, 2021. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/micronutrient-malnutrition/index.html.

333

World Health Organization. Overweight and Obesity, 2019. URL: https://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/overweight/en/.

334

R. W. Fogel. The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700–2100: Europe, America, and the Third World. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2004.

335

G. Eknoyan. A history of obesity, or how what was good became ugly and then bad // Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease, 2006, 13. P. 421–427.

336

C. Y. Ye et al. Decreased Bone Mineral Density Is an Independent Predictor for the Development of Atherosclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis // PLoS One, 2016. P. 11.

337

M. Di Cesare et al. Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants // The Lancet, 2016, 387. P. 1377–1396.

338

World Health Organization. Overweight and Obesity, 2019. URL: https://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/overweight/en/.

339

World Population Review. Kuwait Population 2019, 2019. URL: http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/kuwait-population.

340

S. Al Sabah et al. Results from the first Kuwait National Bariatric Surgery Report // BMC Surgery, 2020, 20. P. 292.

341

H. Leow. Kuwait 2019. URL: https://www.everyculture.com/Ja-Ma/Kuwait.html.

342

World Health Organization. Obesity, 2021. URL: https://www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/.

343

A. J. Zemski et al. Body composition characteristics of elite Australian rugby union athletes according to playing position and ethnicity // Journal of Sports Sciences, 2015, 33. P. 970–978.

344

A. J. Zemski et al. Differences in visceral adipose tissue and biochemical cardiometabolic risk markers in elite rugby union athletes of Caucasian and Polynesian descent // European Journal of Sport Science, 2020, 20. P. 691–702.

345

J. S. Friedlaender et al. The genetic structure of Pacific islanders // PLoS Genetics, 2008, 4.

346

J. M. Diamond. The double puzzle of diabetes // Nature, 2003, 423. P. 599–602.

347

J. V. Neel. Diabetes Mellitus — A Thrifty Genotype Rendered Detrimental by Progress // American Journal of Human Genetics, 1962, 14. P. 353–362.

348

J. R. Speakman. Thrifty genes for obesity, an attractive but flawed idea, and an alternative perspective: the «drifty gene» hypothesis // International Journal of Obesity, 2008, 32. P. 1611–1617.

349

A. Qasim et al. On the origin of obesity: identifying the biological, environmental and cultural drivers of genetic risk among human populations // Obesity Reviews, 2018, 19. P. 121–149.

350

R. L. Minster et al. A thrifty variant in CREBRF strongly influences body mass index in Samoans // Nature Genetics, 2016, 48. P. 1049–1054.

351

D. Hart and R. W. Sussman. Man the Hunted: Primates, Predators, and Human Evolution. Westview Press: Boulder, CO, 2002.

352

Minstero Della Cultura. Neanderthal, dalla Grotta Guattari al Circeo nuove incredibili scoperte, 2021. URL: https://cultura.gov.it/neanderthal.

353

J. R. Speakman. Thrifty genes for obesity, an attractive but flawed idea, and an alternative perspective: the «drifty gene» hypothesis // International Journal of Obesity, 2008, 32. P. 1611–1617.

354

M. Pigeyre et al. Recent progress in genetics, epigenetics and metagenomics unveils the pathophysiology of human obesity // Clinical Science, 2016, 130. P. 943–986.

355

C. W. Kuzawa. Adipose tissue in human infancy and childhood: An evolutionary perspective // Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, Vol. 41, ed. C. Ruff, 1998. Wiley-Liss, Inc: New York, 1998. P. 177–209.

356

C. M. Kitahara et al. Association between Class III Obesity (BMI of 40–59 kg/m(2)) and Mortality: A Pooled Analysis of 20 Prospective Studies // Plos Medicine, 2014, 11.

357

B. Lauby-Secretan et al. Body Fatness and Cancer — Viewpoint of the IARC Working Group // New England Journal of Medicine, 2016, 375. P. 794–798.

358

C. P. Kovesdy et al. Obesity and Kidney Disease: Hidden Consequences of the Epidemic // Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease, 2017, 4, 2054358117698669–2054358117698669.

359

W. L. Xu et al. Midlife overweight and obesity increase late-life dementia risk: A population-based twin study // Neurology, 2011, 76. P. 1568–1574.

360

N. H. Lents. Maladaptive By-Product Hypothesis // Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, ed. T. K. Shackelford and V. A. Weekes-Shackelford, Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2019. P. 1–6.

361

P. A. S. Breslin. An Evolutionary Perspective on Food and Human Taste // Current Biology, 2013, 23. R409–R418.

362

P. L. Balaresque et al. Challenges in human genetic diversity: demographic history and adaptation // Human Molecular Genetics, 2007, 16, R134–R139.

363

E. McFadden et al. The Relationship Between Obesity and Exposure to Light at Night: Cross-Sectional Analyses of Over 100,000 Women in the Breakthrough Generations Study // American Journal of Epidemiology, 2014, 180. P. 245–250.

