29. Park J, Morley TS, Kim M, Clegg DJ, Scherer PE, Obesity and cancer-mechanisms underlying tumour progression and recurrence. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014 Aug; 10(8): 455–65.
30. Otunctemur A, Ozbek E, Sahin S, Dursun M, Besiroglu H, Koklu I, Erkoc M, Danis E, Bozkurt M, Gurbuz A. Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for high grade renal cell carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014; 15(9): 3993–6.
31. De Pergola G, Silvestris F. Obesity as a major risk factor for cancer. J Obes. 2013; 2013: 291546. doi: 10.1155/2013/291546. Epub 2013 Aug 29.
32. Bollschweiler E, Wolfgarten E, Gutschow C, et al. Demographic variations in the rising incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma in white males. Cancer 2001; 92: 549–5.
33. 4. Whiteman DC, Sadeghi S, Pandeya N, et al. Combined effects of obesity, acid reflux and smoking on the risk of adenocarcinomas of the oesophagus. Gut 2008; 57: 173–80.
34. Hampel H, Abraham NS, El-Serag HB. Meta-analysis: obesity and the risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease and its complications. Ann Intern Med 2005; 143: 199–211
35. Kubo A, Corley DA. Body mass index and adenocarcinomas of the esophagus or gastric cardia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15: 872–8
36. Lagergren J. Influence of obesity on the risk of esophageal disorders. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 8: 340–7.
37. Jacobson BC, Somers SC, Fuchs CS, et al. Body-mass index and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux in women. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 2340–8.
38. Corley DA, Kubo A, Zhao W. Abdominal obesity and the risk of esophageal and gastric cardia carcinomas. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 352–8.
39. Lindblad M, Rodríguez LA, Lagergren J. Body mass, tobacco and alcohol and risk of esophageal, gastric cardia, and gastric non-cardia adenocarcinoma among men and women in a nested case-control study. Cancer Causes Control 2005; 16: 285–94.
40. Ogunwobi OO, Beales IL. Leptin stimulates the proliferation of human oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells via HB-EGF and Tgfalpha mediated transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Br J Biomed Sci 2008; 65: 121–7.
41. Brochu-Gaudreau K, Rehfeldt C, Blouin R, et al. Adiponectin action from head to toe. Endocrine 2010; 37: 11–32.
42. Armstrong RW, Borman B. Trends in incidence rates of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and gastric cardia in New Zealand, 1978–1992. Int J Epidemiol 1996; 25: 941–7.
43. Lepage C, Rachet B, Jooste V, et al. Continuing rapid increase in esophageal adenocarcinoma in England and Wales. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 2694–9
44. Brown LM, Devesa SS, Chow WH. Incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus among white Americans by sex, stage, and age. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100: 1184–7.
45. Clegg DJ, Brown LM, Woods SC, et al. Gonadal hormones determine sensitivity to central leptin and insulin. Diabetes 2006; 55: 978–87.
46. Quinton ND, Smith RF, Clayton PE, et al. Leptin binding activity changes with age: the link between leptin and puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999.
47. Asarian L, Geary N. Cyclic estradiol treatment normalizes body weight and restores physiological patterns of spontaneous feeding and sexual receptivity in ovariectomized rats. Horm Behav 2002; 42: 461–71.
48. Howard JM, Beddy P, Ennis D, et al. Associations between leptin and adiponectin receptor upregulation, visceral obesity and tumour stage in oesophageal and junctional adenocarcinoma. Br J Surg 2010; 97: 1020–7.
49. Quinton ND, Laird SM, Okon MA, et al. Serum leptin levels during the menstrual cycle of healthy fertile women. Br J Biomed Sci 1999; 56: 16–9.
50. Ainslie DA, Morris MJ, Wittert G, et al. Estrogen deficiency causes central leptin insensitivity and increased hypothalamic neuropeptide Y. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25: 1680–8.
51. Edelstein ZR, Farrow DC, Bronner MP, et al. Central adiposity and risk of Barrett’s esophagus. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: 403–11.
52. Lagergren J, Nyrén O. Do sex hormones play a role in the etiology of esophageal adenocarcinoma? A new hypothesis tested in a population-based cohort of prostate cancer patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998; 7: 913–5.
53. Rudolf Kaaks, Annekatrin Lukanova and Mindy S. Kurzer Obesity, Endogenous Hormones and Endometrial Cancer, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002; 11: 1531–1543.
54. Frederic Amant, Philippe Moerman, Prof Patrick Neven, Dirk Timmerman, Erik Van Limbergen, Ignace Vergote. Endometrial cancer, The Lancet: volume 366, Issue 9484, 6–12 August 2005, Pages 491–505.
55. Luigino Dal Maso, Livia S. A. Augustin, Aspasia Karalis, Renato Talamini, Silvia Franceschi, Dimitrios Trichopoulos, Christos S. Mantzoros, and Carlo La Vecchia. Circulating Adiponectin and Endometrial Cancer Risk, JCEM: Volume 89 Issue 3 – March 1, 2004.
56. MacInnis RJ. Body size and composition and prostate cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Cancer Causes Control 2006; 17: 989–1003.
57. Rodriguez C, Freedland SJ, Deka A, Jacobs EJ, McCullough ML, Patel AV, et al. Body mass index, weight change, and risk of prostate cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16: 63–9.
58. Wright ME, Chang SC, Schatzkin A, Albanes D, Kipnis V, Mouw T, et al. Prospective study of adiposity and weight change in relation to prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Cancer 2007; 109: 675–84.
59. Gong Z, Neuhouser ML, Goodman PJ, Albanes D, Chi C, Hsing AW, et al. Obesity, diabetes, and risk of prostate cancer: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15: 1977–83.
60. Yin Cao1, Jing Ma2. Body Mass Index, Prostate Cancer – Specific Mortality, and Biochemical Recurrence: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Cancer Prev Res April 2011 4; 486.
61. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2007. CA Cancer J Clin 2007; 57: 43–66.
62. Nelson WG, De Marzo AM, Isaacs WB. Prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 366–81.
63. Andersson SO, Wolk A, Bergstrom R, et al. Body size and prostate cancer: a 20-year follow-up study among 135006 Swedish construction workers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89:385–9.
64. Calle EE, Kaaks R. Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer 2004; 4: 579–91.