5. Одна из первых работ, продемонстрировавших, что условный стимул способен побуждать есть даже сытых животных:
H. P. Weingarten, Conditioned Cues Elicit Feeding in Sated Rats: A Role for Learning in Meal Initiation, Science 220, no. 4595 (1983): 431–3.
Ученые Горица Петрович, Питер Олланд и Микелла Галлахер показали, что «способность условного стимула провоцировать кормление напрямую зависит от целостности нервных волокон, соединяющих базолатеральное ядро миндалевидного тела и латеральную область гипоталамуса».
G. D. Petrovich, P. C. Holland, and M. Gallagher, Amygdala and Prefrontal Pathways to the Lateral Hypothalamus Are Activated by a Learned Cue That Stimulates Eating, Journal of Neuroscience 25, no. 36 (2005): 8295–302.
6. R. A. Wise, Brain Reward Circuitry: Insights from Unsensed Incentives, Neuron 36, no. 2 (2002): 229–40;
R. A. Wise, Dopamine and Food Reward: Back to the Elements, American Journal of Physiology—Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 286, no. 1 (2004): R13;
R. A. Wise, Drug-Activation of Brain Reward Pathways, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 51, nos. 1–2 (1998): 13–22;
R. A. Wise, Forebrain Substrates of Reward and Motivation, Journal of Comparative Neurology 493, no. 1 (2005): 115–21;
R. A. Wise, The Parsing of Food Reward, American Journal of Physiology—Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 291, no. 5 (2006): R1234–5;
R. A. Wise, Role of Brain Dopamine in Food Reward and Reinforcement, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 361, no. 1471 (2006): 1149–58;
N. D. Volkow and R. A. Wise, How Can Drug Addiction Help Us Understand Obesity? Nature Neuroscience 8, no. 5 (2005): 555–60.
7. Derek van der Kooy, Place Conditioning: A Simple and Effective Method for Assessing the Motivational Properties of Drugs, in Methods of Assessing the Reinforcing Properties of Abused Drugs, ed. MichaelA. Bozarth (NewYork: Springer-Verlag, 1987).
8. P. A. Jarosz, P. Sekhon, and D. V. Coscina, Effect of Opioid Antagonism on Conditioned Place Preferences to Snack Foods, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 83, no. 2 (2006): 257–64.
9. Интервью автора с Френсис К. Максвини, PhD, профессором кафедры психологии Университета штата Вашингтон, июнь 2006 года.
E. S. Murphy, F. K. McSweeney, R. G. Smith, and J. J. McComas, Dynamic Changes in Reinforcer Effectiveness: Theoretical, Methodological, and Practical Implications for Applied Research, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 36, no. 4 (2003): 421–38.
Возбуждая нейроны
1. Интервью автора с Говардом Филдсом, доктором медицины, PhD, директором центра изучения природы наркозависимости Калифорнийского университета в Сан-Франциско, 27 августа 2004 года и 12 мая 2006 года.
S. A. Taha and H. L. Fields, Inhibitions of Nucleus Accumbens Neurons Encode a Gating Signal for Reward-Directed Behavior, Journal of Neuroscience 26, no. 1 (2006): 217–22;
S. A. Taha, S. M. Nicola, and H. L. Fields, Cue-Evoked Encoding of Movement Planning and Execution in the Rat Nucleus Accumbens, Journal of Physiology 584, pt. 3 (2007): 801–18;
S. A. Taha, E. Norsted, L. S. Lee, P. D. Lang, B. S. Lee, J. D. Wooley, and H. L. Fields, Endogenous Opioids Encode Relative Taste Preference, European Journal of Neuroscience 24, no. 4 (2006): 1220–6.
2. Интервью автора с Эдмундом Т. Роллсом, профессором экспериментальной психологии Оксфордского университета в Англии, 26 сентября 2005 года.
E. T. Rolls, Brain Mechanisms Underlying Flavour and Appetite, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 361, no. 1471 (2006): 1123–36;
Edmund T. Rolls, The Brain and Emotion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999);
Edmund T. Rolls, Emotion Explained, Series in Affective Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005);
E. T. Rolls, Taste, Olfactory, and Food Texture Processing in the Brain, and the Control of Food Intake, Physiology and Behavior 85, no. 1 (2005): 45–56;
I. E. de Araujo, E. T. Rolls, M. L. Kringelbach, F. McGlone, and N. Phillips, Taste-Olfactory Convergence, and the Representation of the Pleasantness of Flavour, in the Human Brain, European Journal of Neuroscience 18, no. 7 (2003): 2059–68.
3. Вкус «имеет преобладающее значение в эмоциональном плане… Значимость вознаграждения определяется в первую очередь вкусовыми ощущениями».
A. K. Anderson and N. Sobel, Dissociating Intensity from Valence as Sensory Inputs to Emotion, Neuron 39, no. 4 (2003): 581–3.
4. Интервью автора с Джерардом П. Смитом, доктором медицины, заслуженным профессором психиатрии кафедры психиатрии медицинского колледжа Корнельского университета, 20 июля 2006 года.
Gerard P. Smith, Accumbens Dopamine Is a Physiological Correlate of the Rewarding and Motivating Effects of Food, in Neurobiology of Food and Fluid Intake, 2nd ed., Handbook of Behavioral Neurobiology, ed. E. Stricker and Stephen C. Woods (New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum, 2004);
G. P. Smith, Accumbens Dopamine Mediates the Rewarding Effect of Orosensory Stimulation by Sucrose, Appetite 43, no. 1 (2004): 11–3;
5. P. S. Grigson, Like Drugs for Chocolate: Separate Rewards Modulated by Common Mechanisms? Physiology and Behavior 76, no. 3 (2002): 389–95;
E. Blass, E. Fitzgerald, and P. Kehoe, Interactions between Sucrose, Pain and Isolation Distress, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 26, no. 3 (1987): 483–9;
E. M. Blass and L. B. Hoffmeyer, Sucrose as an Analgesic for Newborn Infants, Pediatrics 87, no. 2 (1991): 215–8;
E. M. Blass and A. Shah, Pain-Reducing Properties of Sucrose in Human Newborns, Chemical Senses 20, no. 1 (1995): 29–35;
E. M. Blass and D. J. Shide, Some Comparisons among the Calming and Pain-Relieving Effects of Sucrose, Glucose, Fructose and Lactose in Infant Rats, Chemical Senses 19, no. 3 (1994): 239–49;
E. M. Blass and L. B. Watt, Suckling– and Sucrose-Induced Analgesia in Human New-borns, Pain 83, no. 3 (1999): 611–23;
M. Fernandez, E. M. Blass, M. Hernandez-Reif, T. Field, M. Diego, and C. Sanders, Sucrose Attenuates a Negative Electroencephalographic Response to an Aversive Stimulus for Newborns, Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 24, no. 4 (2003): 261–6; G. E.;
Kaufman, S. Cimo, L. W. Miller, and E. M. Blass, An Evaluation of the Effects of Sucrose on Neonatal Pain with 2 Commonly Used Circumcision Methods, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 186, no. 3 (2002): 564–8.