364

J. Theorell-Haglow et al. Both habitual short sleepers and long sleepers are at greater risk of obesity: a population-based 10-year follow-up in women // Sleep Medicine, 2014, 15. P. 1204–1211.

365

J. Wheelwright. From Diabetes to Athlete’s Foot, Our Bodies Are Maladapted for Modern Life, 2015. https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/from-diabetes-to-athletes-foot-our-bodies-are-maladapted-for-modern-life.

366

New England Centenarian Study. Why Study Centenarians? An Overview, 2019. https://www.bumc.bu.edu/centenarian/overview/.

367

B. J. Willcox et al. Demographic, phenotypic, and genetic characteristics of centenarians in Okinawa and Japan: Part 1 — centenarians in Okinawa // Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 2017, 165. P. 75–79.

368

Okinawa Research Center for Longevity Science. The Okinawa Centenarian Study, 2019. URL: https://www.orcls.net/ocs.

369

B. Schumacher et al. The central role of DNA damage in the ageing process // Nature, 2021, 592. P. 695–703.

370

B. J. Willcox et al. Caloric restriction, the traditional Okinawan diet, and healthy aging — The diet of the world’s longest-lived people and its potential impact on morbidity and life span // Healthy Aging and Longevity, vol. 1114, ed. N. J. Weller and S. I. S. Rattan. Wiley-Blackwell: Malden, 2007. P. 434–455.

371

L. Fontana et al. Extending Healthy Life Span: From Yeast to Humans // Science, 2010, 328. P. 321–326.

372

S. Z. Yanovski and J. A. Yanovski. Long-term Drug Treatment for Obesity: A Systematic and Clinical Review // Journal of the American Medical Association, 2014, 311. P. 74–86.

373

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Prescription Medications to Treat Overweight and Obesity, 2021. URL: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/weight-management/prescription-medications-treat-overweight-obesity.

374

J. P. H. Wilding et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity // New England Journal of Medicine, 2021.

375

L. Pasteur. Germ Theory and Its Applications to Medicine and Surgery // Comptes Rendus de l’ Academie des Sciences 1878, 86. P. 1037–1043.

376

A. Lange and G. B. Müller. Polydactyly in Development, Inheritance, and Evolution // Quarterly Review of Biology, 2017, 92. P. 1–38.

377

J. Klein. Woody Guthrie: A Life. Dell Publishing/Random House, Inc.: New York, 1980.

378

Woody Guthrie. This Land is Your Land, 1944. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxiMrvDbq3s.

379

K. B. Bhattacharyya. The story of George Huntington and his disease // Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 2016, 19. P. 25–28.

380

G. Huntington. On Chorea // Medical and Surgical Reporter of Philadelphia, 1872, 26. P. 317–321.

381

J. Huddleston and E. E. Eichler. An Incomplete Understanding of Human Genetic Variation // Genetics, 2016, 202. P. 1251–1254.

382

Genomes Project Consortium. A global reference for human genetic variation // Nature, 2015, 526. P. 68–74.

383

G. Mendel. Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden // Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn, 1866, IV. P. 3–47.

384

R. Marantz Henig. The Monk in the Garden: The Lost and Found Genius of Gregor Mendel, the Father of Genetics. Houghton Mifflin: Boston, 2001.

385

E. W. Crow and J. F. Crow. 100 Years Ago: Walter Sutton and the Chromosome Theory of Heredity // Genetics, 2002, 160. P. 1–4.

386

C. D. Darlington. Meiosis in perspective // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1977, B277. P. 185–189.

387

N. S. Wexler. Huntington’s Disease: Advocacy Driving Science // Annual Review of Medicine, vol. 63, ed. C. T. Caskey, C. P. Austin and J. A. Hoxie, 2012. P. 1–22.

388

J. F. Gusella et al. A Polymorphic DNA Marker Genetically Linked to Huntington’s Disease // Nature, 1983, 306. P. 234–238.

389

N. S. Wexler. Huntington’s Disease: Advocacy Driving Science // Annual Review of Medicine, vol. 63, ed. C. T. Caskey, C. P. Austin and J. A. Hoxie, 2012. P. 1–22.

390

F. Saudou and S. Humbert. The Biology of Huntingtin // Neuron, 2016, 89. P. 910–926.

391

H. Paulson. Repeat expansion diseases // Handbook of clinical neurology, 2018, 147. P. 105–123.

392

M. Jimenez-Sanchez et al. Huntington’s Disease: Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies // Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 2017, 7.

393

I. Ionis Pharmaceuticals. Ionis Pharmaceuticals Licenses IONIS-HTT Rx to Partner Following Successful Phase 1/2a Study in Patients with Huntington’s Disease, 2017. URL: http://ir.ionispharma.com/news-releases/news-release-details/ionis-pharmaceuticals-licenses-ionis-htt-rx-partner-following.

