2с «функцией метаболизма и риском сердечнососудистых заболеваний»: M. Kratz, T. Baars, and S. Guyenet, The Relationship Between High-Fat Dairy Consumption and Obesity, Cardiovascular, and Metabolic Disease,” Eu ro pean Journal of Nutrition 52, no. 1 (February 2013): 1–24.
3 «количества потребляемых калорий»: USDA, USDA Economic Research Service—Food Availability (Per Capita).
4 «мы продолжаем переедать»: Fryar, Carroll, and Ogden, “Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity.”
5 «в современном мире»: D. Lieberman, The Story of the Human Body: Evolution, Health, and Disease (New York: Pantheon Books, 2013); S. Lindeberg, Food and Western Disease: Health and Nutrition from an Evolutionary Perspective, 1st ed. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley- Blackwell, 2010), 368.
1. Самый толстый человек на острове
7 «не коснулась индустриализация»: Lindeberg, Food and Western Disease; S. Lindeberg and B. Lundh, Apparent Absence of Stroke and Ischaemic Heart Disease in a Traditional Melanesian Island: A Clinical Study in Kitava, Journal of Internal Medicine 233, no. 3 (March 1993): 269–75; S. Lindeberg, E. Berntorp, P. NilssonEhle, A. Terént, and B. Vessby, Age Relations of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Traditional Melanesian Society: The Kitava Study, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 66, no. 4 (October 1997): 845–52.
7 «даже в преклонном возрасте»: Ibid.
7 «жили их предки на протяжении долгих лет»: Lindeberg, Food and Western Disease; P. F. Sinnett and H. M. Whyte, Epidemiological Studies in a Total Highland Population, Tukisenta, New Guinea: Cardiovascular Disease and Relevant Clinical, Electrocardiographic, Radiological, and Biochemical Findings, Journal of Chronic Diseases 26, no. 5 (May 1973): 265–90; K. T. Lee, R. Nail, L. A. Sherman, M. Milano, C. Deden, H. Imai, et al., Geographic Pathology of Myo car dial Infarction, American Journal of Cardiology 13 (January 1964): 30–40; H. C. Trowell and D. P. Burkitt, Western Diseases: Their Emergence and Prevention (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 474; F. W. Marlowe and J. C. Berbesque, Tubers as Fallback Foods and Their Impact on Hadza Hunter- Gatherers, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 140, no. 4 (December 2009): 751–58; T. Teuscher, J. B. Rosman, P. Baillod, and A. Teuscher, Absence of Diabetes in a Rural West African Population with a High Carbohydrate/Cassava Diet, Lancet 329, no. 8536 (April 1987): 765–68; R. B. Lee, The!Kung San: Men, Women, and Work in a Foraging Society (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
8 «среди жителей острова Китава, зафиксированный Линдебергом»: Lindeberg, Food and Western Disease.
8 «ожирение и повышенный риск развития хронических заболеваний»: Trowell and Burkitt, Western Diseases: Their Emergence.
8 «предполагали ручной труд»: National Bureau of Economic Research Economic History Association, Output, Employment, and Productivity in the United States After 1800 (National Bureau of Economic Research, 1966), 684.
9 «Индекс массы тела (BMI)»: L. A. Helmchen and R. M. Henderson, “Changes in the Distribution of Body Mass Index of White US Men, 1890–2000,” Annals of Human Biology 31, no. 2 (April 2004): 174–81.
9 «менее распространено до наступления двадцатого века»: J. N. Wilford, “Tooth May Have Solved Mummy Mystery,” New York Times, June 27, 2007, cited March 11, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/27/world/middleeast/27mummy.html.
9 «до каждого третьего»: Fryar, Carroll, and Ogden, “Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity.”
9 «до каждого 17-го»: Ibid.
9 «возросла почти в пять раз»: C. L. Ogden and M. D. Carroll, Prevalence of Obesity Among Children and Adolescents: United States, Trends 1963–1965 through 2007–2008, 2013, cited October 31, 2013, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity_adult_09_10/obesity_adult_09_10.htm.
