56 Winter D., Death’s Men, p. 44.
57 Wilson T., Myriad Faces, p. 60.
58 Winter D., Death’s Men, p. 40; Englander and Osborne, Jack, Tommy and Henry Dubb, p. 227.
59 Simkins, Everyman at War, p. 299.
60 Davies, Europe, p. 911.
61 Figes, People’s Tragedy, pp. 264f.
62 Englander, French Soldier, pp. 55, 59, 67.
63 Deist, Military Collapse, pp. 192f.
64 Simpson K., Officers, pp. 71, 81; Sheffield, Officer – Man Relations, p. 416.
65 Beckett, Nation in Arms, p. 21.
66 Strachan, Morale, p. 389.
67 Ibid., p. 414.
68 Parker P., Old Lie, p. 172; Fussell, Great War, p. 165.
69 Hynes, War Imagined, p. 186.
70 Lawrence T. E., Seven Pillars, p. 28.
71 Hynes, War Imagined, pp. 225, 366.
72 Coppard, With a Machine Gun, p. 69.
73 Spiers, Scottish Soldier, p. 320; K. Simpson, Officers, p. 85; Sheffield, Officer – Man Relations, p. 418.
74 Bourne, British Working Man in Arms, p. 345.
75 Fuller, Troop Morale, pp. 54f.
76 Ibid., p. 55.
77 Westbrook, Potential for Military Disintegration, pp. 244–278.
78 Becker, Great War, p. 159; Marwick, Deluge, p. 78.
79 Spiers, Scottish Soldier, pp. 317f.
80 Coppard, With a Machine Gun, pp. 83–87.
81 Как свидетельствуют множество фотографий и воспоминаний, немцы в принципе серьезно относились к процессу дефекации: см., например, начало “На Западном фронте без перемен” Ремарка. С точки зрения англичан это доказывало, что немцы – “грязные ублюдки”: Coppard, With a Machine Gun, pp. 90f.
82 Winter D., Death’s Men, p. 56. Cf. Jünger, Storm of Steel, pp. 8f, 14; Ashworth, Trench Warfare, p. 25; Englander and Osborne, Jack, Tommy and Henry Dubb, p. 600; Fuller, Troop Morale, pp. 59ff, 81f.
83 Jünger, Storm of Steel, p. 239; Strachan, Morale, p. 391.
84 Englander, French Soldier, p. 56.
85 Finch, Diary, 31 July 1917.
86 Fussell, Great War, pp. 46f.
87 Spiers, Scottish Soldier, p. 321. См. также Hughes, New Armies, p. 104.
88 Coppard, With a Machine Gun, pp. 55, 78; Englander, French Soldier, p. 56.
89 Fuller, Troop Morale, p. 75.
90 Jünger, Storm of Steel, pp. 112f, 140, 227–233.
91 Fuller, Troop Morale, pp. 6, 58; Bond, British “Anti-War” Writers, pp. 824f.
92 Finch, Diary, 30 June 1916.
93 Winter D., Death’s Men, p. 81.
94 Ibid., p. 82.
95 Dallas and Gill, Unknown Army, p. 63.
96 Fuller, Troop Morale, pp. 47f, 77f; Bourne, British Working Man in Arms, p. 345; Englander and Osborne, Jack, Tommy and Henry Dubb, p. 598.
97 Deist, Military Collapse, p. 204.
98 Fuller, Troop Morale, pp. 64, 144–153.
99 Fussell, Great War, pp. 178f. Ср. Coppard, With a Machine Gun, p. 62, о важности соленых шуток.
100 Fussell, Great War, pp. 159, 162ff.
101 Coppard, With a Machine Gun, p. 88.
102 Simkins, Everyman at War, pp. 301f; Fuller, Troop Morale, pp. 95–98.
103 Fuller, Troop Morale, pp. 110–113.
104 Englander and Osborne, Jack, Tommy and Henry Dubb, p. 595; Fuller, Troop Morale, pp. 85–93; Dallas и Gill, Unknown Army, p. 20.
105 Coppard, With a Machine Gun, p. 56.
106 Buckley, Failure to Resolve, pp. 71ff. Cf. Beckett, Nation in Arms, p. 19; Cooke, American Soldier, pp. 247f; D. Winter, Death’s Men, p. 99; Hynes, War Imagined, p. 371.
107 Becker, Great War, p. 155; Audouin-Rouzeau, French Soldier, p. 226; Englander, French Soldier, pp. 63f.
108 Englander, French Soldier, p. 57.
109 Fuller, Troop Morale, p. 72.
110 Ibid., p. 23.
111 Fussell, Great War, p. 170. См. также P. Parker, Old Lie, p. 197; Hynes, War Imagined, pp. 116f, 206; Winter J., Great War, pp. 293ff.
112 Hynes, War Imagined, p. 117.
113 Schneider, British Red Cross, pp. 296–315.
114 Remarque, All Quiet, pp. 114–133; Strachan, Morale, pp. 387, 393.
115 Winter D., Death’s Men, pp. 55–57. Еще несколько примеров из множества существующих см. в Spiers, Scottish Soldier, p. 318; P. Parker, Old Lie, p. 177; Winter J., Great War, p. 299.
116 Fuller, Troop Morale, pp. 22f.
117 Coker, War and the Twentieth Century, p. 156.
118 Janowitz and Shils, Cohesion and Disintegration. Критическое обсуждение см. в Westbrook, Potential for Military Disintegration, pp. 251–260.
119 Fuller, Troop Morale, pp. 45, 70. Ср. Dallas and Gill, Unknown Army, pp. 39f; Cooke, American Soldier, p. 246.
120 Westbrook, Potential for Military Disintegration, pp. 254ff.
121 Audoin-Rouzeau, French Soldier, p. 228.
122 Fuller, Troop Morale, pp. 35ff.
123 Spiers, Scottish Soldier, p. 323.
124 Perry, Maintaining Regimental Identity, pp. 5–11. См. Kipling, Irish Guards.
125 Fuller, Troop Morale, pp. 23, 50, 171; Englander and Osborne, Jack, Tommy and Henry Dubb, p. 601; Dallas and Gill, Unknown Army, p. 31; Simkins, Everyman at War, pp. 306ff. 42% канадских солдат и примерно 18% австралийских родились в Британии. Как доказал Л. Л. Робсон, наиболее многочисленной социальной группой в составе Австралийских имперских сил были промышленные рабочие; образ “шахтера” был в большой мере вымышленным.
126 Englander, French Soldier, p. 55.
127 Winter J., Sites of Memory, pp. 64–69, 91f, 127ff, 206.
128 Fussell, Great War, pp. 40f, 116f, 131f, 137f. См. также Mosse, Fallen Soldiers, pp. 74f.