394

D. Kwon. Failure of genetic therapies for Huntington’s devastates community // Nature, 2021, 180. P. 593.

395

Z. Li et al. Allele-selective lowering of mutant HTT protein by HTT — LC3 linker compounds // Nature, 2019, 575. P. 203–209.

396

D. Grady. Haunted by a Gene // New York Times [Online], 2020. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/10/health/huntingtons-disease-wexler.html.

397

Genetics Home Reference. Fumarase deficiency, 2020. URL: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/fumarase-deficiency.

398

J. Dougherty. Forbidden Fruit // Phoenix New Times [Online], 2005. URL: https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/forbidden-fruit-6438448.

399

Ibid.

400

M. Oswaks. Tiny Tombstones: Inside the FLDS Graveyard for Babies Born from Incest // Vice.com [Online], 2016. URL: https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/qkgymp/tiny-tombstones-inside-the-flds-graveyard-forbabies-born-from-incest.

401

J. Dougherty. Forbidden Fruit // Phoenix New Times [Online], 2005. URL: https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/forbidden-fruit-6438448.

402

R. Sanchez. Fort Knox has nothing on polygamist compound // Anderson Cooper Blog 360° [Online], 2006. URL: http://edition.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/anderson.cooper.360/blog/2006/05/fort-knox-has-nothing-on-polygamist.html.

403

J. Hollenhorst. Sex banned until Warren Jeffs’ prison walls crumble, FLDS relatives say, 2011. URL: https://www.deseret.com/2011/12/30/20391030/sex-banned-until-warren-jeffs-prison-walls-crumble-flds-relatives-say.

404

T. K. Danovich. The Forest Hidden Behind the Canyons, 2019. URL: https://www.theringer.com/2019/6/24/18692816/flds-short-creek-polygamy-feature.

405

L. Yengo et al. Extreme inbreeding in a European ancestry sample from the contemporary UK population // Nature Communications, 2019. P. 10.

406

H. Hamamy. Consanguineous marriages: Preconception consultation in primary health care settings // Journal of Community Genetics, 2012, 3. P. 185–192.

407

N. Al-Dewik et al. Clinical genetics and genomic medicine in Qatar // Molecular Genetics and Genomic Medicine, 2018, 6. P. 702–712.

408

P. K. Joshi et al. Directional dominance on stature and cognition in diverse human populations // Nature, 2015, 523. P. 459–462.

409

C. R. Scriver. Human genetics: Lessons from Quebec populations // Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, 2001, 2. P. 69–101.

410

A. M. Laberge et al. A «Fille du Roy» introduced the T14484C Leber hereditary optic neuropathy mutation in French Canadians // American Journal of Human Genetics, 2005, 77. P. 313–317.

411

N. J. R. Fagundes et al. How strong was the bottleneck associated to the peopling of the Americas? New insights from multilocus sequence data // Genetics and Molecular Biology, 2018, 41. P. 206–214.

412

M. N. Leathlobhair et al. The evolutionary history of dogs in the Americas // Science, 2018, 361. P. 81–85.

413

Z. Y. Gao et al. An Estimate of the Average Number of Recessive Lethal Mutations Carried by Humans // Genetics, 2015, 199. P. 1243–1254.

414

V. Grech et al. Unexplained differences in sex ratios at birth in Europe and North America // British Medical Journal, 2002, 324. P. 1010, 1011.

415

E. I. Rogaev et al. Genotype Analysis Identifies the Cause of the «Royal Disease» // Science, 2009, 326. P. 817.

416

S. M. Carr. Hemophilia in Victoria pedigree, 2012. URL: https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Hemophilia_in_Victoria_pedigree.jpg.

417

E. I. Rogaev et al. Genomic identification in the historical case of the Nicholas II royal family // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 2009, 106. P. 5258–5263.

418

E. I. Rogaev et al. Genotype Analysis Identifies the Cause of the «Royal Disease» // Science, 2009, 326. P. 817.

419

K. Maurer et al. Auguste D and Alzheimer’s disease // The Lancet, 1997, 349. P. 1546–1549.

420

T. G. Beach. The History of Alzheimer’s Disease — 3 Debates // Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 1987, 42. P. 327–349.

421

Ibid.

422

R. Katzman. Prevalence and Malignancy of Alzheimer Disease — A Major Killer // Archives of Neurology, 1976, 33. P. 217, 218.

423

R. H. Swerdlow. Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease // Clinical Interventions in Aging, 2007, 2. P. 347–359.

424

G. G. Glenner and C. W. Wong. Alzheimer’s disease: Initial report of the purification and characterization of a novel cerebrovascular amyloid protein // Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 1984, 120. P. 885–890.

425

S. N. Chen and G. Parmigiani. Meta-analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 penetrance // Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2007, 25. P. 1329–1333.

426

M. N. Braskie et al. Common Alzheimer’s Disease Risk Variant within the CLU Gene Affects White Matter Microstructure in Young Adults // Journal of Neuroscience, 2011, 31. P. 6764–6770.