11 «на фоне ожирения»: A. Stokes, Using Maximum Weight to Redefi ne Body Mass Index Categories in Studies of the Mortality Risks of Obesity, Population Health Metrics 12, no. 1 (2014): 6; A. Stokes and S. H. Preston, Revealing the Burden of Obesity Using Weight Histories, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of Amer i ca 113, no. 3 (January 2016): 572–77.
11 «с целью избавиться от лишнего веса»: J. Ponce, New Procedure Estimates for Bariatric Surgery: What the Numbers Reveal, Connect, May 2014, cited March 11, 2016, http://connect.asmbs.org/may-2014-bariatric-surgery-growth.html.
11 «химических связей»: J. L. Hargrove, History of the Calorie in Nutrition, Journal of Nutrition 136, no. 12 (December 2006): 2957–61.
11 «разжечь огонь в «горниле» человеческого организма»: W. O. Atwater, “The Potential Energy of Food: The Chemistry and Economy of Food, III,” Century 34 (1887): 397–405.
12 «по предложению Этуотера»: Ibid.
12 «расходует энергию»: W. O. Atwater, Experiments on the Metabolism of Matter and Energy in the Human Body, 1898–1900 (US Government Printing Offi ce, 1902), 166.
13 «печи» человеческого тела»: Ibid.
13 «поддержание веса или набор веса»: O. Lammert, N. Grunnet, P. Faber, K. S. Bjørnsbo, J. Dich, L. O. Larsen, et al., Effects of Isoenergetic Overfeeding of Either Carbohydrate or Fat in Young Men, British Journal of Nutrition 84, no. 2 (2000): 233–45; T. J. Horton, H. Drougas, A. Brachey, G. W. Reed, J. C. Peters, and J. O. Hill, at and Carbohydrate Overfeeding in Humans: Dif fer ent Effects on Energy Storage, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, no. 1 (July 1995): 19–29; R. L. Leibel, J. Hirsch, B. E. Appel, and G. C. Checani, Energy Intake Required to Maintain Body Weight Is Not Affected by Wide Variation in Diet Composition, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, no. 2 (February 1992): 350–55; N. Grey and D. M. Kipnis, Effect of Diet Composition on the Hyperinsulinemia of Obesity, New Eng land Journal of Medicine 285, no. 15 (October 7, 1971): 827–31; C. Bogardus, B. M. LaGrange, E. S. Horton, and E. A. Sims, Comparison of Carbohydrate- Containing and Carbohydrate – Restricted Hypocaloric Diets in the Treatment of Obesity: Endurance and Metabolic Fuel Homeostasis During Strenuous Exercise, Journal of Clinical Investigation 68, no. 2 (August 1981): 399–404; P. M. Piatti, F. Monti, I. Fermo, L. Baruffaldi, R. Nasser, G. Santambrogio, et al., Hypocaloric High- Protein Diet Improves Glucose Oxidation and Spares Lean Body Mass: Comparison to Hypocaloric High- Carbohydrate Diet, Metabolism 43, no. 12 (December 1994): 1481–87; A. Golay, A. F. Allaz, Y. Morel, N. de Tonnac, S. Tankova, and G. Reaven, Similar Weight Loss with Low- or High- Carbohydrate Diets, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63, no. 2 (February 1996): 174–78
13 с «значимое воздействие на адипозную ткань»: C. B. Ebbeling, J. F. Swain, H. A. Feldman, W. W. Wong, D. L. Hachey, E. Garcia- Lago, et al., Effects of Dietary Composition on Energy Expenditure During Weight- Loss Maintenance, Journal of the American Medical Association 307, no. 24 (June 27, 2012): 2627–34; K. D. Hall, T. Bemis, R. Brychta, K. Y. Chen, A. Courville, E. J. Crayner, et al., Calorie for Calorie, Dietary Fat Restriction Results in More Body Fat Loss than Carbohydrate Restriction in People with Obesity, Cell Metabolism 22, no. 3 (September 2015): 427–36.
