Mason, W. A. 1976. Environmental models and mental modes: Representational processes in the great apes and man. American Psychologist 31:284–94.
Massen, J. J. M., A. Pašukonis, J. Schmidt, and T. Bugnyar. 2014. Ravens notice dominance reversals among conspecifics within and outside their social group. Nature Communications 5:3679.
Massen, J. J. M., G. Szipl, M. Spreafico, and T. Bugnyar. 2014. Ravens intervene in others' bonding attempts. Current Biology 24:2733–36.
Mather, J. A., and R. C. Anderson. 1999. Exploration, play, and habituation in octopuses (Octopus dof leini). Journal of Comparative Psychology 113:333–38. Mather, J. A., R. C. Anderson, and J. B. Wood. 2010. Octopus: The Ocean's Intelligent Invertebrate. Portland, OR: Timber Press.
Matsuzawa, T. 1994. Field experiments on use of stone tools by chimpanzees in the wild. In Chimpanzee Cultures, ed. R. W. Wrangham, W. C. McGrew, F. B. M. de Waal, and P. Heltne, 351–70. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
–. 2009. Symbolic representation of number in chimpanzees. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 19:92–98.
Matsuzawa, T., et al. 2001. Emergence of culture in wild chimpanzees: education by master-apprenticeship. In Primate Origins of Human Cognition and Behavior, ed. T. Matsuzawa, 557–74. New York: Springer.
Mayr, E. 1982. The Growth of Biological Thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
McComb, K., et al. 2011. Leadership in elephants: The adaptive value of age. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274:2943–49.
McComb, K., G. Shannon, K. N. Sayialel, and C. Moss. 2014. Elephants can determine ethnicity, gender and age from acoustic cues in human voices. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 111:5433–38.
McGrew, W. C. 2010. Chimpanzee technology. Science 328:579–80.
–. 2013. Is primate tool use special? Chimpanzee and New Caledonian crow compared. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 368:20120422. McGrew, W. C., and C. E. G. Tutin. 1978. Evidence for a social custom in wild chimpanzees? Man 13:243–51.
Melis, A. P., B. Hare, and M. Tomasello. 2006a. Chimpanzees recruit the best collaborators. Science 311:1297–300.
–. 2006b. Engineering cooperation in chimpanzees: Tolerance constraints on cooperation. Animal Behaviour 72:275–86.
Mendes, N., D. Hanus, and J. Call. 2007. Raising the level: Orangutans use water as a tool. Biology Letters 3:453–55.
Mendres, K. A., and F. B. M. de Waal. 2000. Capuchins do cooperate: The advantage of an intuitive task. Animal Behaviour 60: 523–29.
Menzel, E. W. 1972. Spontaneous invention of ladders in a group of young chimpanzees. Folia primatologica 17:87–106.
–. 1974. A group of young chimpanzees in a one-acre field. In Behavior of Non-Human Primates, ed. A. M. Schrier and F. Stollnitz, 5:83–153. New York: Academic Press.
Mercader, J., et al. 2007. 4,300-year-old chimpanzee sites and the origins of percussive stone technology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104:3043–48.
Miklósi, Á., et al. 2003. A simple reason for a big difference: Wolves do not look back at humans, but dogs do. Current Biology 13:763–66.
Mischel, W., and E. B. Ebbesen. 1970. Attention in delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16:329–37.
Mischel, W., E. B. Ebbesen, and A. R. Zeiss. 1972. Cognitive and attentional mechanisms in delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 21:204–18.
Moore, B. R. 1973. The role of directed pavlovian responding in simple instrumental learning in the pigeon. In Constraints on Learning, ed. R. A. Hinde and J. S. Hinde, 159–87. London: Academic Press.
–. 1992. Avian movement imitation and a new form of mimicry: Tracing the evoluting of a complex form of learning. Behaviour 122:231–63.
–. 2004. The evolution of learning. Biological Review 79:301–35.
Moore, B. R., and S. Stuttard. 1979. Dr. Guthrie and Felis domesticus or: Tripping over the cat. Science 205:1031–33.
Morell, V. 2013. Animal Wise: The Thoughts and Emotions of Our Fellow Creatures. New York: Crown.
Morgan, C. L. 1894. An Introduction to Comparative Psychology. London: Scott.
–. 1903. An Introduction to Comparative Psychology, new ed. London: Scott. Morris, D. 2010. Retrospective: Beginnings. In Tinbergen's Legacy in Behaviour: Sixty Years of Landmark Stickleback Papers, ed. F. Von Hippel, 49–53. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
Morris, R., and D. Morris. 1966. Men and Apes. New York: McGraw-Hill. Mulcahy, N. J., and J. Call. 2006. Apes save tools for future use. Science 312:1038–40.
Nagasawa, M., et al. 2015. Oxytocin-gaze positive loop and the co-evolution of human-dog bonds. Science 348:333–36.
Nagel, T. 1974. What is it like to be a bat? Philosophical Review 83:435–50.
Nakamura, M., W. C. McGrew, L. F. Marchant, and T. Nishida. 2000. Social scratch: Another custom in wild chimpanzees? Primates 41:237–48.
Neisser, U. 1967. Cognitive Psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Nielsen, R., et al. 2005. A scan for positively selected genes in the genomes of humans and chimpanzees. Plos Biology 3:976–85.
Nishida, T. 1983. Alpha status and agonistic alliances in wild chimpanzees. Primates 24:318–36.
Nishida, T., et al. 1992. Meat-sharing as a coalition strategy by an alpha male chimpanzee? In Topics of Primatology, ed. T. Nishida, 159–74. Tokyo: Tokyo Press.
Nishida, T., and K. Hosaka. 1996. Coalition strategies among adult male chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. In Great Ape Societies ed. W. C. McGrew, L. F. Marchant, and T. Nishida, 114–34. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
O'Connell, C. 2015. Elephant Don: The Politics of a Pachyderm Posse. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ostoji´c, L., R. C. Shaw, L. G. Cheke, and N. S. Clayton. 2013. Evidence suggesting that desire-state attribution may govern food sharing in Eurasian jays. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 110: 4123–28.
Osvath, M. 2009. Spontaneous planning for stone throwing by a male chimpanzee. Current Biology 19: R191–92.
Osvath, M., and G. Martin-Ordas. 2014. The future of future-oriented cognition in non-humans: Theory and the empirical case of the great apes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 369:20130486.