427

C. C. Liu et al. Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: risk, mechanisms and therapy // Nature Reviews Neurology, 2013, 9. P. 106–118.

428

C. J. Smith et al. Putative Survival Advantages in Young Apolipoprotein ɛ4 Carriers are Associated with Increased Neural Stress // Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2019, 68. P. 885–923.

429

M. Wadman. James Watson’s genome sequenced at high speed // Nature, 2008, 452. P. 788.

430

K. A. Wetterstrand. The Cost of Sequencing a Human Genome, 2020. URL: https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Sequencing-Human-Genome-cost.

431

M. J. Owen et al. Rapid Sequencing-Based Diagnosis of Thiamine Metabolism Dysfunction Syndrome // New England Journal of Medicine, 2021, 384. P. 2159–2161.

432

D. Dimmock et al. Project Baby Bear: Rapid precision care incorporating rWGS in 5 California children’s hospitals demonstrates improved clinical outcomes and reduced costs of care // American Journal of Human Genetics, 2021, 108. P. 1231–1238.

433

Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), 2019.

434

T. Jonsson et al. A mutation in APP protects against Alzheimer’s disease and age-related cognitive decline // Nature, 2012, 488. P. 96–99.

435

L. S. Wang et al. Rarity of the Alzheimer Disease-Protective APP A673T Variant in the United States // JAMA Neurology, 2015, 72. P. 209–216.

436

S. J. van der Lee et al. A nonsynonymous mutation in PLCG2 reduces the risk of Alzheimer’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and frontotemporal dementia, and increases the likelihood of longevity // Acta Neuropathologica, 2019, 138. P. 237–250.

437

E. Evangelou et al. Genetic analysis of over 1 million people identifies 535 new loci associated with blood pressure traits // Nature Genetics, 2018, 50. P. 1412–1425.

438

R. Ray et al. Nicotine Dependence Pharmacogenetics: Role of Genetic Variation in Nicotine-Metabolizing Enzymes // Journal of Neurogenetics, 2009, 23. P. 252–261.

439

G. Alanis-Lobato et al. Frequent loss-of-heterozygosity in CRISPR Cas9-edited early human embryos // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2021, 202004832.

440

D. Cyranoski. Russian «CRISPR-baby» scientist has started editing genes in human eggs with goal of altering deaf gene // Nature, 2019, 574. P. 465, 466.

441

R. Stein. Gene-Edited «Supercells» Make Progress In Fight Against Sickle Cell Disease // Shots: Health News from NPR [Online], 2019. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/11/19/780510277/geneedited-supercells-make-progress-in-fight-against-sickle-cell-disease.

442

McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, OMIM®, 2021. URL: https://www.omim.org.

443

L. Yengo et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for height and body mass index in ∼700,000 individuals of European ancestry // Human Molecular Genetics 2018, 27. P. 3641–3649.

444

J. E. Savage et al. Genome-wide association meta-analysis in 269,867 individuals identifies new genetic and functional links to intelligence // Nature Genetics, 2018, 50. P. 912–919.

445

J. L. H. Down. Observations on an ethnic classification of idiots // Clinical Lecture Reports, London Hospital, 1866, 3. P. 259–262.

446

N. Howard-Jones. On the diagnostic term «Down’s disease» // Medical History, 1979, 23. P. 102–104.

447

G. Allen et al. «MONGOLISM» // The Lancet, 1961, 277. P. 775.

448

T. Cavazza et al. Parental genome unification is highly error-prone in mammalian embryos // Cell, 2021. P. 2860–2877.

449

P. Cerruti Mainardi. Cri du Chat syndrome // Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 2006, 1. P. 33.

450

Five P-Society. Five P-Society Home Page, 2020. URL: https://fivepminus.org.

451

M. Medina et al. Hemizygosity of delta-catenin (CTNND2) is associated with severe mental retardation in cri-du-chat syndrome // Genomics, 2000, 63. P. 157–164.

452

K. Bender. Cri du Chat Syndrome (Cry of the Cat), 2009. http://ji-criduchat.blogspot.com/.

453

K. Oktay et al. Fertility Preservation in Women with Turner Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review and Practical Guidelines // Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 2016, 29. P. 409–416.

454

Martin Luther King. Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story. Harper & Brothers: New York, 1958.

455

In Africa: The role of East Africa in the evolution of human diversity, 2021. URL: http://in-africa.org/in-africa-project/.

456

M. M. Lahr et al. Inter-group violence among early Holocene hunter-gatherers of West Turkana, Kenya // Nature, 2016, 529. P. 394.

457

M. M. Lahr. Finding a hunter-gatherer massacre scene that may change history of human warfare, 2016. URL: https://theconversation.com/finding-a-hunter-gatherer-massacre-scene-that-may-change-history-of-human-warfare-53397.

458

C. Boehm. Moral Origins: The Evolution of Virtue, Altruism, and Shame. Basic Books: New York, 2012.

459

Ibid.

460

L. H. Keeley. War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997.

461

M. Roser. Ethnographic and Archaeological Evidence on Violent Deaths, 2013. URL: https://ourworldindata.org/ethnographic-and-archaeological-evidence-on-violent-deaths.

462

D. P. Fry and P. Soderberg. Lethal Aggression in Mobile Forager Bands and Implications for the Origins of War // Science, 2013, 341. P. 270–273.

463

J. M. Diamond. A Longer Chapter, About Many Wars // The World Until Yesterday. Penguin: London, 2012. P. 129–170.

464

L. W. King. The Code of Hammurabi, 2008. URL: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/hamframe.asp.

465

T. Delany. Social Deviance. Rowman & Littlefield: Lanham, Maryland, 2017.

466

Ibid.

467

T. Hobbes. Leviathan, 1651.

468

M. K. E. Weber. Politik als Beruf // Gesammelte Politische Schriften, Duncker & Humblot: München, 1921. P. 396–450.

469

J.-J. Rousseau. The Social Contract. Penguin: London, 1968.

470

C. Tilly. Coercion, Capital, and European States, ad 990–1992. Basil Blackwell: Cambridge, MA, 1992.

471

L. Wade. Feeding the gods: Hundreds of skulls reveal massive scale of human sacrifice in Aztec capital // Science, 2018, 360. P. 1288–1292.

472

The World Bank. International homicides (per 100,000 people), 2016. URL: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/vc.ihr.psrc.p5.

473

M. Kaldor. New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era. Polity Press: Cambridge, 2012.

474

World Health Organization. Suicide rate estimates, age-standardized Estimates by country, 2021. URL: https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.MHSUICIDEASDR?lang=en.

475

World Health Organization. Suicide, 2021. URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide.

476

R. H. Seiden. Where are they now? A follow-up study of suicide attempters from the Golden Gate Bridge // Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 1978, 8. P. 203–216.

477

Ibid.

478

Samaritans. Our History, 2019. URL: https://www.samaritans.org/about-samaritans/our-history/.

479

Rev. Dr Chad Varah Obituary // Guardian, 8 November 2007.

480

Science Museum. Telephones Save Lives: The History of the Samaritans, 2018. URL: https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/telephones-save-lives-history-samaritans.

481

M. Moreton. The Death of the Russian Village, 2012. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/death-of-russian-village/.

482

D. Zaridze et al. Alcohol and mortality in Russia: prospective observational study of 151,000 adults // Lancet, 2014, 383. P. 1465–1473.

483

L. Harding. No country for old men // Guardian, 11 February 2008.

484

P. McGovern et al. Early Neolithic wine of Georgia in the South Caucasus // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2017, 114. E10309–E10318.

485

A. G. Reynolds. The Grapevine, Viticulture, and Winemaking: A Brief Introduction // Grapevine Viruses: Molecular Biology, Diagnostics and Management, ed. B. Meng, G. Martelli, D. Golino and M. Fuchs. Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2017.

486

D. Tanasia et al. 1H-1H NMR2D-TOCSY, ATR FT-IR and SEM-EDX for the identification of organic residues on Sicilian prehistoric pottery // Microchemical Journal 2017, 135. P. 140–147.

487

H. Barnard et al. Chemical evidence for wine production around 4000 BCE in the Late Chalcolithic Near Eastern highlands // Journal of Archaeological Science, 2011, 38. P. 977–984.

488

M. Cartwright. Wine in the Ancient Mediterranean // Ancient History Encyclopedia [Online], 2016. URL: https://www.ancient.eu/article/944/.

489

H. Li et al. The worlds of wine: Old, new and ancient // Wine Economics and Policy, 2018, 7. P. 178–182.

490

L. Liu et al. Fermented beverage and food storage in 13,000 y-old stone mortars at Raqefet Cave, Israel: Investigating Natufian ritual feasting // Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2018, 21. P. 783–793.

491

J. J. Mark. Beer // Ancient History Encyclopedia [Online], 2018. URL: https://www.ancient.eu/Beer/.

492

M. Denny. Froth! The Science of Beer. Johns Hopkins University Press: 2009.

493

Tacitus. Annals. New English Library, 1966. P. 19.

494

Velleius Paterculus.compendium of Roman History: Res Gestae Divi Augusti, vol. II, Loeb, 1924. P. 118.

495

World Population Review. Beer Consumption by Country 2020, 2020. URL: https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/beer-consumption-by-country/.

496

N. McCarthy. Which Countries Drink the Most Wine? 2020. URL: https://www.statista.com/chart/6402/which-countries-drink-the-most-wine/.

497

J. Conway. Global consumption of distilled spirits worldwide by country 2015. 2018.

498

A. Nemtsov. A Contemporary History of Alcohol in Russia. Södertörn University: Sweden, 2011.

499

S. Sebag Montefiore. Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. Orion Publishing Co.: London, 2003.

500

Z. Medvedev. Russians dying for a drink // Times Higher Education, 1996. URL: https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/russians-dying-for-a-drink/99996.article.

501

World Health Organization. Alcohol Consumption 2014.

502

M. A. Carrigan et al. Hominids adapted to metabolize ethanol long before human-directed fermentation // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 2015, 112. P. 458–463.

503

H. J. Edenberg. The genetics of alcohol metabolism — Role of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase variants // Alcohol Research & Health, 2007, 30. P. 5–13.

504

T. V. Morozova et al. Genetics and genomics of alcohol sensitivity // Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 2014, 289. P. 253–269.

505

Mayo Clinic Staff. Alcohol: Weighing risks and potential benefits, 2018. URL: https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/alcohol/art-20044551.

506

T. Marugame et al. Patterns of alcohol drinking and all-cause mortality: Results from a large-scale population-based cohort study in Japan // American Journal of Epidemiology, 2007, 165. P. 1039–1046.

507

Alzforum. AlzRisk Risk Factor Overview. Alcohol, 2013. URL: http://www.alzrisk.org/riskfactorview.aspx?rfid=12.

508

J. Case. Hubris and the Serpent: The Truth About Rattlesnake Bite Victims, 2019. URL: https://www.territorysupply.com/hubris-truth-about-rattlesnake-bite-victims.

509

J. P. Bohnsack et al. The lncRNA BDNF-AS is an epigenetic regulator in the human amygdala in early onset alcohol use disorders // Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2018, 42, 86A.

510

National Cancer Institute. Alcohol and Cancer Risk, 2018. URL: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/alcohol/alcohol-fact-sheet.

511

World Health Organization. Global action plan on alcohol: 1st draft, 2021.

512

M. G. Griswold et al. Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 // Lancet, 2018, 392. P. 1015–1035.

513

G. Maté. In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts. Vermilion: London, 2010.

514

HelpGuide. Understanding Addiction. 2021. URL: https://www.helpguide.org/harvard/how-addiction-hijacks-the-brain.htm.

515

Все упомянутые здесь и далее наркотические вещества входят в перечень наркотических средств, психотропных веществ и их прекурсоров, подлежащих контролю в Российской Федерации. Их оборот запрещен и регулируется государством. — Прим. ред.

516

R. A. Wise and M. A. Robble. Dopamine and Addiction // Annual Review of Psychology, 2020, 71. P. 79–106.

517

D. J. Nutt et al. The dopamine theory of addiction: 40 years of highs and lows // Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2015, 16. P. 305–312.

518

J. M. Mitchell et al. Alcohol consumption induces endogenous opioid release in the human orbitofrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens // Science Translational Medicine, 2012, 4. 116ra6.

519

G. Maté. In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts. Vermilion: London, 2010.

520

C. M. Anderson et al. Abnormal T2 relaxation time in the cerebellar vermis of adults sexually abused in childhood: potential role of the vermis in stress-enhanced risk for drug abuse // Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2002, 27. P. 231–244.

521

S. Levine and H. Ursin. What is Stress? // Stress, Neurobiology and Neuroendocrinology, ed. M. R. Brown, C. Rivier and G. Koob. Marcel Decker: New York, 1991. P. 3–21.

522

H. Ritchie and M. Roser. Drug Use, 2019. URL: https://ourworldindata.org/drug-use.

523

D. J. Nutt et al. Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis // Lancet, 2010, 376. P. 1558–1565.

524

D. J. Nutt et al. Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis // Lancet, 2010, 376. P. 1558–1565.

525

K. Kupferschmidt. The Dangerous Professor // Science, 2014, 343. P. 478–481.

526

A. Travis. Alcohol worse than ecstasy — drugs chief // Guardian, 29 October 2009.

527

M. Tran. Government drug adviser David Nutt sacked // Guardian, 30 October 2009.

528

C. C. Mann. 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. Knopf: New York, 2011.

529

R. Lozano et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 // Lancet, 2012, 380. P. 2095–2128.

530

R. S. Lewis and J. S. Nicholson. Aspects of the evolution of Nicotiana tabacum L. and the status of the United States Nicotiana Germplasm Collection // Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 2007, 54. P. 727–740.

531

S. J. Henley et al. Association between exclusive pipe smoking and mortality from cancer and other diseases // JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2004, 96. P. 853–861.

532

M. C. Stöppler and C. P. Davis. Chewing Tobacco (Smokeless Tobacco, Snuff) Center, MedicineNet [Online], 2019. URL: https://www.medicinenet.com/smokeless_tobacco/article.htm.

533

CompaniesHistory.com. British American Tobacco, 2021. URL: https://www.companieshistory.com/british-american-tobacco/.

534

M. Hilton. Smoking in British Popular Culture 1800–2000. Manchester University Press: Manchester, UK, 2000. P. 1, 2.

535

P. M. Fischer et al. Brand Logo Recognition by Children Aged 3 to 6 Years — Mickey Mouse and Old Joe the Camel // JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 1991, 266. P. 3145–3148.

536

Associated Press. Reynolds will pay $10 million in Joe Camel lawsuit, 1997. URL: https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/smoke/smoke50.htm.

537

S. Elliott. Joe Camel, a Giant in Tobacco Marketing, Is Dead at 23 // New York Times, 11 July 1997.

538

I. Gately. Tobacco: A Cultural History of How an Exotic Plant Seduced Civilization. Grove Press: New York, 2001.

539

J. A. Dani and D. J. K. Balfour. Historical and current perspective on tobacco use and nicotine addiction // Trends in Neurosciences, 2011, 34. P. 383–392.

540

N. L. Benowitz. Nicotine Addiction // New England Journal of Medicine, 2010, 362. P. 2295–2303.

541

R. Ray et al. Nicotine Dependence Pharmacogenetics: Role of Genetic Variation in Nicotine-Metabolizing Enzymes // Journal of Neurogenetics, 2009, 23. P. 252–261.

542

N. Monardes. Medicinall historie of things brought from the West Indies. London, 1580.

543

G. Everard. Panacea; or the universal medicine, being a discovery of the wonderfull vertues of tobacco. London, 1659.

544

E. Duncon. Rules for the preservation of health. London, 1606.

545

T. Venner. A briefe and accurate treatise concerning the taking of tobacco. London, 1637.

546

J. Lizars. Practical observations on the use and abuse of tobacco. Edinburgh, 1868.

547

M. Jackson. «Divine stramonium»: the rise and fall of smoking for asthma // Medical History, 2010, 54. P. 171–194.

548

R. Doll and A. Bradford Hill. The Mortality of Doctors in Relation to their Smoking Habits: A Preliminary Report // British Medical Journal, 1952, 1. P. 1451–1455.

549

G. P. Pfeifer et al. Tobacco smoke carcinogens, DNA damage and p53 mutations in smoking-associated cancers // Oncogene 2002, 21. P. 7435–7451.

550

R. Doll and A. Bradford Hill. Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung — Preliminary Report // British Medical Journal 1950, 2. P. 739–748.

551

D. Wootton. Bad Medicine: Doctors Doing Harm Since Hippocrates. Oxford University Press: 2007. P. 127.

552

A. J. Alberg et al. The 2014 Surgeon General’s Report: Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the 1964 Report of the Advisory Committee to the US Surgeon General and Updating the Evidence on the Health Consequences of Cigarette Smoking // American Journal of Epidemiology, 2014, 179. P. 403–412.

553

C. Bates and A. Rowell. Tobacco Explained: The truth about the tobacco industry… in its own words // Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, UC San Francisco: 2004.

554

World Health Organization. Prevalence of Tobacco Smoking, 2016. URL: http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive_charts/tobacco/use/atlas.html.

555

World Health Organization. Tobacco, 2021. URL: https://www.who.int/health-topics/tobacco#tab=tab_1.

556

C. Bates and A. Rowell. Tobacco Explained: The truth about the tobacco industry… in its own words // Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, UC San Francisco: 2004.

557

G. Iacobucci. BMA annual meeting: doctors vote to ban sale of tobacco to anyone born after 2000 // British Medical Journal, 2014. P. 348.

558

Лигроин, получаемый из нефти. — Прим. перев.

559

Ford Motor Company. Highland Park, 2020. URL: https://corporate.ford.com/articles/history/highland-park.html.

560

Motor Vehicle Traffic Fatalities and Fatality Rates. 1899–2015 // Traffic Safety Facts Annual Report [Online], 2017.

561

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. National Statistics, 2019. URL: https://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/Main/index.aspx.

562

Motor Vehicle Traffic Fatalities and Fatality Rates. 1899–2015 // Traffic Safety Facts Annual Report [Online], 2017.

563

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. National Statistics, 2019. URL: https://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/Main/index.aspx.

564

J. Doyle. GM and Ralph Nader, 1965–1971, 2013. URL: https://www.pophistorydig.com/topics/g-m-ralph-nader1965–1971/.

565

D. P. Moynihan. Epidemic on the Highways // The Reporter, 1959. P. 16–22.

566

R. Nader. Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-In Dangers of the American Automobile. Grossman: New York, 1965.

567

C. Jensen. 50 Years Ago, «Unsafe at Any Speed» Shook the Auto World. New York Times, 2015.

568

R. Nader. Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-In Dangers of the American Automobile. Grossman: New York, 1965.

569

Ibid.

570

Ibid.

571

Ibid.

572

J. Doyle. GM and Ralph Nader, 1965–1971, 2013. URL: https://www.pophistorydig.com/topics/g-m-ralph-nader1965–1971/.

573

M. Green. How Ralph Nader Changed America, 2015.

574

A. D. Branch. National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, 2019. URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Traffic-and-Motor-Vehicle-Safety-Act.

575

Congress Acts on Traffic and Auto Safety // CQ Almanac 1966, Congressional Quarterly: Washington, DC, 1967. P. 266–268.

576

A. D. Branch. National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, 2019. URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Traffic-and-Motor-Vehicle-Safety-Act.

577

Automobile Association. The Evolution of Car Safety Features: From windscreen wipers to crash tests and pedestrian protection, 2019. URL: https://www.theaa.com/breakdown-cover/advice/evolution-of-car-safety-features.

578

E. Dyer. Why Cars Are Safer Than They’ve Ever Been, 2014. URL: https://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/a11201/why-cars-are-safer-than-theyve-ever-been-17194116/.

579

Press Room. On 50th Anniversary of Ralph Nader’s «Unsafe at Any Speed», Safety Group Reports Auto Safety Regulation Has Saved 3.5 Million Lives, 2015.

580

I. M. Cheong. Ten Most Harmful Books of the 19th and 20th Centuries, 2005. URL: https://humanevents.com/2005/05/31/ten-most-harmful-books-of-the-19th-and-20th-centuries/.

581

M. Novak. Drunk Driving and The Pre-History of Breathalyzers, 2013. URL: https://paleofuture.gizmodo.com/drunk-driving-and-the-pre-history-of-breathalyzers-1474504117.

582

C. Lightner. Cari’s Story, 2017. URL: https://wesavelives.org/caris-story/.

583

Biography.com Editors. Candy Lightner Biography, 2019. URL: https://www.biography.com/activist/candy-lightner.

584

Ibid.

585

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Drunk Driving, 2018. URL: https://www.nhtsa.gov/risky-driving/drunk-driving.

586

World Health Organization. Road Safety, 2016. http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive_charts/road_safety/road_traffic_deaths2/atlas.html.

587

Motor Vehicle Traffic Fatalities and Fatality Rates. 1899–2015 // Traffic Safety Facts Annual Report [Online], 2017.

588

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. National Statistics, 2019. URL: https://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/Main/index.aspx.

589

M. A. Benarde. Our Precarious Habitat. Norton, 1973.

590

A. S. Hammond et al. The Omo-Kibish I pelvis // Journal of Human Evolution, 2017, 108. P. 199–219.

591

World Health Organization. Global health estimates: Leading causes of death, 2021. URL: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/mortality-and-global-health-estimates/ghe-leading-causes-of-death.

592

Ibid.

593

D. R. Hopkins. Disease Eradication // New England Journal of Medicine, 2013, 368. P. 54–63.

594

S. E. Vollset et al. Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study // The Lancet, 2020, 396. P. 1285–1306.

595

J. Cummings et al. Alzheimer’s disease drug development pipeline: 2020, Alzheimer’s and Dementia: Translational Research and Clinical Interventions, 2020, 6. e12050.

596

P. Sebastiani et al. Genetic Signatures of Exceptional Longevity in Humans // PLoS One, 2012, 7.

597

A. D. Roses. Apolipoprotein E affects the rate of Alzheimer’s disease expression: β-amyloid burden is a secondary consequence dependent on APOE genotype and duration of disease // Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 1994, 53. P. 429–437.

598

B. J. Morris et al. FOXO3: A Major Gene for Human Longevity — A Mini-Review // Gerontology, 2015, 61. P. 515–525.

599

E. Pennisi. Biologists revel in pinpointing active genes in tissue samples // Science, 2021, 371. P. 1192, 1193.

600

J. L. Platt and M. Cascalho. New and old technologies for organ replacement // Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation, 2013, 18. P. 179–185.

601

M. Cascalho and J. L. Platt. The future of organ replacement: needs, potential applications, and obstacles to application // Transplantation Proceedings, 2006, 38. P. 362–364.

602

L. Xu et al. CRISPR-Edited Stem Cells in a Patient with HIV and Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia // New England Journal of Medicine, 2019, 381. P. 1240–1247.

603

K. Musunuru et al. In vivo CRISPR base editing of PCSK9 durably lowers cholesterol in primates // Nature, 2021, 593. P. 429–434.

604

M. H. Porteus. A New Class of Medicines through DNA Editing // New England Journal of Medicine, 2019, 380. P. 947–959.

605

H. Li et al. Applications of genome editing technology in the targeted therapy of human diseases: mechanisms, advances and prospects // Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 2020, 5. P. 1.

606

C. Sagan. Cosmos. Random House, 1980.

Автор книги - Эндрю Дойг

Эндрю Дойг

Эндрю Дойг (Andrew Doig) — профессор биохимии Манчестерского университета. Он изучал естественные науки и химию в Кембриджском университете и биохимию в Медицинской школе Стэнфордского университета. В 1994 году он стал лектором в Манчестере, где и работает до сих пор. Его исследования связаны с вычислительной биологией, неврологией, деменцией, биологией развития и белками. Ради развлечения он бегает, лазает, играет в шахматы и участвует в викторинах.

Вход
Поиск по сайту
Ищем:
Календарь
Навигация